ADOLESCENCEADOLESCENCE

The Period Between The Period Between Childhood and AdulthoodChildhood and Adulthood

What is it?What is it?

How do we define How do we define it?it?

What are the What are the changes that changes that occur?occur?

Will you survive?Will you survive? Will your parents?Will your parents? When does it begin When does it begin

and end?and end?

Is it getting longer or shorter over time?????

Biological MarkersBiological Markers Puberty: Spurt of Puberty: Spurt of

Physical GrowthPhysical Growth Female: Menarche or Female: Menarche or

menstruation at the menstruation at the average age of 12 average age of 12 1/2, with growth of 1/2, with growth of approx. 3-5 inches in approx. 3-5 inches in a year.a year.

Males: Production of Males: Production of sperm; usually occurs sperm; usually occurs two years LATER two years LATER than girls, grow 4-6 than girls, grow 4-6 inches in a yearinches in a year

1950’s and 1950’s and BeyondBeyond

About 50 years About 50 years ago, puberty was a ago, puberty was a scary event. No scary event. No one was prepared, one was prepared, schools did not schools did not teach or talk about teach or talk about it.it.

Now view in a Now view in a positive manner, a positive manner, a signal that one has signal that one has reached manhood reached manhood and womanhoodand womanhood

Primary Sex Primary Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Reproductive Reproductive organs grow organs grow (uterus, ovaries (uterus, ovaries and testicles and and testicles and penis)penis)

Secondary Sex Secondary Sex CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Female: Female: Enlarged breast Enlarged breast and hipsand hips

Males: Deeper Males: Deeper voice, facial voice, facial hair, broadening hair, broadening shouldersshoulders

Timing of PubertyTiming of Puberty

Puberty has Puberty has psychological psychological effects. Going effects. Going through it with your through it with your peers or on the peers or on the “average” is good “average” is good because you reach it because you reach it together and do not together and do not feel unusual or feel unusual or outside the normoutside the norm

Early Maturing Boy and Early Maturing Boy and GirlsGirls

BOYSBOYS

Positive athletic Positive athletic advantage, popular, advantage, popular, look older, self look older, self confident, seen as a confident, seen as a leader by peers and leader by peers and authorityauthority

Negative effect is that Negative effect is that get into trouble get into trouble more often, begin more often, begin sexual relation sexual relation earlierearlier

GIRLSGIRLSDevelop mature body Develop mature body

before others and before others and this can lead to this can lead to insecuritiesinsecurities

Not looked on Not looked on favorably by adults favorably by adults because gets because gets attention of older attention of older boys, can lead to boys, can lead to early sexual early sexual activityactivity

Late Maturing Boy and Late Maturing Boy and GirlsGirls

BOYSBOYS

Negative effect: Parents Negative effect: Parents and teachers tend to and teachers tend to treat them like children treat them like children longer, rejected by longer, rejected by peerspeers

Positive effect: Time to be Positive effect: Time to be introspective and introspective and develop a strong sense develop a strong sense of identityof identity

GIRLSGIRLS

At first they are less At first they are less popular and can lack popular and can lack some social skillssome social skills

Once they develop they Once they develop they do tend to be tall and do tend to be tall and thin and become thin and become more popular.more popular.

Hypothesis on Hypothesis on DevelopmentDevelopment

Adult Stage HypothesisAdult Stage HypothesisStage Termination Stage Termination HypothesisHypothesis

Deviance HypothesisDeviance Hypothesis

Time Line of Time Line of DevelopmentDevelopment

Early Girls -On Time Girls

Late Girls

-Early Boys On Time Boys Late Boys

Identity & EgocentrismIdentity & Egocentrism Identity:Identity: Sense of yourself and Sense of yourself and

independence. See yourself as an independence. See yourself as an individualindividual

It develops in adolescence because It develops in adolescence because they can now think in abstract terms, they can now think in abstract terms, the meaning of life, their role in the meaning of life, their role in society.society.

Egocentrism:Egocentrism: Peaks at 13 Peaks at 13 Imaginary AudienceImaginary Audience Personal FablePersonal Fable

Structure of the Peer Structure of the Peer GroupGroup

A: Close friends: Usually 2-3 and A: Close friends: Usually 2-3 and same sex but can be gender mixedsame sex but can be gender mixed

B: Cliques: small group of friends B: Cliques: small group of friends with common interestswith common interests

Positive~ Social skills, intimate Positive~ Social skills, intimate relationships, feeling of safety, share relationships, feeling of safety, share common idealscommon ideals

Negative~ Negative peer pressure, Negative~ Negative peer pressure, restriction of individual thought, restriction of individual thought, limiting friendshipslimiting friendships

Cliques continuedCliques continued

Popular cliquesPopular cliquesGender differences in Gender differences in cliquescliques

Others’ opinionsOthers’ opinionsAcceptanceAcceptance

More GroupsMore Groups

Crowds: Crowds: Larger groups Larger groups of of acquaintances acquaintances that usually that usually people date people date others from others from the crowdthe crowd

Moral DevelopmentMoral Development Level 1Level 1: Pre Conventional (Childhood 4-: Pre Conventional (Childhood 4-

10)10) Stage 1:Punishment OrientationStage 1:Punishment Orientation Stage 2: Naïve Reward OrientationStage 2: Naïve Reward Orientation Level 2Level 2: Conventional (early adolescence : Conventional (early adolescence

10-13)10-13) Stage 3: Good boy/girlStage 3: Good boy/girl Stage 4: Authority OrientationStage 4: Authority Orientation Level 3Level 3: Post Conventional: adulthood: Post Conventional: adulthood Stage 5: Social Contract OrientationStage 5: Social Contract Orientation Stage 6: Individual Ethical PrincipleStage 6: Individual Ethical Principle

James MarciaJames Marcia

Theory of Identity FormationTheory of Identity Formation Four Types:Four Types: 1. Identity Diffusion1. Identity Diffusion 2. Identity Foreclosure2. Identity Foreclosure 3. Identity Moratorium3. Identity Moratorium 4. Identity Achievement4. Identity Achievement