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Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright

Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

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Page 1: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Adolescence

Psyc311 DevelopmentalDr. Wright

Page 3: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

time periods of adolescent

• Adolescence is a unique developmental period– it keeps changing!

• Early adolescence – 11 to 13 years old– Continues to be pushed earlier (9-10…)

• Middle adolescence – 14 to 17 years old• Late adolescence (early adulthood) – 18 to 20

years old– Continues to be pushed later (21-24…)

Page 4: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

physical changes…

Primary sex characteristics• The body organs and reproductive structures and

functions that differ between women and men. • Gonads (testes and ovaries)

Secondary sex characteristics• Characteristics of the body that are caused by hormones,

develop during puberty, and last through adult life. • Changes in genitals/breasts/voice• Pubic/body/facial hair

Page 5: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Tanner Stages

Page 6: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Tanner Stages

Page 7: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

changes… Rapid acceleration of physical growth

• Adolescent growth spurt• 3.5 (girls) to 4.0 (boys) inches/year• ½ adult weight gained during adolescence

Changes in body composition• 3:1 muscle to body fat ratio for boys• 5:4 for girls • Emergence of sex differences in physical

performance Changes in circulatory and respiratory systems

• Increase in size/capacity of heart and lungs

Page 8: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 9: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 10: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

two roles of hormones Organizational role (life-long):

– Modification of the organism early in life• primarily influencing its anatomy

– Organization/structure of CNS• “Feminine” vs. “masculan-ized” brain and body

Activational role (specific to puberty):– Structural “remodeling” of brain– Increase in salience of sexual stimuli, sexual motivation – Development of secondary sex characteristics

Page 11: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

hormone regulatory systems

• Endocrine system• HPA axis

– Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Adrenals– Corticosteroids– Regulates body’s response to stress

• HPG axis– Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Gonads

(Testes/Ovaries)– Sex Hormones (Androgens/Estrogens)– Regulates sexual maturation

Page 12: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 13: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

The hormonal changes brought on by puberty can affect the adolescent’s behavior in at least three ways.

Page 14: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

impacts of puberty

• Sleep patterns– Delayed phase preference– 9 hours: 1 am to 10 am

• Family relations– Transformation of parent-child bond

• Peer relations– Transformation of friendships, romantic

relationships

Page 15: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

impacts of puberty

• Self-esteem– Changing body image– Changing sense of self

• Moods– Increased stress + Increased sensitivity

• Fluctuation of moods– Due to hormones or environment?– “Storm and stress”: myth or fact?

Page 16: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

moods

Page 17: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

timing - individual factors

• Genetic factors– Timing and tempo

• Environmental factors– Nutrition– Body weight– Exposure to hormones/chemicals– Family conflict– Stepfathers

Page 18: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

timing - group factors

• Comparisons • Across socioeconomic groups

– Impact of poverty– Dietary intake, health care, exposure to disease

• Across countries– Impact of industrialization

• Across time periods– Secular trend

Page 19: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 20: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 21: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

early maturation

• Boys– Early maturation positives

• Popularity, higher self-esteem– Early maturation negatives

• Deviant, risk behaviors; more rigidity later

• Girls– Early maturation positives

• Popularity (cultural dependence)– Early maturation negatives

• Lower self-esteem, eating disorders, emotions, deviant behaviors

Page 22: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

late maturation

• Boys– Late maturation positives

• Higher levels of creativity, inventiveness– Late maturation negatives

• Low self-esteem, low social competence

• Girls– Late maturation positives

• Thinner build– Late maturation negatives

• Social withdrawal

Page 23: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

the second wave….

Longitudinal fMRI studies reveal:

• Period of rapid synaptogenesis and pruning• Increased myelination (back to front)• Opportunity for massive cognitive growth and

learning– Shift into Piaget’s formal operations

Page 24: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Among the most important changes to take place in the adolescence brain are those in the prefrontal cortex and limbic system.

Page 25: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

(pre) frontal development

• Final development of executive function– Planning/problem-solving– Impulse control– Seat of “sober 2nd thought”

• Full maturation – sometime between adolescence and early adulthood

• Coincides with child-onset schizophrenia– Failure in executive functioning

Page 26: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

heightened arousal

• Increased hormone activity– estrogen & testosterone

• Sexual stimulation• Social status conflict

• Increased neurotransmitter activity– heightened emotional sensitivity/reactivity

• Limbic system (norepinephrine)– increased risk, stimulation-seeking behaviors

• Punishment/reward system (dopamine)– increased fluctuations in mood

• Serotonin

Page 27: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

timing of brain maturation• Limbic system matures early in puberty• Prefrontal cortex matures several years later

• Heightened need for reward/stimulation– leads to increased risk-taking, stimulation-seeking

behaviors• Higher level of emotional volatility• Underdeveloped “sober” assessment of risks• Increased cognitive/social demands

– Creates cognitive overload– Difficulty with impulse control

Page 28: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

timing of brain maturation

• Time gap may explain why adolescence is a period of heightened experimentation with risky behaviors.

• Increased risk of – violence/criminal activity

• kids under 18 account for 25 of violent crime in US– drug & alcohol experimentation– unsafe sexual activities

Page 29: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

conduct problems

Adolescents whose prefrontal cortical development is less mature than normal are even more likely to have conduct problems.

Populations most at risk?

Page 30: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

teen pregnancy

Page 31: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

teen pregnancy in US

• 750-850,000 teens between 15-19 years old become pregnant every year.– 2/3rds between 18-19 years old.– 25,000 under 15 years old.

• African American teens have highest rate– 134/1,000 vs. 48/1,1000 Caucasian teenagers

• 57% end in birth (11% of all births in US)– 14% end in miscarriage– 29% end in abortion

• 82% of those pregnancies were unintended• 86% of teen mothers remain unmarried• 35% have a 2nd child within two years

Page 32: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 33: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

risk factors

Physical• Sexual maturation

– 4-5 years before psychological/emotional maturation– Becoming longer as puberty starts earlier

• Brain development– Heightened activation of limbic system– Increased attraction to risky behaviors– Pre-frontal development incomplete

Page 34: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Why is teenage pregnancy higher in the US?

Page 35: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

consequences

• SES factors– 50% of pregnancies occur in most impoverished

populations• Less opportunity for education• Less access to birth control• Reduced internal locus of control• Exposure to other risk factors

– drugs, alcohol, abuse, lack of parental monitoring• Desire for family/stability

Page 36: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

consequences

• Should we be concerned about this?• For teenage parents

– mother in particular• For baby• For families• For community• Methods of prevention?

Page 37: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 38: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

adolescent substance useadolescent substance use

• Have tried, by grade 10:Have tried, by grade 10:– cigarettes – 40%cigarettes – 40%– alcohol – 63%alcohol – 63%– illegal drugs – 38%illegal drugs – 38%

• By end of high school:By end of high school:– 17% smoke regularly17% smoke regularly– 28% recent heavy drinking28% recent heavy drinking– 40%+ tried illegal drugs40%+ tried illegal drugs

Figure 11.7

Page 39: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 40: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

impact of substance abuse

• Alcohol/drug abuse– Greater potential impairment in learning– More widespread brain damage– Repeated exposure may effect path and quality of

development– Due to reduction in plasticity, this damage cannot

be corrected later!• So, does this mean all experimentation with

drugs/alcohol bad?

Page 41: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

adolescent substance adolescent substance abusersabusers

• Compared to experimenters:Compared to experimenters:– more antisocial, impulsive actsmore antisocial, impulsive acts– start earlierstart earlier– more likely to be affected by more likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factorsgenetic and environmental factors

• low SESlow SES• family drug usefamily drug use• family difficultiesfamily difficulties• physical, sexual abusephysical, sexual abuse• poor school performancepoor school performance

Page 42: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual
Page 43: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Should we be worried about exposure to graphic violence through media?– Why or why not?

• What reasons might we have for thinking adolescents are particularly vulnerable to aggression/violence?

Page 44: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

social implications

• What should the social attitudes be about adolescent exposure to and involvement in high-stimulation/high-risk activities?

• Sexual Activity• Drugs & Alcohol• Violence

Page 45: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

identity development

• Adolescence Erickson stage of identity crisis• Identity

– Sense of individual self– Selection of commitments, beliefs, values

• Interpersonal process– Taking their place in the adult community

Page 46: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

cognitive changes

• Importance of conceptual structure of thinking Propositional logic: thinking constrained by logical relations

– Emphasis on rationality and scientific methodology

• Importance of conceptual resources employed in thinking

Five process: Attention, working memory, processing speed, organization, meta-cognition

Page 47: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

cognitive changes• Piaget’s – Formal Operational Thought

– Logical, abstract thinking

• Thinking about possibilities– “If-then” thinking– Connection between how things are and how they

might have been or could be.

• Thinking about thinking– Understanding knowledge (how/when gained)– Monitoring one’s own mental states

Page 48: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

relativism

• Not everything is “black and white”– Recognition of importance of perspective– Death of childish “realism/absolutism”

Can result in extreme skepticism• Rejection of authority• Rejection of cultural/social norms• Everything is “ok” – no right/wrong

Tolerance for different beliefs• Though less tolerance for actual interaction/helping

Page 49: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

adolescent egocentrism

• Increased introspection, self-consciousness, rationalization

• Responsible for adolescent version of egocentrism.– Imaginary audience– Personal fable– Importance of personal individuality

Page 50: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Crisis never begins: diffusion• Crisis begins –> ends with foreclosure• Crisis begins –> ends with achievement• Psychosocial moratorium

– Period of exploration• Importance in contemporary society?

Page 51: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• What are some of the grounds of identity?

• Gender• Ethnicity/culture• Age group • Vocation• Political ideology• Religious/moral values

Page 52: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• What is gender identity?– Function of gender roles

• Adolescence – adulthood– Gender intensification

• Social/cultural pressures• Peer pressures• Parental pressures• Biological pressures

Page 53: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• What is ethnic identity?– Identification

• Physical/psychological characteristics• Cultural practices/beliefs

– Racial socialization• Majority vs. minority status• Dislocation from native lands• Cultural heritage

– Positive vs. negative identity• Assimilation vs. marginality• Bi-culturalism

Page 54: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Vocational identity– Aspect of identity associated with career.

• Being a lawyer • Being a janitor

• Religious identity– Aspect of identity associated with religious belief system.

• Being a Christian or Buddhist• Being an atheist

• Age identity– Aspects of identity associated with age group.

• Being a teenager• Being an elderly person

Page 55: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Identity and stereotypes• Identities commonly incorporate/activate

stereotypes– Common characteristics associated with

• Being female• Being Native American• Being a plumber• Being a liberal

• Some characteristics positive, others negative.• Stereotype activation makes these characteristics

salient.– This can have incredibly powerful effects on behavior.

Page 56: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Gender and ethnicity stereotypes– Influence on academic performance

• When gender made salient– Females under-perform on math exams

• When ethnicity made salient– Blacks under-perform on academic tests– Whites over-perform on academic tests– Can be activated by something as simple as asking

ethnicity on demographic form!

Page 57: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Effect of Recording Race (Prime for Race)

0

1

2

3

4

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6

7

8

9

10

Race Prime No Race Prime

Presence of Race Prime

Mea

n It

ems

Co

rrec

t

Black

White

Page 58: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Effect of Stereotype Threat on Performance

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12

Diagnostic Non-Diagnostic

Stereotype Threat Condition

Mea

n I

tem

s C

orr

ect

Black

White

Page 59: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Clash of multiple identities• Asian females

– Baseline math performance– When gender made salient, perform less well– When ethnicity made salient, perform better

Page 60: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Stereotype Threat and Math Performance

0

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20

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Female Control Asian

Primed Identity

Per

cen

t o

f It

ems

An

swer

ed C

orr

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y

Page 61: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

Other effects

• When primed with racial stereotypes people were more likely to perceive a power tool as a gun.

• People primed with elderly stereotype will perceive hills to be steeper and distances longer.

• People primed with stereotype of obesity perceived people to be less intelligent, more lazy.

• Priming with gender influences perception of artistic pieces and writing.

• Priming of identity stereotypes facilitate specific interpretations of behavior.

Page 62: Adolescence Psyc311 Developmental Dr. Wright. definition of puberty Pubertas – Latin word for “adult” Narrow definition: The process by which an individual

• Positive identity stereotypes create “uplift”• Negative identity stereotypes create “threat”• A person can have a mixture of both in their identity.• Subtle and powerful influence of our identity on our

perception, attitudes, and behaviors.