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7/31/2019 Advanced Embedded ARM Processor
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What this session is about
A principled, scientific approach to designing andimplementing embedded systems
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ConceptSpecification
HW/SWPartitioning
Hardware Components
Software Components
Estimation -Exploration
Hardware
Software
Evaluation (area, power, performance, reliability, security, )
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Whats an Embedded System?
Embedded systems =
information processing systems thatinteract with physical processes and are
embedded into a larger product
Two types of computing
Desktop produced millions/year
Embeddedbillions/year
Non-Embedded Systems
PCs, servers, and notebooks
The future of computing!
Automobiles, entertainment,
communication, aviation, handheld
devices, military, medical equipment
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Embedding a computer
CPU
mem
input
output analog
analog
embedded
computer
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Embedded System = Cyber Physical System
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Areas
According to forecasts, future ofIT characterized by terms such
as
Disappearing computer,
Ubiquitous computing, Pervasive computing,
Ambient intelligence,
Post-PC era,
Cyber-physical systems. Basic technologies:
Embedded Systems
Communication technologies
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Extending the motivation:
Embedded systems and Ubiquitous computing
Ubiquitous computing: Information anytime, anywhere.Embedded systems provide fundamental technology.
Communication
Technology
Optical networking
Network management
Distributed applications
Service provision
UMTS, DECT, Hiperlan, ATM
Embedded
Systems
RobotsMulticore processing
Control systems
Feature extraction and
recognition
Sensors/actuators
A/D-converters
Pervasive/Ubiquitous computing
Distributed systems
Embedded web systems
Real-time
Dependability
Qualityof
service
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An Example Embedded System
Digital Camera Block Diagram
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Components of Embedded Systems
Analog Digital Analog
Memory
Coprocessors
Controllers
Converters
Processor
Interface
Software(Application Programs)
ASIC
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Components of Embedded Systems
Analog Components
Sensors, Actuators,
Digital Components
Processor, Coprocessors, Memories, Buses
Controllers, Application Specific Hardwares
Converters
Analog-to-Digital (A2D), D2A,
Software Operating systems
Middleware
Applications (MPEG-x, GSM-kernel, )7/13/2012 13V.Sathishkumar
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Automotive Electronics Platform Example
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Automotive Electronics Market Size
8.9Market
($billions)
10.5 13.1 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.3 21.0
0
200400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Cost of Electronics / Car ($)
90% of future innovations in vehicles:based on electronic embedded systems
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Toyota Autonomous Vehicle Technology Roadmap
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What can go wrong: BMW 745i
2, 000, 000 LOC
Windows CE OS
53 8-bit P
11 32-bit P
7 16-bit P
Multiple Networks
Buggy!
improper synchronization between two digital electronic controlunits
would stall the engine and lead to a catastrophic accident in some
cases
Recent Toyota break/acceleration fiasco
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BMW 850i, contd.
brake
sensor
brake
sensor
brake
sensor
brake
sensor
ABShydraulic
pump
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Digital Convergence Mobile Example
Broadcasting
TelematicsImaging
Computing
CommunicationEntertainment
One device, multiple functions
Center of ubiquitous media network
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Mobile graphics/games
Millions of units
Jon Peddie Research
Handheld Multimedia Devices report
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MM phones
Non 3D MM phones
Native API based phones
Resolution today ~176x208 480x320In Japan, QVGA (320x240) is the norm
Nokia series 90 is 640x320; Nokia N93 is 320x200
Sony Ericsson S700i, M600i, K800i: 240x320
IPhone, IPod Touch is 480x320
Latest IPhone 4 has 960x640
To 1024x768 and
beyond in the future
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Device Shrinkage: Macs
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Growing Importance of ES
the global mobile entertainment industry is now worth some $32 blnpredicting average
revenue growth of28% for 2010[www.itfacts.biz, July 8th, 2009]
Spending on GPS units exceeded $100 mln during Thanksgiving week, up 237% from 2006
More people bought GPS units than bought PCs, NPD found. [www.itfacts.biz, Dec. 6th,2007]
, the market forremote home health monitoring is expected to generate $225 mln
revenue in 2011, up from less than $70 mln in 2006, according to Parks Associates..
[www.itfacts.biz, Sep. 4th, 2007]
Accessing the Internet via a mobile device up by 82% in the US, by 49% in Europe, fromMay 2007 to May 2008[www.itfacts.biz, July 29th, 2008]
The future is embedded Embedded is the future!
Foundation for the post PC era
.. embedded chips form the backbone of the electronics driven world in which
we live ... they are part of almost everything that runs on electricity[Mary Ryan,EEDesign, 1995]
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Characteristics Application Specific
Applications are known a priori
Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance
Digital Signal Processing
Signals are represented digitally
Reactive
Reacts to changes in the systems environment
Real-time
Compute certain tasks before deadline
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Characteristics Reliability
Probability of system working correctly provided that is
was working at t=0
Maintainability
Probability of system working correctly dtime units
after error occurred.
Safety
Not harmful for user
Security
Confidential and authentic communication7/13/2012 24V.Sathishkumar
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Real-Time Systems
A systems where correctness depends onlogical results and the time the results areproduced
Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human loss Mission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed mission
J.A. Stankovic et al. Strategic Directions in Real-Time and7/13/2012 25V.Sathishkumar
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ICS212 Lecture 2Popular Embedded Application
Domains
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Aerospace
Flight control
Stability: real-time differentialfeedback loops
Positioning & navigation
GPS, INS
Instrumentation Data acquisition, display,
processing, and archive
Radar
Communication
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Automobiles
Engine management
Fuel, ignition, timing
Emission control
Instrumentation
Data acquisition, display,
processing, and archive Safety & stability
Airbags, active control
Entertainment & comfort
Radio, A/C,
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Robotics
Implies autonomous operation
N physical degree of freedom
Artificial intelligence
Control heavy
Mission oriented Repair, search, rescue, investigate,
and perform physically difficult tasks
l
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Process Control
Industrial automation
Plant monitoring and production control
Similar to control systems but with emphasis onmanagement
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Sensor Nets
Many sensor nodes each
capable of sensing,computation/storage, andcommunication
Structure safety
Search and rescue
Military use Energy Efficient
Distributed Modern Sensor Nodes
UC Berkeley: COTS Dust
UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust
UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs
l i di
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Multimedia
An exercise in
Signals, analog to digital conversion,quantization, sampling, processing, anddigital to analogue conversion
Information theory, entropy, Huffman codes,compression, lossless compression
Images, audio, video
Virtual Reality Quality of service
Think lots of data (formats and standardstoo)!
C El i
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Consumer Electronics
Home appliances
Yesterdays appliances: addcomputation
Tomorrows appliances: addnetworking (Internet)
Office electronics
Integration
Electronic paper (filing, printing,sending, and receiving)
Home/office automation
Common fantasy about theautomated home or office of thefuture with lights and appliances that
operate by themselves or withminimal effort
N k C
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Network Components
Stitching LANs
Bridge
Connects two parts of the same network
Router Link networks using different network
identities
Extending ports Switch
Transmit to recipient only
Hub Transmit to all
Handle large volume of highlystructured data with littletransformation
M di l I
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Medical Instruments
Perform diagnosis
(screening/evaluation) Data collection
Appraisal of that data
Developing a plan of action
Observation or monitoring
Sensing and instrumentation Accuracy and precision
Other applications: Radiation therapy
Artificial hearts, arms, legs,
E B i
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E-Business
Information processing
systems ATM
Cash registers
Scanners
Credit-card readers
Often the interface behind a
database
Automation and convenience
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Bomb Detection & Localization
Stadium with Sensors Deployed
Google Earth Illustration of Localization System
Automatic Camera Feed
~12 Static
XSM Motes
(positions
known )
Guard moves with an
XSM Mote, tracked byRIPS technology
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Architecture
Rad level servlet and
camera glue code
Tracking service and
user interface
Nextel/
Internet
Mote network
Camera control
node (Linux)Jumbotron
controller
VGA to NTSC
adapter
Rad detector,mobile phone
mote
Internet
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Summary of Application Domains
Looked at a number of application domains
Large amount of overlap between these domains
Often each domain has associated standards,design methodologies, and certification programs
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Embedded System Design Challenges
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Low cost
Light weight
Reliability
Low power
Portable
Complexity
Ease of use
Mixed digital/analog requirements
Shrinking time-to-market
Short product lifetime
Real-time processing
Inherent concurrency
HW/SW co-design
Secure
Embedded System Design Challenges
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High end: Embedded Processors!
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1,000,000,000
Number
ofTransistors
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
4004 8008
8080
8086
286
386
486
Pentium 4
Pentium II
Pentium
Pentium III
NVIDIA NV30 GPU
SonyGraphic Synthesizer
NVIDIA NV40
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
SonyGraphic Synthesizer
IBMPower4
NVIDIA NV25 GPU
NVIDIA NV20 GPU
AMDAthlon XP
IntelCentrino
NVIDIA NV35 GPU
ATIRadeon X800
MotorolaG4
High-end: Embedded Processors!
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Embedded programming
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Embedded programming
Do You Need to Know This Stuff ?
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Computer Engineers You will build and oversee the
building of these systemsAll close to he hardware code resembles this
The concern for correctness and predictability of embedded
systems code is simply a more critical form of what we want
for all codeElectrical Engineers You will build and oversee the
building of these systems.You have to work with the computer guys
You have to be able to talk to them
You may have to teach them
You may have to take over for them
Computer scientistsyoull know to do this or only
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