Adolescents Substance Use

Tracy Rowland Misty Cochran Sandy Harris Kami Bennett Megan Kennedy Jodie Webb V. Payne Katie Hodge

Presentation By

https://webmail.liberty.edu/owa/redir.aspx?C=449b8c30f47a4e72b4f1f68a06218a45&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.addictioncoalition.org%2fMultimedia%2fVideos.aspx

Prevalence of Student Substance Abuse

11 million American adolescents and young adults ages 12-29 need help with drug & alcohol problems & 9 million of these are between the ages of 15-25 (2009 National Study on Drugs & Health)

90% of the 2 million adolescents who need help with drug and alcohol problems are not getting the help they need (2008 National Study on Drugs & Health)

90% of adults started using before the age of 18 and half before the age of 15 (Drugfree.org)

On an average day, 7,540 adolescents 12-17 drank alcohol for the first time, 4,365 used an illicit drug, 2,466 abused a prescription pain medication (w/o a RX) and 263 were admitted to treatment for marijuana dependence (2008 OAS/SAMHSA)

Additional Facts Parents consider drugs and alcohol as one of the most

important issues (Harowitz Associates, 2010) Kids who learn about risks of drugs from their parents

are are up 50% less likely to use drugs (Partnership Attitude Tracking Study 2008)

Parents who intervene early can significantly reduce the likelihood of addiction (Dennis 2008)

So what is substance abuse and dependence? Abuse: using a substance to the point where

it causes significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles

Dependence: needing increased amounts of a substance to get desired effect (tolerance), having negative physical effects when substance is discontinued (withdrawal), unsuccessful attempts to quit, and spending substantial amounts of time and money to get the drug

Definitions of Adolescent Substance Abuse DSM-IV recognizes two classes of

substance-related disorders:◦ SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS◦ SUBSTANCE INDUCED DISORDERS

Adolescent substance dependence and abuse are diagnosed using the same criteria applied to adults.

Defining the Difference Between a Risk Factor and a Protective Factor

Risk Factor:A risk factor is typically defined as anything that increases the probability of a person using drugs.

Protective Factor:A protective factor is anything that protects or decreases the probability of a person using drugs.

Risk Factors Family History of Substance Abuse or

Dependence Temperament & Personality Cognitive Functioning Parenting & Socialization School Failure & Academic Aspirations Peer Influences Childhood Conduct Problems Environmental Stress The Role of Emotional Distress

Contextual Risk Factors such as the availability of drugs and current drug laws influences substance abuse. Lower drinking ages and lower taxation on alcohol are risk factors for the potential use and abuse of alcohol in a given geographical region. A higher taxation of alcohol in a geographic area is related to overall decreases in consumption. The availability of drugs vary across communities.The more available drugs are in a given community, the more likely it is that adolescents will report using them. Additional contextual factors such as poverty, neighborhood conditions, and cultural norms about drug use must also be considered when working with substance abusers.

Individual Risk Factors are such things as experiencing problem behaviors from an early age, having a coexisting mental health diagnosis or a learning disorder, problems in the family, problems in school, association with drug-using peers, and early initial use of drugs. The two most influential individual risk factors for adolescents are having a family member who abuses substances and associating with drug-using peers.

COMMUNITY INDIVIDUAL/PEER

Availability of Drugs Alienation and Rebelliousness

Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use

Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior

Transitions and Mobility Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior

Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization

Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior

Extreme Economic Deprivation Constitutional Factors

FAMILY SCHOOLFamily History of the Problem Behavior Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior

Family Management Problems Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School

Family Conflict Lack of Commitment to School

Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement in the Problem Behavior

Protective Factors

Protective factors decrease the probability that an individual will use or develop problems with drugs. Peer groups are important during adolescence but parents still have much influence on adolescent behavior. Some good examples of protective factors include good mental health, exposure to effective parenting practices, association with professional peers, high achievement in school, good problem-solving skills, and strong connections to positive community organizations. The higher the quality and quantity of protective factors present the stronger effect they will have on limiting drug use.

Peer Pressure

Research finds that peers are the best predictors of adolescent substance use. What should

parents look for? Are there signs ?

Peer Pressure and Substance AbuseIndicators

Socially unskilled adolescents Nontraditional family structures Rejection by others Association with different or unaccepted

peers Too much freedom Lack of communication with parent/guardian Poor decision making by child and parent

Family Structure

Single parent families with no father figure, the child is more likely to yield to peer pressure and begin using drugs and alcohol

Good relationship with mother/mother figure at home generally leads to better self-esteem and less likely to give in to peer pressure and drug and alcohol use/abuse.

Peer Pressure:What to do next? Talk to you children about drugs and alcohol

early and often Be aware of who your children are friends

with Begin open, honest communication with

your children Teach your children to say no to drugs and

alcohol

How To Say NO?

Talk openly and honestly about drugs and alcohol and peer pressure

Share your feelings and thought about drugs and alcohol with your children

Stop doing for your children and allow them to do for themselves

Become a role model for self esteem and assertiveness

How To Say No (cont.)

Teach your children to say no to others Say no to your children Become assertive and show your children

what that looks like Open family discussions and dialogue Teach your children that it is okay to stand

up for what is right and be different than everyone else.

Creative ways to get out of peer pressure situations Use cell phone to create a phone call from

mom. Practice saying no with your children and

have them practice saying no. Role play situations Be the scapegoat for your child, be the way

out of a difficult situation

Other ideas Stay in close contact after school hours Know your children’s friends AND their parents

WELL. Encourage extracurricular activities for your child Be informed and inform your children frequently

about drugs and alcohol Know where your children are and who they are

with when they are not with you Check up on your children. Are they where they

say they are and with whom they say they are? Validate plans with other parents.

It is your business to know where and with whom your children are.

Consequences•Academic/school involvement

•Physical & mental health•Family &Peer relations

• Criminal Justice System

• Decline in grades: • not doing homework • poor effort on class assignments • poor attendance • inability to stay awake • poor participation in class • poor notes or non-note taking • withdrawal from school activities • behavioral problems

Physical and mental health consequences

• increased chances of death by overdose, suicide, accidents, illnesses

• depression• hallucination• withdrawal• developmental lag• short-term memory loss• increased heart rate, blood pressure and body

temperature, which can initiate heart failure, bursting blood vessels and high fever

• judgment and perception• increased sexual activities (diseases)• mood swings• delayed bodily response•permanent damage to the nervous system

and kidneys•seizures• comas

In 2009, there were nearly 4.6 million drug-related ER visits nationwide. These visits included reports of drug abuse, adverse reactions to drugs, or other drug-related consequences. Almost 50 percent were attributed to adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals taken as prescribed, and 45 percent involved drug abuse. DAWN estimates that of the 2.1 million drug abuse visits—

27.1 percent involved nonmedical use of pharmaceuticals (i.e., prescription or OTC medications, dietary supplements)

21.2 percent involved illicit drugs

14.3 percent involved alcohol, in combination with other drugs

Relationships• alienation from friends and families• strain on relationships due to the change in

characteristics (trustworthy, dependable, loyalty, etc.)

• financial and emotional burden on families

Criminal Justice System Increased chance of becoming involved in the criminal justice system due to engaging in illegal activities > breaking and entering > stealing > possession of drugs > gang involvement > assault

What are the most common drugs used among adolescents today?

National Institute on Drug Abuse Monitoring the Future Survey

◦ Tobacco 7.1% 8th graders smoked cigarettes in the past month 13.6% 10th graders 19.2% 12th graders

◦ Marijuana 8% 8th graders used marijuana in the past month 16.7% 10th graders 21.4% 12th graders

◦ Alcohol 12.8% 8th graders used alcohol in the past month 28.9% 10th graders 41.2% 12th graders

Alcohol Swallowed Booze (types include beer, wine, liquor) Impaired reasoning, slurred speech, lack of

coordination, nausea, vomiting, hangovers

Tobacco Smoked or Chewed Cancer sticks, chew, cigarettes, dip, fags,

smokes Harms every organ in the body, heart disease,

stroke, cancer of the mouth Yellowing of teeth, smell on clothes

Marijuana Swallowed, smoked, mixed into foods Blunt, dope, grass, herb, joints, Mary Jane,

pot, reefer, skunk, weed, boom, hash Hallucinations, impaired learning and

memory function Slowed thinking and reaction time, paranoia

Cocaine Injected, smoked, snorted Blow, bump, C, candy, Charlie, coke, crack,

flake, rock, snow, toot Confusion, anxiety, depression, agitation,

dilated pupils, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, restlessness, scratching, hallucinations, paranoia

LSD (Acid)

Taken orally (liquid saturated item) Acid, blotter, boomers, cubes, hits,

microdot, tabs, yellow sunshine Dilated pupils, skin discoloration, loss of

coordination, false sense of power, euphoria, distortion of time and space, hallucinations, confusion, paranoia, nausea, anxiety, helplessness, destructive behavior, sleeplessness for extended periods of time

PCP Injected, swallowed, smoked Angel dust, boat, hog, love boat, peace pill Violent or bizarre behavior, suicidal

tendencies, paranoia, fearfulness, anxiety, skin flushing, sweating, dizziness, numbness, impaired perceptions

Heroin Injected, smoked, snorted Brown sugar, dope, H, horse, junk, skag,

skunk, smack, white horse Euphoria, near sleep, drifting off, needle

“track” marks

Ecstasy Swallowed MDMA, XTC, E, X, Beans, Adams, Hug Drug,

Disco Biscuit, Go Increased energy, euphoria, emotional

warmth, distortions in time and perception

Pharmaceuticals

Injected, swallowed, sniffed, smoked Ativan, Halcion, Librium, OxyContin, Valium,

Xanax Candy, downers, sleeping pills, tranks, barbs,

reds, red birds, phennies, tooies, yellows, yellow jackets, Kicker, OC, Oxy, OX, Blue, Oxycotton, Hillybilly Heroin, Vikes, Hydro, Norco

Slowed motor coordination/reflexes, lethargy, relaxed muscles, staggering, slurred speech

Methamphetamine

Taken orally, injected, snorted or smoked Crystal-like powder or rock-like chunks that

break into shards that look like glass Bikers Coffee, Black Beauties, Chalk,

Chicken Feed, Crank, Croak, Crypto, Crystal, Crystal Meth, Fire, Glass, Go-Fast, Ice, Meth, Poor Man’s Cocaine, Speed, Stove Top, Trash, Tweek, Uppers, White Cross and Yellow Bam

Methamphetamine Abuse Signs Wired – sleeplessness for days and weeks Total loss of appetite, extreme weight loss Dilated pupils, blurred vision Paranoia, hallucinations Depression, aggression Unusual sweating, shaking, anxiety Excited, talkative, agitation

Methamphetamine Effects Permanent brain

changes Contracting HIV

and other diseases Meth Mouth Meth Mites or

Crank Bugs

Signs of Substance Abuse:Use Your Senses Are your teen’s eyes and cheeks red? Are his eyes red, squinty, and pupils

dialated? Strange burn marks on their mouth or

fingers? Wearing long sleeves in the summer? Nosebleeds? Weight loss?

Paraphernalia

Pipes, bongs, roach clips, syringes, spoons, baking soda, baggies, foil, containers, rolling papers, small medicine bottles, eye drops, butane lighters or makeshift smoking devices (cans, apples, etc).

DXM DXM (Dextromethorphan) is a cough

suppressant found in over-the-counter cold medicines- cough syrup, pills, powder.

It is abused in dangerously high levels.

DXM-Street Names Robotripping Dexting Skittling Robo Skittles Dex Poor Man’s PCP Rojo Triple C

Tussin Red Devils CCC Velvet

DXM- Side Effects/Signs of Use Paranoia Distortions of color

and sound Hallucinations Confusion Rapid heartbeat Slurred speech Lethargy Seizures

Lack of coordination Disorientation “Out-of-body”

feelings Over-excitability Death

Synthetic Drugs- Similar Effects

MarijuanaCocaine

LSDEcstasyHeroinMeth

Synthetic DrugsCan be purchased at headshops (drug paraphernalia stores), gas stations, and convenience stores.

To find out if your area has headshops go to www.headshops.com

Herbal Incense Synthetic Marijuana

Package states not for human consumption March 1,2011 the DEA banned the sale of

synthetic marijuana but kids are still getting their hands on it.

Herbal Incense- Street Names K2 Spice Fake Weed Black Mamba Bombay Blue Genie Zohai Spice Gold Spice Silver

Spice Diamond Yucatan Fire Bliss Red Magic

Herbal IncenseSynthetic marijuana is addictiveLooks like dried leaves or potpourri

Smoked in joints or pipesMade into tea or put in food

Herbal Incense- Side Effects/Signs of Use Paranoia Panic attacks Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Dry mouth Reddening of eyes Death

Herbal Incense/Spice

Bath Salts/Plant FoodSynthetic Cocaine Synthetic LSD Synthetic Heroin Synthetic Meth Synthetic Ecstasy

Bath Salts/Plant Food-Street Names Cloud-9 Ivory Wave White Lightening White Dove Stardust Blue Silk Drone Energy-1 White Knight Vanilla Sky Red Dove Scarface

Snow Leopard Spark-20 Lunar Wave Purple Wave Ocean Burst Pure Ivory Meow Meow Hurricane Charlie Lovey Dovey Charge + Molly’s Plant Food

Bath Salts/Plant Food

Currently legal but banned by some states.

Packages state that the product is not for human consumption.

Bath Salts/Plant FoodBath salts and plant food are addictive.

Snorted, smoked, swallowed, or injected.

Looks like white, tan, or brown powdery substance

Side Effects/Signs of Use Severe paranoia Delusions Hallucinations Violent behavior Self-mutilation Suicidal thoughts Rapid and irregular

heartbeat Headaches Chest pain

Seizures Lack of appetite Nose bleeds Vomiting Sweating Insomnia Death 

Bath Salts/Plant food

Salvia Divinorum http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6JJeG1AohI

What is Salvia?Salvia is a perennial herb that is a part of the mint family. It is commonly found in southern Mexico, Central America and South America. The plant has large green leaves with white and purple flowers that typically grow in large clusters to more than 3 feet in height.The active ingredient in the salvia herb is salvinorin A, a chemical that acts on certain receptors in the brain and causes hallucinations. Salvinorin A is one of the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogenic chemicals. Street Names: Sally D, Magic Mint, Pastora, Sage.

How is Salvia Used?Salvia is sold in various forms. It can be sold as seeds, leaves or as a liquid extract. Fresh leaves can be chewed, causing a high within 5 to 10 minutes. Dried leaves can be smoked as a joint, in a water pipe or vaporized and inhaled. When smoked, the drug can take effect within 30 seconds. Drinking the liquid extract will also cause a high.

What Does Salvia Do?Salvia causes intense, but short-lived, effects, including visual distortions, hallucinations, intense dissociation and disconnectedness from reality, physical or visual impairment, disorientation and dizziness. Synesthesia is possible, where physical sensations become intertwined and it is possible to “hear” colors or “smell” sounds. Dysphoria, where users felt uncomfortable or unpleasant after the drug's use, is also reported.

INHALANTSWhat Are Inhalants?

-Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect.

-Street names: Gluey, Huff, Rush, Whippets

-Looks like: Common household products such as glue, lighter fluid, cleaning fluids, typewriter correction fluid, air conditioning refrigerant, felt tip markers, spray paint, air freshener, butane, cooking spray and paint all produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled.

-Generally, inhalant abusers will abuse any available substance. However, effects produced by individual inhalants vary, and some users will go out of their way to obtain their favorite inhalant.

What Is the Scope of Inhalant Abuse?

-Inhalants are often the easiest and first options for abuse among young children who use drugs. According to the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), there were 729,000 persons aged 12 or older who had used inhalants for the first time within the past 12 months; 70 percent were under the age of 18.

-National and state surveys report that inhalant abuse reaches its peak at some point during the seventh through ninth grades.

-In terms of ethnicity, African- American youth have consistently shown lower rates of inhalant abuse than Whites or Hispanics.

-People from both urban and rural settings abuse inhalants. Further, research on factors contributing to inhalant abuse suggests that adverse socioeconomic conditions, a history of childhood abuse, poor grades, and school dropout are associated with inhalant abuse.

-There is a common link between inhalant use and problems in school — failing grades, chronic absences, and general apathy.

How are Inhalents Used?

Inhalants can be breathed in through the nose or the mouth in a variety of ways:Sniffing or Snorting fumes from containers spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth.

Bagging—sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed or deposited inside a plastic or paper bag.

Huffing from an inhalant-soaked rag stuffed in the mouth; and inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide.

Inhalant paraphernalia includes:Rags used for sniffing Empty spray cansTubes of glue Plastic bagsBalloons NozzlesBottles or cans with hardened glue, sprays, paint or chemical odors inside of them.

Signs of Inhalant Abuse: -paint or stains on body or clothing

-spots or sores around the mouth

-red or runny eyes or nose

-chemical breath odor

-drunk, dazed, or dizzy appearance

-nausea, loss of appetite, anxiety, excitability, and irritability.

Medical Information:-Inhaled chemicals are absorbed rapidly into the bloodstream through the lungs and are quickly distributed to the brain and other organs. Within seconds of inhalation, the user experiences intoxication along with other effects similar to those produced by alcohol.

-Because intoxication lasts only a few minutes, abusers frequently seek to prolong the high by inhaling repeatedly over the course of several hours, which is a very dangerous practice.

-Inhalant abuse can cause damage to the parts of the brain that control thinking, moving, seeing, and hearing. Cognitive abnormalities can range from mild impairment to severe dementia.

Immediate Medical Consequences:

-Asphyxiation—from repeated inhalations that lead to high concentrations of inhaled fumes, which displace available oxygen in the lungs

-Suffocation—from blocking air from entering the lungs when inhaling fumes from a plastic bag placed over the head

-Convulsions or Seizures—from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain;

-Coma—from the brain shutting down all but the most vital functions

-Choking—from inhalation of vomit after inhalant use

-Fatal Injury—from accidents, including motor vehicle fatalities, suffered while intoxicated.

*REMINDER: The average age of an Inhalant user begins at 12 yrs old.

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