Advanced Interpretation 7.4

© 2012 SeisWare International Inc. Calgary, Alberta, Canada All rights reserved

Advanced Interpretation Geophysical Tools for Enhanced Results

© 2012 SeisWare International Inc.

Calgary, Alberta, Canada

All rights reserved.

SeisWare Version 7.04

REV 0 February 2012

Advanced Interpretation i

SeisWare V 7.4, 2012

CONTENTS

3D Seismic Visualizer ................................................................................................................ 1

Fault Interpretation .................................................................................................................. 29

Well Planning........................................................................................................................... 49

Time to Depth Conversion ...................................................................................................... 56

Log Editor ................................................................................................................................ 69

2D Modeling/Cross Section .................................................................................................... 87

Horizon Smoothing and Computing Attributes.................................................................... 102

Seismic Zone Attributes........................................................................................................ 108

Wavelet Analysis ................................................................................................................... 115

Attribute Calculator ............................................................................................................... 128

Spectral Decomposition........................................................................................................ 137

Automatic Mistie Analysis .................................................................................................... 146

Appendix A: Depth Seismic .................................................................................................. 159

Appendix B: SeisWare Glossary .......................................................................................... 162

FIGURES

Figure 1: 3D General Visualizer Properties .................................................................................. 2

Figure 2: 3D Seismic Properties Window ..................................................................................... 3

Figure 3: Red White Blue Color Bar ............................................................................................. 4

Figure 4: 3D Volume Loaded in Seismic Visualizer ...................................................................... 4

Figure 5: General Toolbar and Interaction Toolbar ....................................................................... 5

Figure 6: Scale Toolbar ............................................................................................................... 7

Figure 7: Slice Toolbar and Animation Toolbar ............................................................................ 9

Figure 8: Contour Overlaying Grid ............................................................................................. 12

Figure 9: Loading Horizons ........................................................................................................ 14

Figure 10: Interaction of Horizon and Seismic ............................................................................ 15

Figure 11: Selecting Grids ......................................................................................................... 16

Figure 12: Selecting Overlay ..................................................................................................... 17

Figure 13: Wells Properties ....................................................................................................... 18

Figure 14: Volume Toolbar ........................................................................................................ 20

Figure 15: Adjusting Vertices ..................................................................................................... 21

Figure 16: Moving Volume ......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 17: Opacity Graph .......................................................................................................... 22

ii Advanced Interpretation


Figure 18: Data Properties for Seismic Opacity .......................................................................... 23

Figure 19: Opacity Graph........................................................................................................... 24

Figure 20: Seismic Volume with Opacity Applied ........................................................................ 25

Figure 21: Light Intensity Slider Bar ........................................................................................... 26

Figure 22: Seismic Viewer – Fault–Horizon Contacts ................................................................. 30

Figure 23: Basemap – Fault–Horizon Contacts .......................................................................... 31

Figure 24: Pick Horizons Window .............................................................................................. 32

Figure 25: Configuration Window ............................................................................................... 32

Figure 26: Seismic Display Properties Window .......................................................................... 33

Figure 27: Select Fault to delete Dialog...................................................................................... 36

Figure 28: Seismic Viewer – Selected Fault Segment ................................................................ 37

Figure 29: Reassign Fault Segment Window .............................................................................. 38

Figure 30: 3D Visualizer with Parallel Faults .............................................................................. 38

Figure 31: Basemap – Choosing Faults to Reassign .................................................................. 39

Figure 32: Triangulate Faults Window ........................................................................................ 41

Figure 33: Seismic Viewer – Triangulated Faults ........................................................................ 41

Figure 34: 3D Visualizer – Fault Triangulation Planes ................................................................ 42

Figure 35: 3D Visualizer – Fault Triangulation Edges ................................................................. 42

Figure 36: Fault to Horizon Window ........................................................................................... 45

Figure 37: Fault Polygons/Contacts Window .............................................................................. 47

Figure 38: Basemap – Fault Polygons ....................................................................................... 48

Figure 39: Well Planning Dialog ................................................................................................. 49

Figure 40: Well Plan in the Seismic Viewer ................................................................................ 53

Figure 41: Editing nodes on the Basemap .................................................................................. 54

Figure 42: Editing nodes in the 3D Seismic Visualizer ................................................................ 55

Figure 43: Choose Time/Depth Method Window ........................................................................ 56

Figure 44: Time to Depth Interval Velocity .................................................................................. 58

Figure 45: Select Tops Window ................................................................................................. 61

Figure 46: Grid Parameters Window .......................................................................................... 63

Figure 47: Output grid ................................................................................................................ 66

Figure 48: Zoom Toolbar ........................................................................................................... 70

Figure 49: Select Curve Alias Window ....................................................................................... 71

Figure 50: Log Editor Window .................................................................................................... 72

Figure 51: Select Curve Alias Window ....................................................................................... 73

Figure 52: Moving Tracks .......................................................................................................... 74

Figure 53: Synthetic Properties Selection ................................................................................... 75

Figure 54: Synthetic Track ......................................................................................................... 76

Figure 55: General Track Properties .......................................................................................... 78

Figure 56: Individual Track Properties ........................................................................................ 79

Figure 57: Track Properties – Fill Properties .............................................................................. 80

Advanced Interpretation iii


Figure 58: Fill Above Value and Fill Below Value ....................................................................... 80

Figure 59: Edit Curve Icons ....................................................................................................... 81

Figure 60: DT Sonic Curve Selected for Editing ......................................................................... 84

Figure 61: Save Curve Dialog .................................................................................................... 85

Figure 62: Editing Tops Toolbar ................................................................................................. 85

Figure 63: Cross Section Properties .......................................................................................... 88

Figure 64: General Track Properties .......................................................................................... 89

Figure 65: Track Properties ....................................................................................................... 90

Figure 66: Model Properties ...................................................................................................... 91

Figure 67: Well Selection from Basemap ................................................................................... 93

Figure 68: Apply Log Template .................................................................................................. 94

Figure 69: Correlations Window ................................................................................................. 95

Figure 70: Cross Section with correlations, being edited ............................................................ 98

Figure 71: Output 2D SEG-Y Dialog .......................................................................................... 99

Figure 72: Generated Model .................................................................................................... 100

Figure 73: Saving the Model .................................................................................................... 101

Figure 74: Horizon Smoothing/Attributes Window .................................................................... 104

Figure 75: Select Output Horizon Names Window ................................................................... 105

Figure 76: Seismic Zone Attributes Window ............................................................................. 112

Figure 77: Seismic Zone Attributes Window – Select Wavelet Section ..................................... 113

Figure 78: Add Wavelet Window .............................................................................................. 121

Figure 79: Wavelet Analysis Window ....................................................................................... 123

Figure 80: Add Wavelet Window .............................................................................................. 124

Figure 81: Wavelets Section with New Wavelet ....................................................................... 125

Figure 82: QC Wavelets Window ............................................................................................. 126

Figure 83: Attribute Calculator Window .................................................................................... 132

Figure 84: Semblance Cube in the Seismic Viewer .................................................................. 134

Figure 85:Seismic Color Properties for Semblance .................................................................. 135

Figure 86: Semblance and Curvature in the 3D Seismic Visualizer .......................................... 136

Figure 87: Spectral Decomposition .......................................................................................... 140

Figure 88: Spectral Decomposition Window Parameters .......................................................... 141

Figure 89: Spectral Decomposition Output ............................................................................... 142

Figure 90: Time Slice .............................................................................................................. 143

Figure 91: Spectral Decomposition – Windowing Parameters .................................................. 144

Figure 92: Output .................................................................................................................... 145

Figure 93: Select Mistie Run Window. ..................................................................................... 150

Figure 94: Automatic Mistie Analysis Window .......................................................................... 151

Figure 95: Select Seismic Lines Window ................................................................................. 152

Figure 96: Quick Mistie – Zoom and Mistie Analysis Windows ................................................. 154

Figure 97: Add Jump Tie Window ............................................................................................ 157

iv Advanced Interpretation


Advanced Interpretation 1


3D SEISMIC VISUALIZER

The 3D Seismic Visualizer is a tool that enables you to view all

of the data in your project in 3D space. You are able to load in

your seismic, with existing interpretation and integrate this with

your wells and culture information to create a cohesive view.

After you have loaded all of your data into the 3D Seismic

Visualizer, you can save the display and create saved images

for use in other applications.

You can:

o load 2D and 3D seismic data

o display trace, line, time and horizon slices for 3D volumes

o load multiple 3D volumes and independently adjust their

properties

o load horizons and grids as structure surfaces with

attributes as surface color overlay, and independently

adjust their properties

o display faults, grids and horizons as surfaces or wire

meshes

o rotate, zoom, pan, change vertical exaggeration and

control light direction

o print images as .bmp files to insert in other software or

print

To open the tool, select 3D Seismic Visualizer from the

Launch menu of the Main Launcher. The 3D Seismic Visualizer

always defaults to a blank view, until you specify the data to

display. To load data, and customize the display, you will be

using the General 3D Visualizer Properties.

Loading Seismic Data

You can load both 2D and 3D seismic data into the 3D Seismic

Visualizer. You can load multiple volumes at one time, either in

time or in depth. By default, only the working set versions of

2 Advanced Interpretation


your seismic is displayed, but you can view all volumes by

toggling off the Display working set only option. After you select

any of the volumes, the displays can be individually configured

by highlighting the volume from the Visible Seismic list and then

selecting the Properties button on the bottom right.

Clicking on the Properties button launches a Properties window

that allows you customize the appearance of the data item. You

can change colors, scaling methods and time or depth extents. If

no settings are changed, the entire 2D line or 3D volume will

display with the default display properties.

Exercise

Select Load Data from the File menu. SeisWare

opens the General 3D Visualizer Properties (see

Figure 1). Alternatively you can select General

Properties from the right mouse button menu, or use

the General Properties icon ( ).

Figure 1: 3D General Visualizer Properties



In the Displayed Data section of General 3D

Visualizer Properties select 3D Seismic.

Move “nsask MIG 0 Migrated Stack” from Available

Seismic 3D to Visible Seismic 3D and press

.

Highlight “nsask” in the Visible Seismic 3D column

and press . SeisWare opens a window

titled “3D Seismic Properties: nsask MIG 0 Migrated

Stack” (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: 3D Seismic Properties Window

Select Data Properties and ensure that Trace slice,

Line slice and Time slice are selected, and that

Volume is not selected.

Toggle off Time slice and press .

Turn Time slice back on.

Enter a Start Time of “500” and an End Time of

“1500”.



Select Seismic Color Properties from the list of 3D

Seismic Properties.

Select the “Red White Blue” color bar from the

dropdown list.

Figure 3: Red White Blue Color Bar

Select Posting from the list of 3D Seismic Properties

and ensure that Show Posting is not selected.

Press to exit the 3D Seismic

Properties.

Press to exit the General 3D

Visualizer Properties. SeisWare now displays the

volume in the Visualizer (see Figure 4).

Figure 4: 3D Volume Loaded in Seismic Visualizer



Navigating in the 3D Seismic Visualizer

Navigating within the 3D Seismic Visualizer can be

accomplished using the tools on the General Toolbar and

Interaction Toolbar (see Figure 5).

Figure 5: General Toolbar and Interaction Toolbar

Rotation Mode

After the volume has been loaded you will be in Rotation mode (

) and the cursor will look like a hand ( ). In this mode you

can rotate and move the display on all axes by left clicking and

dragging. While in Rotation Mode, to temporarily switch to

Selection Mode, hold down the Shift key, or hit R to switch

permanently.

Selection Mode

Selection Mode is also required when manipulating a volume,

and when selecting slices within the Visualizer. Selection Mode

is activated by pressing the selection mode icon ( ). The

cursor will now look like an arrow ( ). To temporarily switch to

Selection mode while in Rotation Mode, hold down the Alt key,

or hit V to switch permanently.

Orienting Displays

To help you orient yourself, direction arrows are always visible

on the bottom right hand side of the Visualizer. Clicking Plan



View ( ) will orient the screen as if you were viewing a

Basemap with the Z axis coming directly out of the screen.

Clicking Depth View ( ) orients the display such that the north

axis is exiting the screen.

Defining Home Position

Similar to the Basemap you can define a home position in the

view by pressing the Define Home Position icon ( ). To return

to this position at any time press the Go To Home Position icon (

).

Additional Movements

The Pan icon ( ) allows you to move the display with no

rotation. This is useful when you have an exaggerated vertical

display. If you are in rotation mode you can click and hold down

the centre mouse wheel to pan without selecting the icon, but

this only works if you are already in a rotation mode.

The Zoom icon ( ) allows you to zoom in and out by moving

the cursor towards and away from you. You can also use the

centre mouse wheel to slowly move the display in and out.

Exercise

1. Navigating the 3D Seismic Visualizer

Practice rotating the seismic display in Rotation

mode.



Click the Vertical Rotation ( ) and Horizontal

Rotation ( ) icons respectively and left click and

drag on the seismic display. SeisWare rotates the

display around an axis.

Click the Pan icon ( ). The cursor changes to look

like a hand with four arrows ( ). Pan the display

in both directions.

Click the Zoom icon ( ). The cursor changes to

look like a pointed finder with an arrow ( ). Zoom

the display in and out.

Click the Go To – Centre and Zoom In icon ( ).

The cursor changes to a viewfinder ( ).

Left click on an area you want to zoom in on.

SeisWare will both centre the display and zoom in.

Press the Fit View icon ( ) to view the entire

volume.

Setting the Scale

To get an appropriate view in the 3D Seismic Visualizer you

made need to modify the vertical and horizontal exaggeration of

the display. This can be done by adjusting the settings on the

Scale Toolbar (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: Scale Toolbar

Use the up and down arrows to adjust the scale in the X, Y or Z

direction. Alternatively you can manually enter scale values. If



you want different scales in the X and Y direction you need to

turn off the Lock X and Y aspect ratio icon ( ).

Exercise

1. Defining the scale

Press the up arrow ( ) next to the Z field to

increase the z-scale exaggeration.

Type the value “5” into the Z field.

Press the up arrow next to the X field to increase the

x-scale exaggeration.

Turn of Lock X and Y aspect ratio ( ).

Press the down arrow ( ) next to the ) Y field to

decrease the y-scale exaggeration independent of

the x-scale exaggeration.

Turn on Lock X and Y aspect ratio ( ).

Return the value in the X filed to “1”.

Scrolling through Seismic Data

To move through the seismic volume you can click and drage

objects while in selection mode, or you can use the tools on the

Slice Toolbar and Animation Toolbar (see Figure 7). These tools

allow you to animate through slices, scroll through slices, or

manually enter a slice value.

The toolbar has the Slice Type (inline, crossline, time, horizon),

Volume Name and a Position slide bar that will display the

actual position within the 3D where the currently selected slice



is. When a slice is selected, there will be a red highlight around

the slice.

When scrolling in the Seismic Visualizer, you can have the

Seismic Viewer update with the current slice. For the Visualizer

and the Seismic Viewer to communicate the talk ( ) and listen

( ) icons must be on in both applications.

Figure 7: Slice Toolbar and Animation Toolbar

Exercise

1. Scrolling through seismic data

To move a slice, make sure you are in selection

mode ( ), left click on any slice so that it highlights

red and then drag to the new position. Try this on all

of the slice types.

Select “Inline” from the Slice Type dropdown.

Press the Animate Forward icon ( ). SeisWare

scrolls through the inlines at the selected Increment

and Speed.

Press the Stop icon ( ) when you reach a slice of

interest to stop the animation.

Use the position slider to move the slice. It only

moves the slice specified in the Slice Type

dropdown, so the inline should be moving

Repeat this procedure, selecting Crossline and Time

from the Slice Type dropdown.



Select “Inline” again from the Slice Type dropdown.

Ensure that the talk ( ) and listen ( ) icons are

on.

Open an inline in the Seismic Viewer on the “nsask”

volume.

Type “125” in the Position field in the 3D Seismic

Visualizer and press Enter on your keyboard.

Loading Data

Data is loaded from the Displayed Data section of the General

3D Visualizer Properties. All data items are selected individually;

however entire data types can be turned on and off from the

Data Visibility page.

Loading Horizon Data

Single or multiple horizons can be loaded into the 3D Seismic

Visualizer. Any overlay can be placed on the horizon structure,

such as an amplitude horizon, Wavelet Analysis output horizon

or curvature horizon.

As with seismic, you are able to set the display parameters for

each horizon independently using the Properties button. To

globally change the properties for all displayed horizons in one

step select Horizon Display Properties in the General 3D

Visualizer Properties window, and ensure that Apply to loaded

data is checked on.

Loading Grid Data

Single or multiple grids can be loaded into the 3D Seismic

Visualizer. Like horizons, any overlay can be placed on the grid



surface. Unlike horizons, a grid doesn’t need to be associated

with seismic data to be loaded.

To change the properties of a single grid you can select the grid

a press the Properties button. To globally change the properties

for all displayed grids in one step select Grid Display Properties

in the General 3D Visualizer Properties window, and ensure that

Apply to loaded data is checked on.

If you want to view a depth grid, you can change the Z units of

the Visualizer to depth units. This setting is accessed from the

Visualizer Properties section of General 3D Visualizer

Properties.

Loading Culture

All of the culture in your project is available to be loaded in the

3D Seismic Visualizer. By default, when a culture layer is loaded

into the Visualizer the entire layer is loaded. It is drawn as a flat

layer at a Z value of 0. You can use the Culture Z slider to

reposition the culture layers to any Z position. This makes it

easier to orient yourself closer to a region of interest.

Contour culture layers are handled slightly differently since

contours have Z values associated with them. They will be

draped over the grid surface (see Figure 8). You may need to

exaggerate the Z scale for full impact. To limit the extents of

your view, use the Clip View feature described on page 26.



Figure 8: Contour Overlaying Grid

Loading Wells, Tops and Curves

All of your well data can be loaded into the 3D Seismic

Visualizer, including tops and curves. When looking at time data,

if the wells contain velocity information, they will plot accurately

in time. By default, if there is no velocity information when

viewing well on a time volume, the vertical stick will be drawn to

the full extents of the data loaded.

Loading Faults

The 3D Seismic Visualizer is helpful for correlating fault

segments and for checking fault plane triangulation. Fault

segments will update interactively as they are picked or edited in

the Seismic Viewer, so it is helpful to keep the Visualizer open

as you are picking faults.



Exercise

1. Loading horizon data

Open General 3D Visualizer Properties ( ).

Select Horizons from the Displayed Data list.

Move horizon “H” from the Available Horizons list to

the Visible Horizons and Overlays list (see Figure 9).

Click .

Select horizon “H” from the Visible Horizons and

Overlays list and press Overlay.

Select “H AMP” from the Select Overlay list. Click

then click in the

General 3D Visualizer Properties window.

Select horizon “H H AMP” from the Visible Horizons

and Overlays list and press Properties.

Select a new color palette from the dropdown menu.



Figure 9: Loading Horizons

Toggle between Show surface and Show triangle

edges in the Horizon Appearance section.

Toggle between Using the color palette and Using

the object’s surface color in the Color 3D Surface

section.

Return the settings to Show Surface and Using the

color palette and click .

Use the Transparency slider bar to adjust the

transparency of the horizon.

Click to exit the

Properties_Horizons: H H AMP window.

Zoom in on the faulted area in the NE corner of the

display.

Move the inline slice to see the interaction between

the horizon and the seismic data (see Figure 10).



Figure 10: Interaction of Horizon and Seismic

2. Loading grid data

Open the General Properties window ( ).

Remove the “H” horizon from the display.

Select Grids from the Displayed Data section of

General 3D Visualizer Properties.

Move “E Grid” from the Available Grids list to Visible

Grids and Overlays list (see Figure 11). Click

.

Select “E Grid E Grid” from the Visible Grids and

Overlays list and click .

Select a new color palette from the dropdown menu.

Toggle between Show surface and Show triangle

edges in the Grid Appearance section.

Use the Transparency slider bar to adjust the

transparency of the grid.



Click to exit the Properties_Grids:

E Grid E Grid window.

Figure 11: Selecting Grids

Highlight “E Grid” in the Visible Grids and Overlays

list and click .

Select “E AMP Grid” from the Select Overlay list and

click (see Figure 11).



Figure 12: Selecting Overlay

Click . SeisWare now displays the

relief of E Grid with the color mapped as E AMP

Grid.

3. Loading Culture Data

With E Grid still displayed select Culture from the

Displayed Data section of General Properties.

Move “E Contour” from Available Culture Layers to

Visible Culture Layers.

Click .

Move the layer “Channel_Text” into Visible Culture

Layers.

Click .

Use the Culture Z slider bar to move the culture to

an appropriate depth.

Remove all culture and grid data from the Visualizer.



4. Loading Well Data

Select Wells from the Displayed Data menu in

General Properties

Select a group of wells by left clicking and dragging

out at area on the Basemap.

Click .

Click Remove All then select well “100232” from the

Available Wells list and press .

Click on Wells Display Properties in the General 3D

Visualizer Properties window (see Figure 13).

Figure 13: Wells Properties

Change the Text Size to “20” and the Bore Diameter

to “20”. These sizes are in surface units, either

metres or feet depending on how the project has

been configured.



Adjust the Label Z Position.

Select Tops in the Displayed Data menu in General

Properties.

Make sure the View Tops has been selected.

Adjust the appearance of the tops in the Tops

Display Properties section of the Visualizer

Properties.

Select Log Curves in the Displayed Data menu in

General Properties.

Click in the Available Wells list.

Select the “DTCO” curve from the Available Log

Curves list.

Click .

Adjust the appearance of the curve in Log Curve

Display Properties.

Remove the wells from the Visualizer.

5. Loading fault data

Select Faults from the Displayed Data menu in

General Properties.

Click to move both available faults

from the Available Faults list to the Visible Faults list.

Click . SeisWare now displays the

faults in the Visualizer.

Click on Faults Display Properties.

Toggle Show triangulated surface on and off.

Toggle Show triangle edges on and off.

Toggle Show Segments on and off.



Adjust the Transparency of the fault surfaces.

Remove the faults from the Visualizer.

Defining Region of Interest

Region of Interest allows you to create a rectangular volume

within the 3D that can be moved independently. Use this feature

to create pseudo chair diagrams and other unique displays

when combined with slice displays. Adjusting the region of

interest is done using the Volume Toolbar (see Figure 14).

Figure 14: Volume Toolbar

Exercise

From the Volume Toolbar select the Toggle Volume

Visibility icon ( ). The entire 3D volume becomes

opaque, and the icon will show that it is enabled (

).

Click the Toggle Region of Interest icon ( ). You

will now see the volume outlined with tabs on the

vertices.

Click on the Selection Mode icon ( ).

Left click and drag on the tabs to change the size of

the volume (see Figure 15).



Figure 15: Adjusting Vertices

Left click and drag on the sides of the volume to

move the entire volume (see Figure 16).

Figure 16: Moving Volume



Deselect Region of Interest and Volume Visibility.

Seismic Opacity

The opacity of an entire volume can be adjusted based on its

amplitude content. Certain amplitudes and dead traces can be

rendered transparent. The opacity can also be adjusted for

horizon and grid data.

The Opacity Graph is represented by Opacity values on the Y

axis, ranging from 1.0, or fully opaque, to 0, or fully transparent.

The X axis represents the range of amplitudes in the seismic

file. The graph in Figure 19 will render the highest negative

amplitudes in the volume fully opaque and all other values

transparent.

Figure 17: Opacity Graph

When drawing the graph, any position where no line is drawn

that section of the color palette will be made fully transparent.



Once the graph is drawn you can adjust the vertices by clicking

and dragging nodes. If you commonly use the same graph you

can save ( ) and load ( ) graphs.

Exercise

Select 3D Seismic from the Displayed Data section

of General 3D Visualizer Properties.

Select “nsask” from the Visible Seismic 3D list and

press .

In the Data Properties section enter a Start Time of

“650” and an End Time of “725”. Turn off Trace slice,

Line Slice, and Time Slice and turn on Volume and

Full Volume (see Figure 18). Press

.

Figure 18: Data Properties for Seismic Opacity



Select Seismic Opacity to from the 3D Seismic

Properties window.

Select the Draw Lines tool ( / ) and use your

cursor to draw a graph similar to that in Figure 19.

Figure 19: Opacity Graph

Press . You will only see the areas

containing the lowest amplitudes in the file

displayed, including the channel, the tributary, and

the faulting in the NE corner (see Figure 20).



Figure 20: Seismic Volume with Opacity Applied

Adjusting Lighting

The lighting in the 3D Seismic Visualizer can be adjusted to best

highlight the feature you are trying to see. You can globally

adjust the intensity of the light, and individually control the lights’

intensity along each individual axis (x, -x, y, -y, z and –z).

You can access the Lights options fomr the General 3D

Visualizer Properties, or using the Adjust Lights icon from on the

General Toolbar ( )/

Exercise

Display “D Grid” and adjust the Z scale so that it is at

least “50”.

Select Lights in the General Properties.

Adjust the intensity of the Directional lights and

observe the effect on the grid display (see Figure

21).



Figure 21: Light Intensity Slider Bar

Individually turn the Directional Lights on and off and

rotate the grid to see the result.

Clipping View

By default the 3D Seismic Visualizer loads the full extents of any

data item selected into the display. Sometimes larger culture

objects make the default view very large. You can restrict the

viewing area by using the Clip View option. Here you are able to

set minimum and maximum X and Y ranges used for viewing the

data. All data can be clipped using this utility.

To clip the view on your map, open the General 3D Visualizer

Properties. In the Visualizer Properties settings, turn on Clip

View and select an area on the map to define the Visualizer

extents.

Exercise

Right click in the 3D Seismic Visualizer and go to

General Properties

Select Visualizer Properties.

Select . This will allow you to see the

Min and Max X, Y and Z extents.

Click on .



Go to the Basemap and define an area by left

clicking, holding and dragging out a box.

Once the values for the extents have updated click

. The data in the 3D Visualizer

should now be limited to the area defined.

Click the Toggle Clipping icon ( ) to go back to

the original view.

Printing

You can create a bitmap (BMP), JPEG, PNG or TIFF file of the

Visualizer image. These can be imported into other applications

and printed. These may also be added to Basemap plots using

the Montage Editor.

Exercise

Use the 3D Visualizer’s File menu, and choose

Save to Image File.

Give the file a descriptive name, and press

.

Saving Properties

Save a 3D Seismic Visualizer display to a file so that you can

recreate the display at a later time. You can Save Data and

Properties which will save your entire display including the

selected data and properties. You can also Save Properties

which saves only the properties settings including sizes and

colorbars. If you forget to save your settings, the last used

settings are saved by default.



Exercise

Use the 3D Visualizer’s File menu, and choose

Save Data and Properties.

Name the file “Saved properties 1”

Select New from the file menu. This will remove

everything from the Visualizer and leave you with a

blank view

Use the File menu and select Open Data and

Properties. Select the file “Saved properties 1.xml”.

All of your data should be reloaded as you had left it.

Select New from the file menu.

Use the File menu and select Open Data and

Properties. Select the file called

“Last_data&properties_loaded_3DViz”. All of your

data should be reloaded as you had last seen.



FAULT INTERPRETATION

A typical fault interpretation workflow in SeisWare starts by

creating fault segments in the Seismic Viewer. Faults are drawn

as a series of connected nodes that can easily be edited. The

picked segments can be viewed in the Seismic viewer, on the

Basemap, and in the 3D Seismic Visualizer.

Once a fault has been picked you can triangulate it to create a

surface, contour it to highlight the surface, and grid it to apply

color to its surface. You can also use the intersection of the fault

with existing horizons to create a fault polygon, which can be

used when gridding a horizon surface.

There is a strong interaction between fault picking and the 3D

Seismic Visualizer. Faults update automatically in the Visualizer

as they are being picked, so you can constantly check you

picking for quality and consistency.

Picking Fault Segments

The picking utility, opened by selecting Pick from the Fault

menu, is very similar to the horizon picking dialog. It lets you

specify the name and display properties for the faults that will be

used as you work. Clicking in the Viewer allows you to create

connected node points.

Generating Fault/Horizon Contacts

When a picked horizon intersects a fault segment, a contact is

generated. These contacts can be used to generate fault

polygons that can ultimately be used to create structure maps.



When the fault and horizon intersect, SeisWare displays a

horizon/fault contact circle on the seismic (see Figure 21).

Figure 22: Seismic Viewer – Fault–Horizon Contacts

On the Basemap, if there is only one contact, when you display

the horizon, the circle will appear. If you have multiple contacts

along a segment, chevron symbols indicate the horizon/fault

contact, and the heave and direction of dip (see Figure 22).



Figure 23: Basemap – Fault–Horizon Contacts

You might need to switch to a manual picking mode to pick

through a fault, such as “Straight Line”, rather than an automatic

mode, such as “Snap Stream”, because of data distortions near

the fault. This will help ensure that SeisWare generates a proper

horizon/fault contact. You can also configure the Horizon Picking

dialog to Stop Picking at Faults. Open this by pressing the

Configuration button on the Pick Faults dialog (see Figure 24).



Figure 24: Pick Horizons Window

After you have opened the Configuration window you can turn

on Stop picking at faults (see Figure 25).

Figure 25: Configuration Window

Correlation Polygon

A correlation polygon can be used to move a portion of data

from one side of a fault to another to help you pick seismic data



on both sides of a fault. Click the Correlation Polygon icon( )

and then cut out a section of seismic data with a series of left

mouse button clicks. Right click to end the selection, then use

your cursor to move the section. Pressing Delete on the

keyboard will erase the polygon.

Projecting Fault Segments

In many areas, it can be difficult knowing exactly where to place

a fault segment because of poor data resolution. In these cases,

you can project the segment locations from other inlines or

crosslines to help locate the fault. You can turn on the 3D Inline

Crossline Overlay from the Faults tab of the Seismic Display

Properties (see Figure 26).

Figure 26: Seismic Display Properties Window



SeisWare displays the faults as dashed lines for any segments

that fall within the number of traces specified. You can use these

as a guide for picking parallel faults through poor data areas.

Editing Fault Segments

To change an existing fault segment you must first select the

segment with the Fault Picking dialog open. You are then able

to grab the nodes that exist along the segment to reposition.

Clicking between nodes will insert a node at the point where you

click. To add a node beyond the fault segment use the Insert

key on the keyboard. You can delete a selected node by hitting

the Delete key on your keyboard once and the again to remove

the entire fault segment.

You can also use the 3D Seismic Visualizer to check the

segment editing. Refer to the 3D Visualizer’s Fault Data section,

on page 12, for information about the 3D Seismic Visualizer.

Whenever edits are made in the Seismic Viewer, the 3D Seismic

Visualizer will show these edits so you can use this feature to

check your work.

Displaying Faults on the Basemap

The Fault Properties section of General Basemap Properties

allows you to control the appearance of faults on the Basemap.

The fault displayed on the map is made up of the nodes

(squares), segments (lines), and the dip direction of the fault

(arrow head). These components can be turned on in any

combination. The color of the fault on the Basemap is the same

as the color used in the Seismic Viewer and is set in the Fault

Picking dialog.



Correlating, Assigning, and Reassigning Segments

Faults are connected by name and must be named before they

can be picked. You can create a temporary fault called

“Unassigned” and use this fault for picking all faults. These faults

can be reassigned on either the Seismic Viewer or the

Basemap.

In the Seismic Viewer, you must first select the segment, and

then reassign the fault from the Fault menu. Only the selected

fault will be reassigned.

On the Basemap, you can select single and multiple faults to be

reassigned using the Assign Fault Segment icon ( ). Using a

polygon selection feature, you are able to select the segments

and then reassign the faults. When performing the assign

function, you will always have the option to chose an existing

fault name, or create a brand new fault.

Deleting Segments

To delete faults from the Basemap, you can use the Delete fault

segments icon ( ). Once you’ve entered the mode you draw a

polygon around the fault segment that you want to delete. To

complete the selection you can click your right mouse button to

open the Select Fault to delete dialog (see Figure 27).



Figure 27: Select Fault to delete Dialog

To delete segments in the Seismic Viewer, open the Fault

Picking dialog, and select the fault to be deleted. Hit the Delete

key twice. The first click will remove a node, but the second will

remove the entire segment.

Exercise

1. Reassigning Fault Segments in the Seismic Viewer

As an example of reassigning an erroneously

correlated segment in the Seismic Viewer, make the

fault segment from fault EG1 active (see Figure 28).



Figure 28: Seismic Viewer – Selected Fault Segment

From the Seismic Viewer’s Fault menu, choose

Reassign Fault Segment. SeisWare opens the

Reassign Fault Segment window (see Figure 29).

Click on New Fault and then enter a Name, Color,

and Type.

Click to reassign the fault. Note the

changes on the Basemap and the 3D Visualizer.



Figure 29: Reassign Fault Segment Window

In the 3D Visualizer, drag the mouse to rotate the

display and align the segments, to ensure that they

are in the same fault plane. It is best to use the

Basemap if you need to reassign more than one

segment.

Figure 30: 3D Visualizer with Parallel Faults



2. Reassigning Faults Segments on the Basemap

On the Basemap, check for the fault that you

reassigned, because of its change in color.

Select the Assign fault segments icon ( ), click

and drag a circle around the reassigned fault

segment, and right click to finish (see Figure 31).

SeisWare displays the faults in the Faults Selected

field of the Fault Assignment window.

Figure 31: Basemap – Choosing Faults to Reassign

Create a New Fault with a unique color in the Assign

To section and set the Type.

Click , and SeisWare now reassigns the

fault to the new name. Note the changes to the

Basemap, Seismic Viewer and the 3D Visualizer.

Triangulating Faults

To create a full planar surface from the picked segments, use

the triangulation feature. This will take the picked segments and

using a simple triangulation process, create a full surface. This

surface can then be displayed in the 3D Seismic Visualizer, and



the intersection of that surface will appear in your Seismic

Viewer as a dashed line. Although similar looking to the

projection, this is where the calculated planar surface exists.

When you triangulate your faults, only the currently picked

segments are used in the triangulation. If you wish to keep

adding segments, you can leave the Fault Triangulation window

open as you pick and keep updating the triangulated surface.

You can also completely remove the triangulated surface by

deleting the triangles from Fault Properties. Simply right click on

the fault, and select Delete Triangles from the menu that

appears.

The triangulated surface can also be used in other fault tools

such as the Contour Fault feature in the next section.

When you are generating fault planes, try to pick segments only

in one direction, preferably the dip direction. This will create the

best results from the triangulation algorithm. SeisWare displays

the triangulated plane in the strike direction, with symbols for the

intersected segments.

Exercise

To create a triangulated surface from fault

segments, go to Fault Triangulate Faults either

on the Main Launcher, or on the Seismic Viewer.

This will open the Triangulate Faults window (see

Figure 32).



Figure 32: Triangulate Faults Window

Select the Fault APWG (see Figure 33), and click

Figure 33: Seismic Viewer – Triangulated Faults

In the 3D Seismic Visualizer, ensure that Show

Triangle Edges is not checked in the Faults

Properties section of the General 3D Visualizer

Properties, and ensure that Show triangulated

surface is turned on. You can check the faults as



planes (see Figure 34), or as edges (see Figure 35)

in the 3D Visualizer.

Figure 34: 3D Visualizer – Fault Triangulation Planes

Figure 35: 3D Visualizer – Fault Triangulation Edges

From the Main Launcher’s Fault menu and choose

Properties.



Highlight the fault “AWPG” and, from the Edit menu,

choose Delete Triangles.

Contouring Fault Surfaces

When a fault has been triangulated you can contour the fault to

better visualize the 3D surface. The contours are displayed on

the map and can be used to check the triangulation. You can

also color the surface using the Fault to Horizon feature

described in the next section.

Exercise

1. Create contour

From the Main Launcher’s Fault menu select

Triangulate Faults.

Click and to ensure that all

faults have been re-triangulated.

Open the Grid and Contour window (use the

icon).

Select Contour Fault and press .

Select “APWG” from the list of existing faults and

press .

By default the contour layer will be given the name

of the fault followed by “Fault Contour”. Leave the

Contour Name as the default.

Press Compute Data Range to help to determine the

contour intervals in the next step, and press

.



Enter a Regular Contours Interval of “50” and a

Thick Contours Interval of “100”.

Enter a Labelling Interval of “100” and leave

everything else as the default.

Enter a Distance Between Labels of “500” and a

Labelling Size of “0.25” Fixed Size (Inches).

Press then .

2. Display contour

Right click on the Basemap and select Layer

Properties.

Turn on “APWG Contour” from the list of available

contours.

Converting Faults to Horizon

If you wish to see color with the contoured fault, or if you need

your fault surface represented by a horizon, you can use the

Fault to Horizon functionality. This will take either the individual

segments or the triangulated fault surface and create a horizon.

The default name of the horizon is the name of the fault followed

by “_Fault”. Please note that when this process is run some data

may be lost because, unlike faults, horizons do not support

multiple z-values on a trace.

Exercise

From the Main Launcher’s Fault menu select Fault

to Horizon. SeisWare opens the Fault to Horizon

Window (see Figure 36).

From the list of available faults select “APWG”.



Select “Use Fault Triangles” from the Input

Parameters.

Figure 36: Fault to Horizon Window

Leave the Name as the default and toggle on Make

horizon visible.

Press .

From the Horizon to Ribbon dropdown select

"APWG_Fault". The horizon can be viewed in both

the Seismic Viewer and the 3D Visualizer.

Generating Fault Polygons

After you pick a horizon through your faults and create

fault/horizon contacts, you can generate fault polygons to use in

mapping. SeisWare will use the contacts that exist and connect

them to create either a fault line or fault polygon. By default the

color of these polygons will be the color of the fault they

represent.



There is an automatic extend feature that allows you to set a

distance to which the fault will be tapered out. This is very useful

and helps minimize editing later on.

When the fault polygons are created, they are considered

culture objects, and can be edited using the Culture Editor on

the Basemap. You will be able to see the nodes used for

generation and change the shape if you wish to add more

character to the polygon. Generating the polygon without a fill or

with a hatched instead of solid fill makes it easier to edit the

polygons after generation. To modify parameters such as the

line style and colors, you can change the layer properties from

Culture Properties. From the Culture Properties window, double

click on the layer to access the Change Layer Properties

feature.

The fault polygons can be used in the Grid and Contour Fault

Polygons section and will be used to define areas across which

there should be a discontinuity.

Exercise

Use the Main Launcher’s Fault menu and choose

Polygons/Contacts. SeisWare opens the Fault

Polygons/Contacts window (see Figure 37).



Figure 37: Fault Polygons/Contacts Window

Select the “APWG” fault, the “Grabben” horizon, and

the “nsask” 3D.

Click . SeisWare should create a

polygon named “Grabben Polygons”, and displays

these on the Basemap (see Figure 38).



Figure 38: Basemap – Fault Polygons



WELL PLANNING

SeisWare allows you to create and modify well plans using the

Well Planning tool (see Figure 39). The Well Planning tool is

linked with multiple applications so that you can create or modify

a well plan from the Basemap, the Seismic Viewer, the 3D

Seismic Visualizer, or by directly entering values into the table of

the Well Planning dialog.

Figure 39: Well Planning Dialog

When wells are created with respect to a time volume they can

be converted to depth using an existing velocity curve. The wells

that are planned can be exported to a columnar ASCII file, or

saved to the SeisWare well database and accessible from well

properties.

Creating a new well plan

To create a new well plan, you can use the: Basemap, Seismic

Viewer, 3D Seismic Visualizer or the Well Plan Dialog tool. The

dialog can be opened in multiple ways.

From the Main Launcher you can select Well Planning from the

Well menu. If you open the dialog using this method you can

then manually enter the values into the dialog.



When the Well Plan dialog opens you can begin making the

plan. Add a new row to the dialog by using the button. After

each entry has been added you then hit Enter on your keyboard

to save the row entry. Repeat the process to complete the well

plan. The rows can be reordered by selecting the row, then

using the up and down icons. The rows can be deleted using the

icon.

You can also launch the Well Plan dialog by clicking on the Well

Planning icon ( ) found on the Basemap, in the Seismic

Viewer, or in the 3D Seismic Visualizer. After clicking on the icon

you can start visually planning the well with a series of mouse

clicks.

Before you begin the plan you must ensure that the Datum

Elevation field at the top of the dialog has been fill in correctly.

This value will be used to convert values between TVD and

Subsea. As the table fills up, this value will be automatically

used in the calculations.

Once you have created a plan, and the table has been filled in,

the plan can be edited from the Seismic Viewer, Basemap, or

3D Seismic Visualizer window.

Adding a Node

Nodes can be added with a series of left mouse button clicks. If

nodes have been added in an incorrect order you can reposition

the node using the up and down arrows in the Well Planning

dialog. As you click to make your plan the X and Y fields in the

dialog will populate.

If you are selecting nodes from the Basemap then no Time or

Depth fields will be populated. To add values to these fields you



must extract values from an existing horizon. This functionality

can be accessed by selecting Load Time/Depths via Horizon

from the File menu of the Well Plan dialog.

When you are planning the well in the Seismic Viewer, or in the

3D Seismic Visualizer, the time fields will populate when picking

on a time volume, and depth fields when picking on a depth

volume. Using an existing velocity curve will allow you to convert

time plans into depth. This functionality can be accessed from

the File menu and selecting Convert Time to Depth using

Velocity Curve. Note that this does not work in reverse and will

not convert from depth to time.

When designing a plan in the 3D Seismic Visualizer, the nodes

will snap to the display inline/crossline/time slice, so ensure that

the desired slices are displayed.

Repositioning a Node

If a node has been placed incorrectly you can left click on the

node square, hold down the mouse button, and drag the node to

a new position. The values should update in the Well Planning

dialog. If you prefer, you can type directly in the Well Planning

dialog to change any of the parameters for a node.

When moving nodes in the 3D Seismic Visualizer, make sure

that you use the status bar to track your position, as you can

move in the inline, crossline or time/depth direction.

Deleting a Node

To delete a node, left click on the node. Once it highlights hit

Delete on your keyboard. Alternatively, after the node is



highlighted, you can use the icon in the Well Planning

dialog.

Completing a Well Plan

Right click to add the last node and stop the well planning mode.

The Well Planning Dialog will remain open, however edits will no

longer be allowed from the application that you are in.

After a plan has been created it can be saved as a well, or as a

file. Either option can be opened from the File menu.

Loading an Existing Well

The well planning tool allows you to open an existing directional

survey for editing. Select Load Well from the File menu, and

when prompted select the well. After the table populates you

must first check that the Elevation field is changed to the correct

elevation so that the subsea values are calculated properly. You

can now modify any of the values, either manually in the table,

or by visually editing the nodes using the Seismic Viewer,

Basemap or 3D Seismic Visualizer. Save the changes by

selecting Save Well from the File menu.

Exercise

Open your 3D Seismic Visualizer, and load the

“nsask” 3D volume into the display.

From the Basemap, Launch inline 128 in the 3D

volume “nsask”.



In the Seismic Viewer, click on the Well Planning

icon ( ). This will launch the Well Plan Dialog (see

Figure 39)

In the Well Plan dialog, type in an Elevation of 1800

feet.

Left click in the Seismic Viewer to add a point.

Keep left clicking to add points to the well plan. Right

click once to end editing (see Figure 40)

Figure 40: Well Plan in the Seismic Viewer

Go to a node on the Seismic Viewer, left click, hold

and drag to reposition.

Click between nodes to add a new node that can be

used to adjust the well plan.

In the Seismic Viewer, click on the Well Planning

icon ( ) to stop editing.



On the Basemap, click on the Well Planning icon

( ).

Hover your cursor over an existing node point until

your cursor becomes an arrow with a circle ( ).

Click and drag to reposition a node (see Figure 41)

Figure 41: Editing nodes on the Basemap

On the Basemap, click on the Well Planning icon

( ) to stop editing.

In the 3D Seismic Visualizer, click on the Well

Planning icon ( ).

All of the nodes should appear as green spheres

that can be repositioned by clicking and dragging

(see Figure 42).



Figure 42: Editing nodes in the 3D Seismic Visualizer

Move the node off the inline and it will disappear

from the Seismic Viewer display.

In the 3D Seismic Visualizer, click on the Well

Planning icon to stop editing.

From the File menu select Convert Time to Depth

via Velocity Curve.

Select well “100232” and click .

From the File menu select Save Well.

Type in the name “Planned Well” and leave the

check mark on for Output velocity curve and click

. The new well “Planned Well” is now a

part of your project.



TIME TO DEPTH CONVERSION

SeisWare provides a wizard-based approach to depth

conversion. The approach is limited to vertical techniques, from

a simple constant velocity to more complex methods which use

average interval velocity.

You are given full control over the input data, the gridding

parameters used, and are also given the opportunity to preview

the results in case any adjustments need to be made to your

choices. All depth grids will be created in Sub Sea.

Figure 43: Choose Time/Depth Method Window

Selecting Time to Depth Method

There are six Time to Depth Methods to choose from.



Constant Velocity Method

This method uses a time grid and multiplies it by a constant

velocity to create a depth grid.

Average Velocity Method

This method is commonly used. It incorporates wells tops and

seismic, thereby allowing lateral velocity variation. The principle

is to relate a horizon to a specific formation top, providing both

time and depth measurements at the well location. First the time

grid is created using the time horizon, or an existing horizon

grid. At each well location an average velocity spot is created

using the horizon time and the top depth. The velocities are then

gridded, making a velocity grid. The time grid and velocity grid

are used to produce a depth grid.

Interval Velocity (Layer Cake Method)

With this method you can account for velocity and thickness

variations in the sediments overlying the depth-conversion

target. This method is similar to the Average Velocity Method

however rather than working with a single horizon-top

equivalence you work with multiple intervals (see Figure 44).



Figure 44: Time to Depth Interval Velocity

A time grid is produced for each horizon, and the time values

are extracted at each well location. Using the average velocity

method described above the shallowest depth grid is created.

For each successive entry in the equivalence table, an isopach

is calculated from the well tops, and isochrons from the well–grid

intersection of the time grids. The average interval velocity value

is calculated at each well, then gridded and multiplied by the

isochron grid to produce an isopach grid. This is then added to

shallowest depth horizon to create the depth-converted surface.

The Interval Velocity Geologically Controlled technique follows

the same algorithm as above, except that the first layer is

calculated directly from well tops, and does not take the first

horizon into account.

When working with Interval Velocity method you can optionally

output velocity curves at the well locations. This technique is

helpful for tying wells that have no digital curves for generating



synthetics. SeisWare uses a time–depth pair for each

equivalence to create a generalized velocity function, which is

more accurate than copying a velocity curve from another well.

Velocity Curve: Time to Depth Method

With this method, the program depth-converts time horizons

using velocity curves at well locations. These can be edited

velocity curves created by stretching and squeezing synthetics,

or velocity curves generated during an interval velocity run. An

advantage of this method is that you can depth-convert horizons

that might not have tops within a constrained velocity model.

You need to pick a Horizon to Convert and which Velocity

Curves to use.

Velocity Curve: Depth to Time Method

This method operates similarly to the velocity curve time to

depth method. In this case, you select a top and use it to create

a time horizon based on velocity curves. You can also pick

multiple tops and use the interval velocity method. This is useful

when you have a top that does not correspond to an identifiable

seismic response.

Creating a Depth Grid

When creating a depth grid the Time to Depth wizard makes it

easy to configure for the best output.



Select Method

This page of the Time to Depth wizard allows you to select the

technique you wish to use.

Exercise

From the Select Method step, select Interval Velocity

and click Next

Interval Velocity

When setting up the interval velocity method, you need to create

equivalences. These are the paired association between a time

horizon and the well formation top that represents that horizon.

You will typically be using a picked horizon from your project

and loaded tops, but you also have the option to use an existing

grid. This may be advantageous if you have edited the time grid.

You can also use an existing velocity grid instead of selecting

tops.

The Output Name specified will be used to generate the depth

grid result for the layer specified.

To set the equivalences for multiple layers use the arrows

( ) at the top of the dialog to go to another equivalence

page. Look out for red exclamation marks ( ) that mean some

information may be missing.



Exercise

In the Interval Velocity window, Time Options ensure

Generate from horizon is selected and pick the

horizon “Heebner_Shale AP” from the dropdown list.

In Velocity Options select Generate from tops.

Click on to open the Select Tops

window (see Figure 45).

Move “Heebner_Shale” to the Selected Tops side

and click ..

Figure 45: Select Tops Window

Click the sign to add another equivalence.

Set up the following horizon and top equivalences:

Lansing AP – Lansing



Miss – Miss

When you have all three equivalences, click

.

Gridding and Bounds Options

This page allows you to set the gridding options that will be

used. With the equivalence information entered, the wizard will

create a time and velocity grid. For both of these grids, you can

set the gridding algorithm. The algorithm specified along with bin

size is data dependent and should be determined by you.

The Apply residual adjustment option will try and flex the final

depth grid to the value of the tops specified. When this isn`t

used there may be a discrepancy between the output grid

depths and the original top depths. The Velocity Scale Factor

can be used to smooth out your velocity grid by increasing the

size of the bins used.

The size of the output grid can be determined to the Restrict

Bounds To options. These work in conjunction with the data that

is selected, as well as any polygons selected on the Polygon

Control page. You can constrain the output grid to the data that

you have by a combination of the wells and seismic, to an

already existing grid, or to user defined extents which are set by

dragging out an area on the Basemap



Figure 46: Grid Parameters Window

Exercise

Select Minimum Curvature for the Time Grid

Technique.

Select Minimum Curvature for the Velocity Grid

Technique.

Enter a Bin Size (in map units) of “50” (feet).

In the Restrict Bounds To section, select Seismic

and Use 3D seismic and click or

proceed to the Output Options step.

Output Options

This page allows you to select from several options that may

help you check the results from the time to depth operation. You

can generate simple velocity curves, and output additional grids



and tops. This way all intermediate calculations are seen either

in a grid or in the well properties. It`s useful to keep both the

time and the velocity grids so that you have a record of the

velocities that were used to produce your depth results.

If you don`t want to generate any additional data you will also

have the option to see all intermediate results in a spread sheet

format at the end of the procedure.

The Output Options page also allows you to specify the

properties for any contours generated while generating grids.

SeisWare will automatically determine contouring intervals, so it

may be easier to generate the grids without contours at the start

and then generate them using the Grid and Contour dialog later

when you are happy with the final output.

Exercise

Select Attach time grids and Attach velocity grids.

Click on Contour Grids.

For Smoothing, click on Using Spline.

Click on the Label Contours option and change the

size to “500” Variable meters.

Click .

Select Data Options

The following pages all let you restrict the data input into the

Time to Depth algorithm. The data items included are Top

Sources, Wells, Seismic and Polygons. You can restrict by

selecting items off the list or by dragging out the area on the



Basemap. Polygons can also be set to restrict the gridding if so

desired.

Exercise

Select all Sources.

Click and select all wells.

Click and select “N3D”.

Click and make sure no polygons are

set.

Finally click and then the

button to see your output grids.

Output Grids

Once the time to depth conversion has been completed, you

should see a series of Time, Velocity and Depth grids displayed

in the Output window (see Figure 47). The default color bar used

for displaying the grids can be changed in the Color Bar

dropdown. The color bar will apply to all grids.

Due to sparse well data the velocity grid may not look as

expected. To check the values that were used to generate any

of these velocity grids, use the Well Point button to the left of

the series of grids. This is a table of the values used to generate

the grids at the well locations. This file can be saved if desired.

If you are happy with your output you can press Close to exit

the dialog. Your grids will now be available in the Grid to Ribbon

dropdown on the Basemap. If you need to add control points to



the velocity grid, or if you want to remove any velocity anomalies

from the velocity grid, you can press .

Figure 47: Output grid

Editing Velocity Grids

The velocity grid often needs to be edited. Points may need to

be added to correct and refine the grid. This can be done by

clicking the Edit button to the upper right of the velocity grid

preview.

When the editing window opens you will see a list of all of the

velocity points used to create the grid. Clicking on a point on the

grid will highlight the velocity value. If a row is selected in the list

then the corresponding point will highlight on the preview grid.

To delete a point simply click on the well symbol on the grid, or

select the row in the table and click the Delete icon ( ).



When adding points, you have the option of using a velocity

value ( ), or a sub sea depth value ( ). If you select a

depth value, you can enter a value manually, or you can extract

the depth value from a grid at a specific well location. Using the

Regrid icon ( ) will show you a preview of the grid with

changes reflected.

If you are manually added velocity point, you may save the

velocity points ( ). This will allow you to maintain a record of

the point you added to correct the grid, without have to add

permanent control point or “fake wells” into your project. These

can also be loaded ( ) if you rerun the time do depth

calculation.

When you close out of the editor, all of the other grids in the

conversion will be recalculated based on the new velocity grid.

The get rid of edits, use the Reset Values button on the Output

Grids page and click Finish to re-run.

Exercise

Click the Edit button beside Velocity grid in

the“Heebner_Shale AP row. This will open the

Heebner_Shale AP velocity grid.

Click and drag the left mouse button to draw a box

over one or more points you feel are incorrect.

Click the button to delete these points.

Hit the Add Velocity Point icon ( ) and then click

on a location on the velocity grid where you would

like to add a point. This will add a new entry to the



bottom of the Z, X, Y, UWI spreadsheet to the right.

Type in the desired velocity ( Z ) value in this chart

and hit the Enter key on your keyboard.

Click on the grid icon ( ) to see how your changes

have affected the velocity grid (it will be recreated).

Close the edit window to recompute the depth grid

with the new velocity grid.

Close the Time to Depth window and look at the

grids on the Basemap.



LOG EDITOR

All log information that has been loaded into SeisWare can be

edited using the Log Editor. You can remove spikes from the

logs, splice logs together, shorten logs, and perform simple

modeling using log edits.

The Log Editor can be opened by choosing Log Editor from the

Main Launcher’s Well menu. You can also right click on a well

symbol on the Basemap and choose Log Editor from the menu.

SeisWare displays the Log Editor window.

When the Log Editor is opened for the first time the default view

will use the template for “Default Geophysical Automatic” and

will contain a Time/Depth track, Tops track and tracks for GR,

DT and RHOB. More templates can be loaded, and new

templates can be saved from the File menu.

By default only wells with curve information will be displayed in

the well list; however these can be further limited by selecting a

pre-existing well list from the Show Well List dropdown. To

select a well from the Basemap, Seismic Viewer or Well

Properties, make sure that listening is turned on ( ) then

click on the well symbol or name.

After a well has been selected you can start performing edits of

the curve and top information, saving the changes as you work.

Navigating in the Log Editor

By default, when a well is selected, the entire log curve will be

displayed. Use the zooming tools to position and center yourself

on areas of interest. These are found on the Zoom Toolbar (see

Figure 48).



Figure 48: Zoom Toolbar

The following is a list of zoom options:

Fit Data ( ): fits the full extents of the longest curve into

the track view.

Vertical Zoom ( ): click then left click and drag out an

area to zoom in on. The horizontal scale will not change.

Zoom In ( ): click then drag out a rectangular area on any

curve. All curves will zoom vertically and the selected

curve will zoom horizontally.

Previous Zoom ( ): restores the previous zoom.

Define Home Location ( ): define a position using a

range of depths, between tops, centered on a top, or using

a range of times.

Goto Home Location ( ): returns the view to the location

as defined above.

Displaying Curves

When you first open a Log Editor the display will be blank until

you select a well. After that you can add additional wells, and

velocity curves.

Displaying a Log Curve

Beneath the list of available wells is a list of available curves.

Once a well has been selected, you can add any of these

curves to a track by dragging it from the list and dropping it into

the desired track. If you would rather display the curve in a new



track you can use the Add Track icon ( ). You can then select

the name of an existing curve from the Use curve name

dropdown or Use Curve Alias field (see Figure 49).

Figure 49: Select Curve Alias Window

Displaying a Synthetic Track

You can generate synthetic tracks by clicking the Generate

Synthetic Track icon ( ). These can be created using the

same wavelet parameters found in the Seismic Viewer Generate

Synthetic Track dialog.

Displaying a Velocity Curve

You can view the active velocity curve, using the Add Velocity

Curve Track icon ( ).

A note on Aliasing

Aliasing allows you to use wildcard characters to broaden the

number of curves that you can view when your naming



conventions are non-standard. For example you may have DT

curves named “DT”, “DT1”, “DT4” etc. You could type in the

curve alias “DT*”, using the wildcard symbol “*” to include all

curves. If more than one “DT*” curves exists the last curve listed

will display. Curve aliases also apply when generating

synthetics.

Exercise

Highlight well “10003” in the Show Well List field

(see Figure 50).

Figure 50: Log Editor Window

Experiment with the zoom options found on the

Zoom toolbar then click the Fit Data( ) icon.



Click the Add Track icon ( ). The Select Curve

Alias window opens (see Figure 51).

Figure 51: Select Curve Alias Window

Select the “SPOR” (Sonic Porosity) curve from the

list. SeisWare adds a track with the curve

information displayed in black.

Select any curve from the Log Curves list and drag

in onto the SPOR track. You will now see both

curves displayed on the track, and both curves listed

in the title bar of the track.

Place your cursor on the title bar of the track, then

left click and drag the track to a new position (see

Figure 52).



Figure 52: Moving Tracks

Right mouse click on the SPOR track and select

Delete Track.

Click on the Add Synthetic Track icon ( ).

Click on the Add Curve Alias icon ( ) to select the

Sonic curve.

Select “DT” from the Select Curve Alias Name

dropdown.

Select the “RHOB” curve for the Density curve in

same manner as the Sonic.

Leave the other options at their defaults settings

(see Figure 53).



Figure 53: Synthetic Properties Selection

Click . A synthetic track will be added to

the display (see Figure 54).



Figure 54: Synthetic Track

Click the Add Velocity Curve icon ( ). This adds

the active velocity curve to the display.

Setting up Log Editor Properties

The Log Editor properties allow you to select default colors,

scales, units, opacities, and tops properties. There are different

properties that are used for the main Log Editor settings, the

curve tracks and the synthetic tracks.

General Track Properties

The General Track Properties, which control the main window

display, are accessed using the General Properties icon ( ).

From here you can control, among other things, the curve



selection color, Log Editor units, horizontal grid lines and

displayed tops. Any changes applied here are applied to the log

editor window. These will become the default settings once they

are applied.

Track Properties

Properties can also be controlled for each individual track. They

are accessed by right clicking on the track and selecting Track

Properties. For any curve track you can control displayed

curves, curve aliases, curve colors, data range, vertical grid

lines, opacity and fills. For synthetic tracks, you can see the

synthetic generation parameters used initially when the track

was added, and modify if needed.

Exercise

Click the General Properties icon ( ) to open the

General Track Properties window (see Figure 55).



Figure 55: General Track Properties

Change the major grid lines color from green to

orange and click . SeisWare now

displays the grid lines in orange.

Repeat these steps, but change the major grid line

color back to green.

Adjust the Opacity of the Tops and click .

Click to close the Log Editor Properties

window.

Right mouse button click on the GR(LAS) track and

select Track Properties (see Figure 56).



Figure 56: Individual Track Properties

Change the Scales selection to Set Range and enter

a Right value of “275”. Click .

Change the major Grid Lines Increment to “100” and

the minor Increment to “50”. Click .

Click the Fill Properties tab (see Figure 57).



Figure 57: Track Properties – Fill Properties

Change the Fill Type to Use single color, place a

checkmark in Above value and change the color to

yellow. Click . Above Value will fill the

curve from the Reference Value to the curve. Below

Value will place fill from the curve to the Reference

Value (see Figure 58).

Figure 58: Fill Above Value and Fill Below Value



Select a Fill Type of Use color based on curve and

select the “GR” curve by clicking the Add Curve

Alias icon ( ). Click .

Select Save Template from the File menu. Give the

template a name so that it can be used later on.

Editing Curves

When you select a curve to edit, SeisWare activates all of the

curve editing icons (see Figure 59) at the top of the Log Editor

window. These tools are used to modify the highlighted curve.

While editing, the changed curve will be shown in the highlight

color, by default red, but the original unedited curve will show in

its original color. This way you can see both your edited and

unedited curves at the same time.

If you are trying to modify a curve to see the effect on a

synthetic, use the undo and redo icons to quickly see how the

last edit will change the synthetic.

After editing curves, use the Save icon ( ) to save changes

made. If you have edited more than one curve, you will be

prompted with the original name of each curve and you should

change either the name or the source so you don’t overwrite

your original curve.

Figure 59: Edit Curve Icons

Some of the edit options are:

Draw on curve in freehand ( ): click on the curve, hold

down the mouse, and freehand draw the desired edits.



Draw on curve in straight line ( ): click and drag the

mouse over a section of the curve. SeisWare draws a

straight line to connect the start and end points of the

section.

Zap ( ): Sets a curve to a constant value. Move the mouse

onto the curve. SeisWare draws a straight yellow line, as

in the diagram at the right, at the value of the mouse,

extending from the intersection points between the actual

curves (above and below the mouse) and this value. Right

click on the mouse to set the curve to the constant value

between those two points.

Straight line between two points ( ): left click on the first

point and drag the cursor to the second point. SeisWare

draws a straight line between the points.

Shift curve up or down ( ): click and drag the curve up or

down to set a new starting point. This will not change the

scale of the data.

Clip curve above value ( ): click and drag the mouse to

highlight the data to be clipped. Everything in the

highlighted section will be assigned the clip value.

Clip curve below value ( ): click and drag the mouse to

highlight the data to be clipped. Everything in the

highlighted section will be assigned the clip value.

Crop data from the top ( ): deletes data from the top of

the curve.

Crop data from the bottom ( ): deletes data from the

bottom of the curve.

The following options require that a range of data is first

selected by using the Select portion of curve icon ( ) then

using your left mouse button to select a portion of the curve, or

manually entering extents.



Average a range of data ( ): opens the Kernel Size For

Averaging window. Set the filter size for averaging, then

click and drag a range of the curve that you want to

average. SeisWare applies that filter to that area of the

curve to average it. The larger the kernel size, the more

averaging that SeisWare applies.

Block a range of data ( ): opens the Kernel Size For

Blocking window. Set the number of blocks, then click and

drag a range of the curve that you want to block.

SeisWare breaks that range of the curve into the number

of blocks that you specified.

Scale a range of data ( ): drag the mouse over a depth

range to highlight a section of the curve. As you move the

mouse to the left or right, that section of the curve is

scaled up or down.

Shift curve left or right ( ): click and drag the mouse

over the section of the curve you want to shift. Move the

mouse left or right to shift the selected section then click

again to complete the shift.

As you edit the curves you will see an image of the original

curve displayed in the track. The properties of this image are

controlled with the Original Curve Opacity slider located in Log

Editor Properties.

To exit a specific editing mode click the Stop icon ( ) or use

the Esc key on your keyboard.

To stop editing a curve, select Stop Editing from the right

mouse button menu.



Exercise

Left click on the DT curve in the first track to select it

for editing. SeisWare highlights the DT curve in red

to indicate that it is the active curve and that you can

edit it.

Figure 60: DT Sonic Curve Selected for Editing

Work through a series of edits to see what effect

each has on the synthetics. After each edit, undo the

edit ( ) so that you start with the original sonic log

each time.

Click on the diskette icon ( ) at the upper left of

the Log Editor, or choose Save Curve from the right

mouse button menu. SeisWare opens the Save

Curve window (see Figure 61).



Figure 61: Save Curve Dialog

Enter a new curve name to create a new curve, or

select an existing curve name and SeisWare

overwrites that curve.

Editing and Adding Tops

The Log Editor has a tops track that displays the tops at the

appropriate depths. You can use your logs for visually checking

these tops, and editing or adding new tops. When in the Editing

Tops mode, you will see a toolbar appear at the top of the Log

Editor (see Figure 62). There is tracking at the bottom of the Log

Editor on the status bar for helping with positioning.

Figure 62: Editing Tops Toolbar

Exercise

Click and left click on the “Howard” top. The

cursor will now look like an arrow with a green line

( )



Move the cursor and left click in the new top

location. The moved top will be saved with the

information displayed in the toolbar.

Click the button to save the top.

Click .

Select a Formation from the dropdown, and then

click on the log track where you want the formation.

Select a source from the Source drop-down list.

Click the button to save the top.



2D MODELING/CROSS SECTION

SeisWare’s Cross Section and 2D Modeling functionality allows

you to create a simple 2D Cross section using existing tops and

depth grid information in your project. After creating the

correlations between wells, you can generate synthetics at the

well locations and then use the synthetics to generate a simple

2D Seismic Model. This model can be saved as a SEG-Y file

and can be used within your SeisWare project.

Selecting Wells for the Cross Section:

Wells can be selected from the Basemap, or from the Cross

Section dialog.

Selecting wells from the Basemap

Use the Select Cross Section icon ( ) from the Basemap's

Well Toolbar, and then left click to select the wells. Right click

stops selecting and launches the Cross Section dialog.

Selecting wells from the Cross Section dialog

From the File menu select Select Wells. Select the wells you

want included in the cross section. Any wells selected will be

displayed in the order listed. To re-order a well, highlight it from

the list and use the up and down arrows ( ) to reposition

the well on the list.



Setting up 2D Modeling/Cross Section Properties

There are several different property settings for controlling the

appearance of your cross section and model.

Cross Section Properties

These properties control the spacing for your cross section,

basic flattening and fill options. To access these properties, use

the icon ( ), or select Cross Section Properties from the

Edit menu (see Figure 63). Properties can be saved and loaded

using the Save Properties and Load Properties options from

the File menu.

Figure 63: Cross Section Properties

General Track Properties

Set the properties for all tracks by selecting the Track Properties

icon ( ), or selecting General Track Properties from the Edit



menu (see Figure 64). Control the track colors, grid lines, units,

tops appearance and scaling.

Figure 64: General Track Properties

Track Properties

Track properties is used to customize an individual log, synthetic

or velocity track at each well location. To access these

properties for any track, right click on the track and select Track

Properties (see Figure 65). These settings are the same as the

Log Editor settings and an existing template can be opened by

selecting Load Log Template from the File menu.



Figure 65: Track Properties

Once the track properties have been set up you can save the

display as a template. Right click on the well name and select

Save Log Template.

When a template has been created you can quickly update all

wells with identical settings. Right click on the well name and

select Apply Log Template. These templates for the track

properties are the same as the ones in the Log Editor and can

be used interchangeably.

Model Properties

Model Properties controls the spacing, and well bore

appearance. Access the Model Properties using the icon in the

Model window or selecting Model Properties from the Edit

menu of the Cross Section window (see Figure 66).



Figure 66: Model Properties

Adding Tracks

Tracks can be added using the Track Toolbar. Items that can be

added are log curves, velocity curves and synthetics. You will

need to generate synthetics for your wells in order to generate a

2D Model. The display and set up of the tracks is similar to that

of the Log Editor and Log Editor templates can be used in this

application to load in your already saved settings from the Log

Editor.

Adding a Log Curve

Click on the Add Track icon ( ). This will open the Select

Curve Alias dialog. Select the curve name and click OK. To

modify the appearance, access the Track Properties by right

clicking on the track, and selecting Track Properties.



Adding a Synthetic

Click on the Add Synthetic Track icon ( ). This will open the

Synthetic Properties dialog that allows you to set up the

synthetic as desired. To modify the appearance, access the

Track Properties by right clicking on the synthetic, and selecting

Track Properties.

Adding a Velocity Curve

Click on the Add Velocity Curve Track icon ( ). The current

Active velocity curve will automatically be placed in the track. To

modify the appearance, access the Velocity Track Properties by

right clicking on the track, and selecting Track Properties.

Exercise

On the Basemap, click on the Cross Section icon

( ).

Select the wells by left clicking: 100464, 100439,

100177, 100003 as shown in Figure 67. Right click

to end selection and launch the Cross Section

dialog.



Figure 67: Well Selection from Basemap

Click on Select Wells in the File menu of the Cross

Section dialog.

Click on well 100003, and use the button to

take it off the list of Displayed Wells.

Click to close the dialog.

In the Cross Section window, click on the Cross

Section properties icon ( ).

Check on Fill behind log templates

Click to close the dialog.

In the Cross Section window, right click on the

DT(LAS) track, and select Track Properties.

Change the Curve Color from to blue, and click

In the Cross Section window, right click on the UWI

above the track changed, and select Apply Log



Template(see Figure 68). All of the other wells

should now have the same parameters.

Figure 68: Apply Log Template

Adding and Editing Correlations:

To create a cross section you need to add correlations between

tops. After the correlations have been added there are additional

options to customize how the correlations behave between

wells. By default the correlations will exist as straight lines

between existing tops.



Adding a Correlation

Use the Add/Edit correlations icon ( ) to launch the

Correlations window (see Figure 69). From here you can select

an individual formation manually using the button. If you

have a tops list already created, you can use the Generate from

Tops List option.

Figure 69: Correlations Window

Once the correlation is added, select the correlation and

customize the display settings using the options on the left hand

side of the Correlations dialog.

Using Depth Grids

If a depth grid is available for a formation, it can be applied to

the correlation. This will adjust points along the correlation



between wells so that it corresponds to the depth grid. Use the

Depth Grid dropdown field in the Correlations dialog.

Adding points

After the correlation line has been added to the cross section,

use the Add/Move point icon to go into the Add/Move Point

mode. This will allow you to add a point along the correlation

and then allow you to move that point so that you can customize

the correlation between the wells. Left click to insert a node

point and then move the points by left clicking and holding down

and dragging to reposition.

Editing Correlations and Updating Formation Top Values

Once the tops have been correlated, you can edit the end point

of a correlation and use this to update the top value. Use the

Add/Edit correlations icon ( ) to launch the Correlations

window. Make sure that the formation is selected in the

Correlation dialog. This should make the correlation line

highlight with a red color. You will now be able to click the end

points and drag them to the desired position. To save the

changes select Save Tops from the File menu. The current

depth of the end point will be saved as a new top. Note that this

does not overwrite the old top, but adds a new top with a

different depth in the database.

Deleting Correlations

To remove a correlation, use the Delete Correlation icon ( )

from the toolbar. Once selected, any correlation that you click on

will be removed.



Adding Correlations for Tops that Don’t Exist

If you want to add a correlation for a top that does not exist, from

the Correlation dialog, use the button and select New

Correlation. Give the correlation a name and work with it as a

normal top. Once it has been added to the cross section, you

will be able to reposition it using the Add/Move Points icon (

). If you want to save the changes select Save Tops from the

File menu. The current depth of the end point will be saved as a

new top with the name specified as the Correlation name.

Exercise

Click on the Add/Edit Correlations icon ( ).

Click on the button to launch the Add New

Correlation dialog.

Select the “Heebner_Shale”, “Lansing”, “Miss” and

“Stark_Shale” formations and click .

Select the “Heeber_Shale” formation on the left of

the Correlations dialog.

Change the Fill Type to “Both”, the Color to green,

and the Fill Pattern to “Shale”. The Cross Section

should update.

Repeat the process for the “Lansing” and

“Stark_Shale” formations, using different colors and

fill types.

Click .

Click on the Add/Move point icon ( ).



Hover your cursor over a correlation and click to

insert a point.

Click and drag the point to reposition (see Figure

70).

Click the Stop button to complete editing.

Figure 70: Cross Section with correlations, being edited

Creating and Saving 2D Models

To generate a 2D model from the cross section, a synthetic

track must first be added to the Cross Section display. This

synthetic will be used to generate the model. To generate the

model, use the Display Model icon ( ) from the toolbar. This

will launch the model window. To customize the display, use the



Model Properties that can be accessed by the icon ( ) in the

Model dialog or from the Edit menu in the Cross Section dialog.

Saving your Model:

Once a model has been created it can be saved as a 2D SEG-Y

file. To do so, click on the Save Model icon ( ) in the Model

window. This launches the Output 2D SEG-Y dialog that allows

you to create a SEG-Y seismic file (see Figure 71). There is also

the option to create a segment file.

Figure 71: Output 2D SEG-Y Dialog

Saving Cross Sections

After any work has been done in the cross sectioning dialog,

you can save the display and revert back to it at a later time. To

save the entire cross section select Save Cross Section from

the File menu or click the Save icon ( ).The properties are

saved to an .xml file. To re-display a saved cross section select

Load Cross Section from the File menu and select the “.xml”

file. You can also reload the last created cross section by

loading in the "LastCrossSection.xml" file.



Exercise

Click on the Display Model icon ( ).

Figure 72: Generated Model

Click on the Model Properties icon ( .)

Check on Fill Correlations on Model.

Click .

Click on the Save Model icon ( ).

Give the output 2D Line a File Description “Zone

between Heebner_Shale and Miss”

Check on Output Segment File.

Select “N3D” from the list.



Figure 73: Saving the Model

Click . You will now see a 2D line on your

Basemap that represents the seismic model.

Close the model window by clicking on the .

Select Save Cross Section from the File menu of

the cross section window.

In the File Name field, give the cross section a

name.

Click .



HORIZON SMOOTHING AND COMPUTING

ATTRIBUTES

You can either smooth horizons or compute attributes with

SeisWare’s Horizon Smoothing/Attributes functionality.

Creating Smoothed Horizons

When smoothing a horizon, there are different methods for

smoothing. There are options for what values get smoothed, and

how far away from starting bins the smoothing will extend.

Depending on your data set and desired result, the parameters

will need to be modified.

The smoothing options are:

Smoothing: average the values in the defined grid

Weighted Smoothing: weight the averaging from the centre

bins toward the outer edges of the grid

Median Smoothing: compute the median value of the grid

for the output

The parameters for the smoothing operation are:

Inline Grid Size: set the number of picks to use for the

smoothing. It must be an odd number because the grid is

centered on the input pick.

Crossline Grid Size: the number of picks to use in the

crossline direction of the 3D; only applicable for 3D

horizons

Apply Inline vs. Crossline Bin Size Correction: apply a

correction to compensate for any inline versus crossline

differences in the 3D bin cell size; only applicable if the 3D

bin size is different in the inline versus crossline directions



Smoothing Parameters: used to determine what gets

smoothed. Operate on asks what values should be

smoothed i.e. data values or null values or both. If you

wish to preserve your original picks, just use null values.

When smoothing into areas where there are null values,

specify if the smoothing should just fill holes (i.e. areas

where there are picks surrounding those traces) or expand

edges. If no fill distance is set, the fill will extend to

completely fill any holes and to the end of the dataset. You

can set a value to only extend the fill out that number of

traces away from where a pick exists.

Polygons: set inclusion or exclusion polygons to limit the

smoothing operation. If you set an inclusion polygon,

SeisWare only applies the smoothing within the polygon.

Conversely, if you set an exclusion polygon, SeisWare

only applies the smoothing outside the polygon.

Exercise

Display the horizon “H SNP” on the Basemap.

From the Main Launcher’s Horizon menu, choose

Smoothing/Attributes. SeisWare opens the

Horizon Smoothing/Attributes window (see Figure

74).



Figure 74: Horizon Smoothing/Attributes Window

In the Horizons list, highlight the “H SNP” horizon.

Highlight “nsask” in the Lines list, and select

“Smoothing” from the Operations list.

In the Horizon Smoothing/Attributes window, leave

the grid size fields at their defaults.

Set Operate on to Data Vales Only and click

. SeisWare opens the Select Output

Horizon Names window (see Figure 75).

Leave the Output Horizon name as “H SNP SM”,

and click to have SeisWare create the

horizon.



Open a new Basemap, display this new horizon, and

compare the horizon with the unsmoothed original.

Repeat the process, but this time set the Operate On

to All Values and have Fill Holes and Expand Edges

checked on, and change the Output Horizon name

to “H SNP SMI”. Compare this horizon with the other

two.

Figure 75: Select Output Horizon Names Window

Computing Horizon Attributes

Horizon attributes are computed in a similar way to smoothing in

that the calculation is still performed over the area of data

specified in the Parameters fields. The input horizons and lines

are selected also selected in the same manner as smoothing.

The smoothing parameters will be grayed out.

The attribute Operations are:

Dip: compute the dip or slope of the horizon surface over the

grid size

Azimuth: the direction of the slope of the horizon surface,

referenced to the inline direction (output in degrees)



Azimuth (True North): the dip or slope direction of the

horizon corrected to true north, instead of the inline

direction (output in degrees). Use this if you are computing

and mapping the azimuths of several 3Ds at the same

time.

Gradient: the magnitude of the dip of the horizon. Use this to

help detect faults.

Edge Detection Inline: to enhance edges in the inline

direction

Edge Detection Crossline: to enhance edges in the

crossline direction

Edge Detection Diagonal Down: to enhance edges from

the upper left to the lower right direction

Edge Detection Diagonal Up: to enhance edges from the

upper right to the lower left direction

Difference Inline: to compute the difference between

adjacent inline picks. Use this to help detect edges.

Difference Crossline: to compute the difference between

adjacent crossline picks

Laplacian: the change in the dip of the horizon. Use this to

help detect both sides of edges.

Mean Curvature: the average of two orthogonal curvatures.

Used primarily to derive other curvature attributes, but

similar results to maximum curvature.

Gaussian curvature: the product of the principal curvatures

(minimum curvature and maximum curvature).

Maximum Curvature: the largest absolute curvature at any

point. Use this to help delineate faults, and their

orientation.

Minimum Curvature: the curvature perpendicular to the

largest absolute curvature. Use to show faults and

fractures.

Most Positive Curvature: the most positive curvature of a

surface at a certain point. Use to exaggerate faults.



Most Negative Curvature: the most negative curvature of a

surface at a certain point.

Dip Curvature: the curvature in the direction of maximum

dip. Use this method to enhance differently compacted

features.

Strike Curvature: curvature in the perpendicular direction to

dip curvature.

Exercise

Highlight the horizon “H SNP SMI” in the Horizons

list.

Select the “nsask” 3D from the Lines list.

Run the following Operations, click , and

leave the Output Horizon names at their defaults:

o Dip

o Azimuth

o Gradient

o Edge Detection Inline

o Edge Detection Crossline – change this

Output Horizon name to “H SNP SMI EDGE

X”

o Most Positive Curvature

Use one of the Dip or Azimuth color palettes and

display each attribute.



SEISMIC ZONE ATTRIBUTES

The seismic zone attributes function calculates and maps

seismic traits through a dataset. You can generate new

horizons, with appropriate names for each specific attribute, to

observe the results of a calculation. After specifying the

parameters, SeisWare generates each horizon to best highlight

the desired attribute from a dataset. When running the seismic

zone attributes, you can select both 2D and 3D Seismic data

either from the list or off of the Basemap.

The Attributes section determines the calculations that

SeisWare will perform. For each attribute you select, SeisWare

generates a new horizon. It adds an appropriate extension to

the end of the Base Output Name for each calculation, for

example, with a base name “Test_D” it names a cross-

correlation ‘Test_D_CC’.

The Seismic Zone Attributes window remembers previous

calculations, including horizons used, time windows, a Base

Output Name, and wavelets. You can change or remove this

information, and change the Base Output Name to create new

horizons. If you leave the Base Output Name the same, then the

old results will be overwritten.

Selecting Seismic Attribute ATP and ATT: calculate the thickness of a peak or trough in

time (ms). If multiple peaks or troughs are in the time

window, SeisWare sums them. Use this for seeing when a

wavelet changes from a single to a double wavelet. Spikes

in the color histogram are based on the data’s sample

rate.

AUP and AUT: calculate the area of a peak or trough (no

units). The area is defined as the sample value multiplied



by the sample rate. SeisWare sums it for all samples that

are peaks or troughs. If multiple peaks or troughs are in

the time window, SeisWare sums them.

AVG and ABS: calculate the average amplitude within the

selected area (amplitude units). It is the sum of all

amplitudes in the time window divided by the number of

samples. For ABS, SeisWare takes the absolute value of

each amplitude sampled and divides it by the number of

samples in the time window.

MAX and MIN: output the maximum or minimum value within

the time window (amplitude units)

MAXP and MAXN: output the maximum positive or maximum

negative value within the time window (amplitude units)

RMS: calculate the root mean square for summing

amplitudes within the time window

CC (cross-correlation coefficient): compare a selected

wavelet to the wavelets within a picked horizon in the

frequency domain, and output a correlation value. If two

wavelets are exactly the same shape, the output is 100%,

otherwise, the value is less than 100%. If two wavelets are

exactly the same shape, but have different amplitudes,

they are still 100% matched.

MHD (Manhattan distance): compare similarities between

wavelets in a zone using a statistical measurement to

show the degree of similarity. A perfect match (identical) is

100% and a low match is 0%. It takes the sum of the

differences between the wavelets and divides by the sum

of the max possible differences of two equal length

wavelets with the same number of samples. Amplitude

and phase differences affect the result of this

measurement.

Defining Windowing Method

Use the Windowing Methods field to specify how to perform the

calculation in the Z direction. The options are:



Define By Single Horizon: hang a wavelet from a single

horizon. Set a top and bottom offset to determine the time

range to use in the calculation. SeisWare adds the Top

Offset to the horizon to define the start time of the data

window, and the Bottom Offset to define the end time of

the data window.

Define Using Time Range: set fixed upper and lower times

for this calculation. Specify a fixed starting time for the

Upper Time, and a fixed ending time for the Lower Time.

Define Between Horizons: set the Upper Horizon and

Lower Horizon time window for the calculation. Use the

Upper Horizon Offset and Lower Horizon Offset to allow

for an increase or decrease in the time window around

each horizon. SeisWare will stretch or squeeze wavelets

to perform the cross-correlation. The Upper Horizon

defines the start time of the data window, and you can use

the Upper Horizon Offset to add to the Upper Horizon to

further define the start time. The Lower Horizon defines

the end time of the data window, and you can use the

Lower Horizon Offset to add to the Lower Horizon to

further define the start time.

Define Between Horizon and Datum: use a Horizon and a

Datum to set the time window for the calculation. The

Horizon defines one end of the time window, and you can

use the Horizon Offset to add to the horizon to further

define the time window. The Datum is a fixed time that

specifies the other end of the time window.

There are additional options that must be specified when

selecting certain windowing methods.

Top Offset/Bottom Offset: when specifying a horizon, adjust

the time window based off of the horizon using the top and

bottom offsets. The value specified is added to the

horizon. For example, to go 10 ms above and below a

horizon, set the top offset to “-10” and the bottom offset to

“10”.



Amplitude Threshold: this is the start for the amplitude data

window, at which SeisWare will calculate a peak or trough

function. If you set a threshold of zero, SeisWare uses an

entire peak or trough, from the zero crossing to the

maximum amplitude, in the calculation. This is similar to

setting a time window around a horizon specifically

defined by amplitude.

Select Wavelet: only the CC and MHD algorithms need a

wavelet and this is selected from the Basemap or Seismic

Viewer by clicking on a trace. It is useful to select a

wavelet when performing any attribute calculations to

ensure that you have set a correct time window.

Polygons: by selecting a polygon that you generated or

imported, you can include or exclude an area from the

output horizon. For an inclusion polygon, SeisWare

restricts the output horizon to the area of that polygon. For

an exclusion polygon, SeisWare generates the output

horizon with blank traces and no picks within the area of

the polygon.

Exercise

From the Main Launcher’s Seismic menu, choose

Seismic Zone Attributes (Figure 76).



Figure 76: Seismic Zone Attributes Window

Select the “nsask MIG 0” 3D from the Seismic Lines

selection field.

To create a new horizon, enter the name “Test_D” in

the Base Output Name field.

Check all the boxes in the Attributes section of the

Seismic Zone Attributes window, and SeisWare will

perform all the calculations.

Choose “Define By Single Horizon” for the

Windowing Methods.

Select “D” from the Horizon drop-down field.

SeisWare uses this as a datum.

Enter “-10” in the Top Offset field, and “10” in the

Bottom Offset field.

Leave the Amplitude Threshold at zero.

From the Basemap, select line 26 and open it in the

Seismic Viewer.

Click Select Wavelet in the Seismic Zone Attributes

window.

In the Seismic Viewer, click on trace 569. SeisWare

displays a wavelet below the Select Wavelet button,

and inserts the wavelet information in the Wavelet



Info. section of the window (see Figure 77). The

wavelet picked is in the channel to show the

correlation across the 3D.

Figure 77: Seismic Zone Attributes Window – Select Wavelet Section

Click to run the calculation.

To view the results of the seismic zone attributes

calculation, display each newly created horizon on

the Basemap. The new horizons are:

o Test_D_ATP

o Test_D_ATT

o Test_D_AUP

o Test_D_AUT

o Test_D_AVG

o Test_D_ABS

o Test_D_MAX

o Test_D_MIN

o Test_D_MAXP

o Test_D_MAXN



o Test_D_RMS

o Test_D_CC

o Test_D_MHD

o Test_D_MHD



WAVELET ANALYSIS

The Wavelet Analysis function calculates the correlation

between several selected wavelets in a time window defined

over a data set. SeisWare displays the results of the analysis as

a horizon, with values ranging from 0 and 100. These values

represent the correlation between the selected wavelets and the

seismic volume that they are being compared across.

The correlation coefficient and Manhattan distance calculations

are the same as those used in Seismic Zone Attributes. In

Wavelet Analysis, however, you can compare multiple wavelets

across your dataset. This can help you identify certain zones or

facies in the dataset.

You can use both 2D and 3D data in the analysis. To select the

seismic to use in the Wavelet Analysis calculation, either hold

Ctrl and select multiple lines, or drag out an area on the

Basemap.

Selecting an Algorithm

The Algorithm section of the Wavelet Analysis allows you to

select from two options – correlation coefficient and Manhattan

distance.

Correlation coefficient

This performs a cross correlation between the selected

wavelet(s) and the rest of the data specified. To view the

correlation between the wavelets, use the

option.



When viewing the results, a correlation value of 100% means

high correlation (exact match) and 0 means a poor match. This

type of correlation is not directly affected by amplitudes but is

looking at the shape of the waveform.

Manhattan distance

This technique performs a statistical correlation between the

selected wavelet(s) and the data specified. It takes the sum of

the differences between the wavelet and the trace data in the

volume and divides it by the sum of the maximum possible

difference between the two. This method uses two equal length

wavelets with the same number of samples. The output for an

exact match is also 100% and poor match at 0. This type of

comparison takes into account how amplitude changes are

affecting the waveform shape.

Defining a Seismic Data Window

Use the Windowing Method to specify how SeisWare is to

perform the calculation in the Z direction. Depending on what

windowing method you choose, these fields, and the information

that you need to enter, change.

There are four Windowing Method options.

Define By Single Horizon: use this method to hang a

wavelet from a single horizon. Set a top and bottom offset

to determine the time range to use in the calculation.

SeisWare adds the Top Offset to the horizon to define the

start time of the data window, and the Bottom Offset to

define the end time of the data window.

Define Using Time Range: use this method to set fixed

upper and lower times for this calculation. Specify a fixed



starting time for the Upper Time, and a fixed ending time

for the Lower Time.

Define Between Horizons: use this method to set the Upper

Horizon and Lower Horizon time window for the

calculation. Use the Upper Horizon Offset and Lower

Horizon Offset to allow for an increase or decrease in the

time window around each horizon. SeisWare will stretch or

squeeze wavelets to perform the cross-correlation. The

Upper Horizon defines the start time of the data window,

and you can use the Upper Horizon Offset to add to the

Upper Horizon to further define the start time. The Lower

Horizon defines the end time of the data window, and you

can use the Lower Horizon Offset to add to the Lower

Horizon to further define the start time.

Define Between Horizon and Datum: use this method to

use a Horizon and a Datum to set the time window for the

calculation. The Horizon defines one end of the time

window, and you can use the Horizon Offset to add to the

horizon to further define the time window. The Datum is a

fixed time that specifies the other end of the time window.

Once you have set the windowing method the window will be

applied when you select wavelets. If your windowing method

changed after you select your wavelets, the wavelet window will

not be updated.

Selecting Output Parameters

The Base Horizon Name is used for naming the results

generated from the Wavelet Analysis. SeisWare adds an

extension to the Base Horizon Name for each calculation it

performs, for example, using the Base Horizon Name as

“Test_C” it saves wavelet ID 1 as “Test_C_001” for individual

CC results, and “Test_C_BEST” for the best output CC result.

(You can find the wavelet number in the ID column of the

Wavelets section in Figure 79).



There are several types of results that can be created.

Output Individual CC Results: this compares a selected

wavelet to the wavelets in the window across an entire

data set, and outputs a correlation value. SeisWare

produces one CC horizon for each wavelet selected. If you

choose three wavelets, SeisWare produces three new

horizons, with the extensions _001, _002, and _003.

Output CC IDs: SeisWare generates horizons with BESTID

or WORSTID appended to the base name. The BESTID

horizon displayed on the Basemap is based on the

wavelet with the best individual CC result for each trace.

The results assign each trace the color of the wavelet to

which is had the highest correlation. These colors will fade

to the Fade Color to indicate the level of correlation.

The WORSTID horizon displayed on the Basemap is

based on the wavelet with the lowest CC result for each

trace. This is based on which wavelet ID has the worst CC

result, not on the degree of wavelet correlation.

For the output best and worst CC results, to display

multiple wavelets on a single horizon, the results take the

CC values between 0 and n*100 (not between 0 and 100),

where n is the number of wavelets used in the calculation.

Wavelet ID 0 has values between 0 and 100, wavelet ID 1

has values between 100 and 200, and so on.

Output Best CC Result: this generates a horizon that

contains the best CC value between all wavelets for that

trace. The Fade Color isn’t used, only the pure color of the

wavelet is applied to the results.

Output Worst CC result: this generates generate a horizon

that contains the worst CC value among all wavelets for

that trace. The Fade Color isn’t used, only the pure color

of the wavelet is applied to the results.

Use absolute value: this is only used for the Cross

Correlation algorithm. If your data is not phased tied, you

can compare the waveform across datasets that have

reversed polarity.



Selecting Output Colors

The custom palettes enable you to scale output horizons

properly when you view them on the Basemap.

Output colors enable you to cut off the output horizon at set

values. SeisWare can only highlight a certain range of data on

the horizon, and it cuts off less relevant results with the selected

cut-off color. The default scale for the custom color palette is

between 0 and 100 for each wavelet.

The Output Colors options are:

Cut-off for Best Results: when SeisWare uses several

wavelets, the best match results have the majority of

values between 90 and 100. To observe the results better,

you can set a cut-off value to increase the dynamic range

for the relevant values. The value you enter blocks values

from zero to that number, and SeisWare uses the

remaining range to apply the Fade Color To. If you specify

80, 0 to 80 is a solid Cut-off Color, and 81 to 100 show the

defined wavelet color and faded values. This only affects

the color palette, not the horizon values.

Cut-off for Worst Results: when SeisWare uses several

wavelets, the worst match results have the majority of

values between 0 and 10. To observe the results better,

you can set a cut-off value to increase the dynamic range

for the relevant values. The value you enter blocks values

from zero to that number, and SeisWare uses the

remaining range to apply the Fade Color To. If you specify

20, 21 to 100 is a solid Cut-off Color, and 0 to 20 show the

defined wavelet color and faded values. This only affects

the color palette, not the horizon values.

Cut-off Color: this is the cut-off color range that appears in

the horizon ribbon. It is a solid color, representing data

that is outside the selected range.



To change the color, click on the color button. When

SeisWare displays a color palette, click on the color that

you want and click OK.

Fade Color To: the Fade Color To is the color to which the

wavelet color (and horizon color on the Basemap) fades

as the cross-correlation values decrease from a 100%

match. If the wavelet color is red and the Fade to Color is

black, the best result is represented as red, and the

horizon fades to black as the correlation for the wavelet

decreases.

SeisWare generates a color scheme for each horizon. To

ensure that they are being used on the map: Right click on the

Basemap and select General Properties. In the General

Basemap Properties window, select Color Properties and

Colorbar/Histogram. Check Automatically Save Color and

Scale Information For Each Horizon. Now SeisWare will scale

the colors correctly when you view the output horizons.

Selecting Wavelets

In the Wavelets section, you choose the wavelets for the

calculation. When you first open the Wavelet Analysis window, it

might have wavelets already in the list. These are wavelets from

previous calculations. To remove any existing wavelet that you

don’t need, click on the wavelet in the list and click Remove, or

click Remove All to remove all listed wavelets.

Select the wavelets using the Add button. This launches

another window that allows you set a color and name for the

wavelet and will have the currently set window based on the

horizons, and the offsets that you entered previously in the main

dialog (see Figure 78). You can edit this information in this

window.



Figure 78: Add Wavelet Window

The available windowing methods are identical to those in the

main window, and wavelet windows can be individually set. In

most cases you will want the wavelet window used in the

analysis to be the same as the Seismic Data Window. Using the

Use Seismic Data Window windowing method will allow you to

change the range of data being used in the analysis without

having to change each individual wavelet window.

Select the wavelet by clicking on the Select Wavelet button and

then clicking on a trace in the Seismic Viewer or on the seismic

data on the Basemap. SeisWare fills in the information for the

wavelet in the Wavelet Info. After you click OK, SeisWare

returns to the Wavelet Analysis window and adds the new

wavelet to the list, with its assigned color and assigned name.

SeisWare also assigns an ID number to the wavelet, starting at

0 and increasing by one, as more wavelets are selected. The

selected wavelets are what will be used in the calculation.



When selecting the wavelets, keep in mind that the colors will be

displayed alongside each other in on the output horizons.

Choose bright contrasting colors for the best results. You can

select as many wavelets as desired, however as the number of

wavelets increase, the results will start to look very cluttered.

Once a wavelet has been selected, it can be saved so that it can

be used in other analyses. Simply press the Save button. To

use the saved wavelet press the Load button.

Saving Parameters

Once you have set up all of the parameters for your analysis,

you can save them by pressing the Save button on the main

window. This will allow you to reload you exact parameters,

including wavelets, at a future time. Press the Load button to

use saved parameters.

By default the parameters of the analysis are saved to a file as

soon as you press OK or Apply. These are saved using the

Base Horizon Name.

Exercise

To open the Wavelet Analysis window, select

Wavelet Analysis from the Main Launcher’s

Seismic menu (see Figure 79).



Figure 79: Wavelet Analysis Window

Select the “nsask MIG 0” 3D from the Seismic Lines

section.

Select Correlation coefficient from the Algorithm

section.

For the Windowing Method, choose “Define By

Single Horizon”.

Select “C” from the Horizon drop-down field.

SeisWare uses this as a datum.

Enter “Test_C” in the Output Basename field for the

name of the new output horizon.

Enter “30” in the Top Offset field and “60” in the

Bottom Offset field.

Click to check on Output Individual Results, Output

Best Result, Output IDs, and Output Worst result.

Check on Custom Color Palettes.

No polygons will be set so leave this unchecked.

For Cut-off for Best Results, enter a value of “50” so

the range becomes 50-100.



For Cut-off for Worst Results, also enter a value of

“50” so the range becomes 0-50.

For Cut-off Color, change the color to black.

Leave the Fade Color To at the default of “Black”.

From the Basemap, select line 161 and open it in the

Seismic Viewer.

In the Wavelet Analysis window, click

and SeisWare opens the Add Wavelet window (see

Figure 80).

Figure 80: Add Wavelet Window

Click and click on trace 543 in the

Seismic Viewer. SeisWare displays the wavelet in

the Select Wavelet section.

Change the Color from the default of black to red

(click on the black square, click on the red color in

the Color window, and click ). This is the



color that SeisWare will apply to the wavelet, and to

the horizon on the Basemap.

Leave the Wavelet Name at the default “Wavelet 0”.

You can name your wavelets based on where or

what they represent.

When you have selected the wavelet and checked or

changed the parameters, click . If you

need to change the parameters of a wavelet,

highlight the wavelet, click , and make

your changes in the Add Wavelet window.

Now repeat the procedure and add another wavelet

on trace 536. Change the color to yellow. Again, add

another wavelet for trace 576, changing its color to

green (see Figure 81).

Figure 81: Wavelets Section with New Wavelet

Click , and SeisWare opens the QC

Wavelets window (see Figure 82). It shows all the

wavelets in the list, and the wavelet and the horizon

crossing. Use this window to sort the wavelets, from

left to right, by the wavelets’ correlation values or

their IDs.



Figure 82: QC Wavelets Window

After you have set all parameters and selected the

wavelets, click .

Click to complete the calculation.

Look at the horizons be selecting them from the

Basemap’s Horizon to ribbon drop-down field. The

new horizons are:

o Test_C_000

o Test_C_001

o Test_C_BEST

o Test_C_BESTID

o Test_C_WORST

o Test_C_WORSTID

Repeat the calculation using the Manhattan distance

algorithm. Change the Base Horizon Name to

“TEST_C_MHD” and leave all other parameters the

same.

Click to complete the calculation. The

new horizons are:



o Test_C_MHD_000

o Test_C_MHD _001

o Test_C_MHD _BEST

o Test_C_MHD _BESTID

o Test_C_MHD _WORST

o Test_C_MHD _WORSTID



ATTRIBUTE CALCULATOR

This application enables you create an attribute volume from

any of the listed algorithms. The options include semblance,

trace mixes, and curvatures. Once the algorithm has been

selected you must select the parameters to use, which will differ

depending on the attribute selected.

Attribute volumes can be displayed in the Seismic Viewer or in

the 3D Seismic Visualizer. You may need to change the data

scaling to view the data properly. To view the volumes on the

Basemap, a time slice needs to be created in the Create Time

Slice application.

Selecting Seismic Files

The Seismic Files section lists all of the lines that you are able to

run the attribute on. You are only able to select one seismic line

at a time, and you should ensure that the correct version of the

line has been selected. After the line is selected, SeisWare

automatically fills the Output Window section with the full extents

of the line. To restrict the load, you can modify the extents by

typing into the fields. If you want to limit the extents of a 3D, you

click Select From Map and drag out an area of interest on the

Basemap. The line and trace ranges will update based on this

selection.

Selecting Attribute Operation

You can select all of the attributes you wish to create volumes

for. To select multiple attributes, hold down the Ctrl key while

selecting attributes from the list.



The Attributes available are:

Semblance: designed to find discontinuities in the data.

Trace Mix: runs an average across a specified number of

traces.

Trace Mix Triangulation: runs a weighted average across a

specified number of traces.

Median: will find the median across a specified number of

traces.

Dip Magnitude: gives the size of the most dominant dip at

that location, based on the result from the dip steered

semblance .

Dip Azimuth: gives the direction of the most dominant dip at

that location, based on the result from the dip steered

semblance .

Mean Curvature: approximates the average curvature

through a point. Visually it may not convey any additional

information, but is used for deriving other attributes.

Gaussian Curvature: indicates whether a surface has been

warped or not. It gives measure of distortions of a surface.

Maximum Curvature: measure of the maximum curvature

(positive or negative) of the surface at a point. Useful for

delineating faults and fault geometries. It shows anticlines

and domes.

Minimum Curvature: curvature perpendicular to the

maximum curvature. Useful for identifying fractured areas.

It highlights synclines and bowls.

Most Positive Curvature: most positive value obtained from

a search of all possible normal curvatures at a point.

Useful for delineating subtle faults, fractures, flexures and

folds.

Most Negative Curvature: most negative value obtained

from a search of all possible normal curvatures at a point.

Also useful for delineating subtle faults, fractures, flexures

and folds.



Dip Curvature: curvature extracted along the dip direction

and measures the rate of dip variation within the direction

of the maximum dip. It is helpful to identify the throw as

well as the direction of faults. In tensional terrains it

correlates with open fractures.

Strike Curvature: extracted along a direction perpendicular

to the dip curvature. In a compressional terrain large

values will correlate to open vs. closed fractures.

Shape Index: used to describe the localized structure such

as a dome, bowl, ridge, plane etc.

Defining Data Window

These options limit the time window over which SeisWare runs

the algorithm.

Trace/Line Window: specifies how many traces in the inline

and crossline direction away from a central trace that will

be used in the operation. This should always be an odd

number.

Vertical Window: specifies how many samples to use in the

semblance algorithm. This should also be an odd number.

When you set the vertical window, the actual window

depends on the sample rate of your data. If the data has a

sample rate of 2 ms and you set a Time Window

(samples) to 5, 10 ms of data is used.

Dip Steering Window: specifies how many samples to use

in the dip steering semblance algorithm or any of the

curvature algorithms. As you increase this number, the

number of calculations increases to test more scenarios

using different dip cubes.

Derivative Window: when using any of the curvature

algorithms, this specifies how many dips across are used

when calculating the derivative of the dip.



Specifying Output Parameters

For the final output, you must specify a file description.

SeisWare does not keep any record of what you have done,

other than changing the type descriptor. If you have limited or

changed any of the default settings, this is a good place to

record these changes. By default, the Type will be changed to

the Operation name, and the version number left the same as

the starting seismic line. You can override these settings.

Exercise

This volume has already been created for you so do not

complete the process.

From the Main Launcher’s Seismic menu, choose

Attribute Calculator. SeisWare opens the Attribute

Calculator window (see Figure 83).



Figure 83: Attribute Calculator Window

In the Seismic Files list, select the “nsask MIG 0” 3D.

In the Output Parameters section, enter “First

Semblance” as the File Description.

Leave the Type, Version, and Output Folder at their

defaults.

Check on Add to Working Set.

In the Data Windows section, select the Operation

as “Semblance”.

Leave the Trace Window and Line Window set to

“5”.

Set the Vertical Window (samples) to “5”.

Set a Start Time of “600” and an End Time of “800”,

and leave the line and trace numbers at the full

extents.



Click as the volume has been created for

you.

Displaying an Attribute Volume

Once the Attribute Calculator is finished, you will have a new

version of the volume. This volume can be viewed in your seismic

viewer. When viewing attribute volumes, you may need to set up a

user defined scaling option as explained in the exercise below since

all output values are between 0 and 1. This volume can also be

used to create time slices that can be displayed on the Basemap or

in the Seismic Viewer.

Exercise

1. Displaying a semblance volume in the Seismic viewer

Open line 205 of the semblance volume in the

faulted area in the NW corner of the volume. You

may have to change the line version to the SEM

volume using the right mouse button menu and

selecting Versions.

Open the Seismic Display Properties to the Trace

Style tab. Set the display to “Interpolated Density”

using a “Grey Scale Inverted” color bar. On the

Trace Scale tab use a “User Defined” scale mode

and set the range to Minimum “0.25” and Maximum “

0.75”. You can see colors surrounding the channel

showing you the subtle differences (see Figure 84).



Figure 84: Semblance Cube in the Seismic Viewer

2. Displaying an Attribute Volume in the 3D Seismic Visualizer

From the 3D Seismic Visualizer, select Load Data

from the File menu.

Uncheck Display working set only.

Select the volume “nsask SEM 1” and move it to

the Visible Seismic 3D list.

Click on at the bottom right of the

screen.

Go to the Seismic Color Properties page (see Figure

85).

Set the Colorbar to “Gray Scale Inverted”, the Scale

Mode to User Defined, User Minimum Amplitude to

“0.25” and User Maximum Amplitude to “0.75”.



Figure 85:Seismic Color Properties for Semblance

Click to exit the 3D Seismic

Properties, and to close the

General 3D Visualizer Properties. You will now see

the Semblance Volume displayed in the 3D Seismic

Visualizer.

From the 3D Seismic Visualizer, select Load Data

from the File menu.

Remove “nsask SEM 1” from display and select

“nsask Maximum Curvature 1” for display.

Click to view.



Figure 86: Semblance and Curvature in the 3D Seismic Visualizer



SPECTRAL DECOMPOSITION

Spectral decomposition is a process that allows you to break

down the seismic response into different frequencies using the

discrete Fourier transform. Thinner beds often get stacked

during processing into one event. By transforming the data into

the frequency domain using a discrete Fourier transform, the

characteristic frequency expression of the thin bed is shown.

Phase spectra can indicate lateral geologic discontinuities.

In SeisWare, this is done with a two step process. The first step

is to generate a Frequency Slice that allows us to better see the

contribution of each individual frequency to the seismic wavelet.

From this we can isolate a particular frequency of interest. The

output Frequency slice file has a z component that is frequency.

The next step is to generate Discrete Frequency/Time Slices at

that specific frequency to give us a more detailed view of the

thin bed response over a particular data window in the time

domain. The output Discrete Frequency/Time Slices has a z

component that is in time or depth depending on the source

data. When outputting the data, by default, slice volumes are

created. You also have the option to create a SEG-Y volume

that can be used in the 3D Seismic Visualizer, or looked at in the

Seimic Viewer.

Selecting Seismic

When creating either the Frequency Slice or the Discrete

Frequency/Time Slices, the Data Loading Extents fill in

automatically when you select a 3D. To limit the input data, type

in a new range, or use the Select From Mapoption to drag out

an area on the Basemap.



Defining Windowing Parameters

In the Windowing Parameters window you specify the interval

over which you wish to perform the frequency analysis. The data

can be limited using time ranges or offset from horizons.

Frequency Slices

When creating Frequency Slices the time window should be

narrowed on the region of interest. In general, the lower the

dominant frequency, the larger the window required. A rule of

thumb is a 100 ms window for a 50 Hz frequency.

Use the Window Taper to limit rogue frequencies and ringing.

Discrete Frequency/Time Slices

When generating Discrete Frequency/Time Slices the Time

Window can be as large as desired. The Frequency/Time Slices

option becomes active and the slice window set should be the

same size as the Time Window used when generating the

Frequency Slice. This window will be used around each sample

and moves through the Time Window, therefore the Time

Window can be as large as you need it.

Selecting Output Options

Frequency Slices

In the Output window you select the range of frequencies for

which you would like slices created, and the increment for the

slices. You can output frequencies from 1Hz to 250 Hz



(Nyquist). You will also create a Description and Slice Group for

the file and specify the output directory of the file.

You can optionally create a SEG-Y of the output. Bear in mind

that this will be a frequency volume.

Discrete Frequency/Time Slices

For Discrete Frequency/Time Slices, you should pick specific

frequencies based on the results from the Frequency slice. If

you enter a range of frequencies, a separate slice will be

created using each frequency for the time window.

You can optionally create a SEG-Y of the output. Bear in mind

that this will only contain positive values as it is based on the

amplitude response in the frequency domain.

Normalizing

The contribution of the different frequencies to the trace data

over the time window can vary significantly. The frequencies

with smaller contributions will display with smaller amplitudes,

making them appear washed out when comparing to later slices.

This problem can be eliminated by normalizing the slices. To

normalize the data for each frequency slice use the Normalize

Amplitudes option. This process is similar to spectral balancing.

Exercise

1. Generating a Frequency Slice:

Select Spectral Decomposition from the Main

Launcher’s Seismic menu (see Figure 87).



Figure 87: Spectral Decomposition

Select Generate a Frequency Slice.

Select the "nsask" 3D from the Seismic Files list.

Leave the extents as selected and click .

Select Define By Single Horizon.

Select Horizon “C” and enter a Top Offset of “-25”

and a Bottom Offset of “75”.

Select a Cosine Window Taper and put the Taper

Percent at 15% and click (see Figure

88).



Figure 88: Spectral Decomposition Window Parameters

Enter a Start Frequency of “1” and an End

Frequency of “150”.

Leave the Increment as “1”.

Check on the Normalize Amplitude option and set

the Values dropdown window to Amplitude.

Enter a Slice Group and Description in the Slice File

section. Make sure to include the frequency range

and taper information as this will not be stored

elsewhere.

Leave the Output Folder set to the “Project

Directory”.



Figure 89: Spectral Decomposition Output

Uncheck Output SEG-Y and click and

then to create the slice file.

Press to close the Spectral

Decomposition window.

2. Viewing Time Slice

You can now view the slice you created to determine the

frequencies that best illustrate the desired features. These are

the frequencies for which you will generate discrete

frequency/time slices in the next step.

From the Basemap go to Selection and choose Time

Slice, or choose the Time slice selection icon from

the Basemap ( ).

Hold Ctrl and left click on the 3D opening the Time

slice Selection window.



Select the Spectral Decomposition slice you just

created.

Click Display to view.

In the Seismic Display Properties change the color

to “Rainbow"

Scroll through the slice to see at what frequencies

the channel and tributary are best demonstrated

(see Figure 90). Remember that each slice is

representative of the frequency displayed in the box

to the right of the scroll bar in the Seismic Viewer.

Figure 90: Time Slice

3. Generating a Discrete Frequency/Time Slice

As you scroll through the Frequency slice you can see that a

channel and tributary show up very clearly between 61and

62Hz. Now that we have narrowed down the frequency range



we can run the Spectral Decomposition again, this time using

the Generate Discrete Frequency/Time Slices option. This

option will generate a time slice volume for each selected

frequency with the z component of the slice file being time.

Reopen the Spectral Decomposition dialog and

select Generate Discrete Frequency/Time Slice.

Select the nsask 3D from the Seismic Files list,

leave the full extents and click .

Select Horizon “C” and leave the Top Offset at “-25”,

the Bottom Offset at “75” and the Cosine Taper at

“15” (see Figure 91).

Figure 91: Spectral Decomposition – Windowing Parameters

The Datum Time represents the time that will be

given to the first slice created. Enter an appropriate

Datum Time.

Set the Slice Window to “100”. Click .



Figure 92: Output

Set the Start at “61” Hz and the End at “62” Hz.

Leave the increment as “1” (see Figure 92). This will

create two slice files – one at 61 Hz and one at 62

Hz.

Enter a Description and a Slice Group for the slice

files. The frequency for each slice file will be added

to the end of the description. For example “100ms C

25-75 – 61Hz”.

Don’t output a SEG-Y file.

Click and .

4. Viewing Time Slices

Display one of the new time slices to determine at

what time certain events are occurring.



AUTOMATIC MISTIE ANALYSIS

Seismic lines of different vintages can have varying static, phase

and gains because of differences in acquisition and processing

parameters. You can compensate for these misties by using the

interactive mistie analysis on a line-by-line basis, or by using the

automatic mistie analysis on a group basis. The automatic mistie

analysis computes the static, phase, and gain mistie at each

intersection, then uses a least-squares routine to compute a

single static, phase, and gain to apply to each seismic line to

minimize the misties.

You can save the automatic mistie analysis as a ‘run’. This

allows you to save different analyses and restore them later.

The first time that you use the Automatic Mistie Analysis, you

will have to create a new run before the full Automatic MIstie

Analysis window opens with all of the options.

To perform a mistie run, you need to select the lines that will be

used for the run. To do so, use the “Add or Remove Line” button

to open a dialog that allows you to select your 2D lines from the

list or the Basemap. If selecting lines off the Basemap, click and

drag out an area to highlight lines, and use the arrow to move

the lines between the lists. Based on the lines selected, all

intersections will be displayed in the Mistie Dialog, and an initial

calculation will be performed. To perform the mistie analysis on

the intersections, modify the Parameters as needed, and click

on the “Calculate” button. If the results are satisfactory, you can

process the changes into the seismic lines using the “Apply

Results” button. This will create a new version of the seismic line

with the changes applied.



Mistie Parameters

The following is a list of all of the selection paramemters in the

Automatic Mistie Analysis window.

Add or Remove Line: Use this to add seismic lines to the

run.

Use All Intersections: This will toggle on all intersections

listed in the table in the Single View tab.

Minimum Confidence: Use this to set a minimum

confidence value. Any intersection with a confidence value

below the value specified will be deactivated from the run

and will not be included in the calculation.

Save As: This allows you to save the table of results to a file

for viewing.

Manual Mistie: Set the time window and the number of

traces that SeisWare uses on each side of the intersection

for the calculation. You also have the option to Display

Raw Intersection and Display Corrected Intersection, both

of which will display the data at that intersection in the

manual mistie analysis window, with or without corrections

applied.

Automatic Mistie: This section allows you to specify if to

calculate a Horizon or Seismic Mistie and some additional

options for the output.

Reference: Check this on to specify a line that should be

used as a reference. No changes will be made to the

reference line and the calculation will come to solution so

that other lines are adjusted to match the reference.

Horizon Mistie: If toggled, you will be able to select a

horizon that has been picked on your data. SeisWare will

then try to shift your seismic lines up and down so that the

horizon is continuous across the entire data set. The

“Advanced…” button allows you the option to change how

the results are applied (either to the seismic lines, or to the

horizons).



Seismic Mistie: Using the data in the windows specified in

the Manual Mistie section, SeisWare stacks the traces into

a single trace and cross-correlates the two resulting traces

to compute the optimum static, phase, or gain to apply to

eliminate the mistie. You can toggle on any combination of

the three parameters to be calculated.

Disable intersections with the RMS=0: This removes

intersections that have zero RMS values, to avoid a mistie

with dead traces.

Restrict phase to angle increments: When checked you

can specify an increment by which to rotate your phase.

SeisWare will then round the phase to the nearest

increment when applying the result.

Filter the Data: This will filter the data before SeisWare runs

the calculation. This does not reprocess the data but filters

it, in memory, for the mistie calculation.

Calculate: This will calculates the optimum single static

(Static Adj), phase (Phase Adj), and gain (RMS Adj) to

apply to the lines. These changes are saved to the

database until processed into the lines.

Apply Results: This will batch process the lines with the

changes that have been calculated.

Output Views:

Once the mistie has completed, you can display the misties in

two ways – the Single View tab, with a list of every possible

intersection that was selected, and the Dual View tab, with each

line and the intersecting lines, once you select the line.

In the Dual View tab, you can select a line to see the static,

phase and gain that will be applied to the selected line. The

Intersects With section displays all intersections between the

highlighted line and all intersecting lines selected in the run. For

each row, SeisWare lists the before and after statistics:



The before columns are before any mistie correction is applied.

The after columns list the information after the phase, static, and

RMS corrections, listed in Seismic Lines, have been applied.

Note that these are differences at the intersection location. The

Confidence column is the correlation coefficient from the cross-

correlation with the data at the intersection.

A check mark at the left of the Line column indicates that

SeisWare is using the intersection in resolving the mistie. If you

do not want to include this intersection in the mistie resolution,

because of poor data quality, static problems, or any other

reason, turn off the box.

Exercise

1. Creating a New Mistie Run

From the Main Launcher’s Seismic menu, select

Automatic Mistie Analysis to open the Select

Mistie Run window (see Figure 93).



Figure 93: Select Mistie Run Window.

Click on the toggle for “Create new run”.

Enter “First Mistie Run” in the Name and Description

fields.

Click to open the Automatic Mistie

Analysis window as shown in Figure 94.



Figure 94: Automatic Mistie Analysis Window

Click on the button and the

Select Seismic Lines window should appear (Figure

95).

On the Basemap, click and drag an area to cover all

of the 2D seismic data.

Click to move the selected lines from the

Available Seismic Lines to the Seismic Lines Used

list, and click .



Figure 95: Select Seismic Lines Window

Enter a Start Time of “600” and an End Time of

“1900”.

Set # Traces to “9”.

Leave the Reference line unchecked.

Ensure that Seismic Mistie is checked and that

Static, Phase, and Gain are checked.

Ensure that Disable Intersects with RMS = 0 is

checked.

Leave Restrict Phase to Angle Increments

unchecked.

Check on Filter The Data. Enter a Low Truncation of

“8”, a Low Cut of “12”, a High Cut of “40”, and a High

Truncation of “48”.

Click the button.

The results from the calculation are now displayed in the

Automatic Mistie Analysis window. Every intersection that exists

for the lines selected is shown on the Single View. The Dual

View allows you to select a line and see a list of the intersecting

lines.



Checking the Mistie Result

Automatic mistie analysis is usually an iterative process. You

generate a run and calculate the mistie corrections. Then you

check the misties after correction to see how much the output is

improved. In many cases, several intersections do not tie and

they prevent the grid from resolving properly. This can be

because of subsurface geology, such as faulting in the area,

processing problems, or other factors. To drop these

intersections from the mistie calculation, check off the box

beside Line for the intersections. Then click the Calculate button

again, and SeisWare calculates the mistie corrections without

the deactivated intersections.

You can also use “Display Raw Intersection” and “Display

Corrected Intersection” to view the data at any intersection.

SeisWare opens the Quick Mistie - Seismic Viewer window, with

an arbitrary line displayed at the intersection of the two lines. It

also opens a Quick Mistie - Zoom window over the start and end

times defined, and the interactive Mistie Analysis window with

the computed optimum corrections (see Figure 96). If using

“Display Raw Intersection”, the data displayed is before any

mistie corrections are applied. “Display Corrected Intersection”

shows the displayed windows with the computed correction

applied. Use the intersection displays to check the effectiveness

of the computed mistie corrections.



Figure 96: Quick Mistie – Zoom and Mistie Analysis Windows

Exercise

Choose the Dual View tab.

Highlight the first line in the Seismic Lines list,

“CS030.FLT.FLT.0”.

Highlight line “NSX020.MIG.0” in the Intersects With

section.

Click the button in the

Manual Mistie section.

Check the zoomed seismic display and the cross-

correlation at the bottom of the Mistie Analysis

window. Close the windows.

Click the button in the

Automatic Mistie Analysis window.



Compare the zoomed seismic display and the

corrected cross-correlation with the raw

ones displayed earlier. To toggle back and forth,

click the Display Raw Intersection and Display

Corrected Intersection buttons.

Mistie Dots on the Basemap

Another tool for checking the results of the Automatic MIstie

Analyis is the mistie dot display on the Basemap. These pie

diagrams display at all intersections on the Basemap. One

segment of the pie represents the static mistie, one represents

the phase mistie, and the third represents the gain mistie. You

can look at these values before any mistie corrections are

applied to the data and after using the results from the

calculation. SeisWare posts the values that the pie colors

represent beside each segment. These values are also

annotated at the side of the color legend. Ideally for a good

mistie result these differences should be close to 0, so check

your color bar scale to determine what colors represent good

(close to 0) and bad intersection.

Exercise

Open General Basemap Properties, and select

Mistie Settings from the Color Properties menu.

Select “First Mistie Run” from the Mistie Run drop-

down field.

Check on Show Misties Before Correction, and also

check on Show Static Mistie, Show Phase Mistie,

and Show Gain Mistie.

Check on Post Mistie Values and click .



SeisWare now displays pie diagrams at all intersections on the

Basemap.

Open General Basemap Properties, and select

Mistie Settings from the Color Properties menu.

In the Mistie Settings window, check on Show

Misties After Correction, and click .

Creating Jumpties

The automatic mistie analysis only tries to resolve 2D

intersections. If you have 3D datasets, 2D lines that do not

intersect another 2D line, or well data that needs to be tied, you

must create a jump tie.

In order to add a jump tie you must close the Automatic Mistie

window, then add the jump tie.

To add a jump tie, use the Jump Tie icon ( ) from the

Seismic Selection Toolbar. Select an existing mistie run and left

click twice on a point where both 2D and 3D exist. Right click to

add the point to the mistie run. After the tie is added, you can re-

open the mistie run and the intersection (and 3D) will appear in

the dialog.

You can use the same method to create jump ties between well

synthetics and 2D or 3D data, and 2D to 2D lines.

Exercise

From the Basemap, select the Jump Tie icon

( ) from the seismic selection drop down to

open the Add Jump Tie window.



Figure 97: Add Jump Tie Window

Move your mouse onto the Basemap – it appears as

a crosshair with the Select jump tie icon above it.

Click a point on a 2D line that is near SW3D.

SeisWare fills the First Point list with all the data

points close to your mouse click. If a 2D line isn’t

highlighted, click on it to highlight it.

Click on SW3Don the Basemap near the 2D line you

selected.

In the Second Point list, highlight the SW3D.

Right-click on the Basemap to end the jump tie.

SeisWare now displays this jump tie in the

intersection list in the Add Jump Tie window.



Re-open the Automatic Mistie window making sure

to select the same run that you created earlier.

Click to recalculate the

mistie.

Check the 3D to 2D jump mistie dots before and

after the correction.

Do not apply these results for this exercise.



APPENDIX A: DEPTH SEISMIC

Loading Depth Data

SeisWare software cannot currently distinguish between

milliseconds, meters or feet when loading in SEG-Y volumes. As

a result, when you are loading your seismic data, you have to

flag the SEG-Y volume as such. There are two ways to do this -

either in the Data Loading wizard, or in Seismic Line Properties,

after the volume has been loaded.

Flagging Depth in the Data Loader:

From the Data Format page of the Data

Loading wizard, click on the

button. In the Vertical Units field, use the

Override dropdown to select the appropriate

unit of the depth volume, either meters or feet.

Note that when you click on ,

“Milliseconds” will show on the left by default.

Flagging Depth in Line Properties:

After a line is loaded, you can change the

vertical units of the volume in Seismic Line

Properties. Go to the Files tab of Line

Properties, and double click on the line to bring

up the Detailed Properties. There is a Vertical

Units dropdown that can be set to

Milliseconds, Meters or Feet.

After the data is loaded in with the correct units, the wells and

associated data should line up appropriately.

Seismic Depth Datum:

For newly loaded depth seismic there is a depth datum that is

used to reference the data. This enables you to view your



seismic in Subsea or TVD depths. Note that by default, seismic

and grid data will all be displayed in subsea. The Depth Datum

is assumed to be 0 for new data.

To change the depth datum select Edit Seismic Datum from

the Edit menu in Seismic Line Properties. You can change

either the time or depth seismic datums here.

Horizons

Horizons that are picked in time will only show up on time

volumes, and horizons picked in depth will only display on depth

volumes. You can work with your depth seismic in the same

manner as you do with your time seismic.

Please keep in mind that any horizons picked on a depth

volume before the release of SeisWare version 7.04.00 were

assumed to be picked in time. This may cause some conflict

with any new work done as you move forward after the SEG-Y

volume has been flagged with depth Vertical Units. To convert

any existing horizons, use the Horizon Calculator.

To correctly convert the old horizon, use the Calculation:

"New Horizon" = "Old Horizon" * 1

specifying the Output Type as "Normal" and Units as either

"Meters" or "Feet" to match the Vertical Units of your seismic.

Grids

Grids should be created in the units that match your depth data,

so that contours will associate with horizons appropriately. In the

Grid and Contour dialog, ensure to use/turn off the metric toggle

on the Grid Technique page as required.



Other data items should behave as expected with no other

changes required.

Annotation Changes

In the Seismic Viewer, you can annotate the seismic in subsea

or TVD. The default recommended and applied is subsea.

Changing seismic depth annotation:

From the Seismic Display Properties go to the

Annotation tab and adjust the Depth

Annotation. Select the desired depth values.

Changing Tops Annotation:

From the Seismic Display Properties go to the

Tops tab and adjust the Top Value. Select the

desired display for the depth values.

On the Basemap, picked horizons can be displayed in either

subsea or TVD. The default setting is subsea.

Changing Horizon Units on the Basemap

From General Basemap Properties open the

Ribbon Settings section of Color Properties

and use the Show depth horizons in subsea to

toggle the depth unit.

In other applications in SeisWare, where the option to use a

depth volume/depth horizon is present, you will often see a

toggle for "Use Subsea". This will enable you to switch the

assumption in that dialog from subsea to TVD



APPENDIX B: SEISWARE GLOSSARY

Acculink Allows a user to retrieve general well information and well tops directly

from an AccuMap database.

Active Only active files will appear on the Basemap and in dialog menus. Seismic,

culture, grids, rasters, faults and horizons all have an Active flag

associated with them.

Active Dialogs Menus or windows of information that are associated the

Basemap. These windows can be attached, or "docked," to any side of the

parent window, or "floated" in their own independent miniature window.

These include Colorbar, Criteria Legend, Current Selection, Line Tracker,

Scale Bar, Status Bar Navigation Pane and Well Posting.

Arbline Selector A tool that allows you to select 2D and/or 3D seismic for display

in the Seismic Viewer. The left mouse button is used to select seismic

segments, and right click is used to launch the Seismic Viewer.

Bubbles Allows user to scale well symbols based on numerical information.

CDP Common Depth Point numbering for a 2D. Typically this value increments by

1.

Criteria Allows user to post a marker shape on a well symbol based on a specified

condition.

Culture Drawn or imported objects on the Basemap that include grid lines

(township, section lines, lsd..etc), contours, polygons, land boundaries,

bodies of water, roads, pipes…etc.

Data Pipeline Allows you to retrieve data directly from various configured

databases, and bypass the need for exporting and importing data.

DIC Data Integrity Checker, used to troubleshoot data contained in a SeisWare

project. Runs an analysis on specified data type and outputs a report.

Docking View A window, such as an Active Dialog, that can be attached, or

"docked", to any side of its parent window, or "floated" in its own

independent window.

Dongle License key used as a form of software security to prevent the illegal

unsanctioned use of SeisWare. Most SeisWare dongles are green USB

keys.

Duplicate Tops Formation tops with identical name, source, and depth.



Ends and Bends The angle used to specify the amount that a 2D line can change

direction before the change is drawn on the Basemap. 2D lines will appear

smoother on the Basemap. For example if 5 degrees is set then any 2D

line that has a bend of 5 degrees or less will draw straight.

Fixed Size (Inches) Text sizes that are fixed and will not scale as you zoom in or

out.

Formations A geological formation. For a Top to exist in SeisWare the Formation

must also exist.

Generate Synthetic Uses the sonic log and velocity curve to create a synthetic

track that can be placed in the Seismic Viewer. A generated synthetic can

be manipulated within the Seismic Viewer.

Goto Used to center the map on the data item selected and highlight it.

Grid Coordinates that contain a z value to represent a surface (time, depth, etc.).

Can be seen as a colored surface on the Basemap and is usually

associated with a contour layer.

GWC Grid, wells, and culture. Files usually used to setup a project.

GWI General well information including UWI, Status, Depth Datum, and locations.

Header Beginning of a SEG-Y file that contains all the information regarding the

SEG-Y files contents. The header can be viewed in a SEG-Y viewer.

Inactive Files that are in a project but not visible in layer properties or any other

dialogs other then the properties dialog.

Index File File used to map individual traces in a 3D SEG-Y file to their respective

lines. All SeisWare 3D’s have one of these files and the file must reside in

the same directory as the 3D.

Inserted Synthetic allows the user to insert a SEG-Y synthetic track into the

seismic viewer. This file can be bulk shifted but not manipulated in any

other way.

Key Map The portion of the Basemap that is currently visible in the window.

Keyword A mapping of the byte locations for a SEG-Y file. Usually created when

loading seismic.

Layer Visibility Allows user to define which layers are visible at specified scales on

the Basemap.

Line Sequence Number Inline numbering for a 3D, typically displays as a step

function in a graph.



LMB Left mouse button.

Main Launcher Main window (bar) in SeisWare. Many of SeisWare’s features can

be found here. It is the menu that first opens when SeisWare is launched.

Montage Editor Allows user to alter the print out appearance by placing objects

and defining the size of those objects in a custom manner.

Multi-Layer Seismic Viewer will display each segment selected on top of one

another within the same viewer.

Multi-Segment Seismic Viewer will display each segment selected side-by-side

within the same viewer.

Posting Placing text information on the Basemap. Can be applied to wells, seismic,

horizons, and grids.

Posting Tolerance This value is used to ensure that values are posted when they

increase irregularly. For example if shot values are not exact numbers and

the software may be attempting to post a value of 100, and the nearest

shot is 100.05, this will still be posted if the posting tolerance is more than

.05.

Project List Text file that contains the information contained in Project Properties

including the project location and description.

Quick Iso Allows a user to select 2 horizons and create and isochron or amplitude

on the fly which will not be saved to the database. Quick Iso results will be

displayed with quotation marks around them.

Raster A picture placed on the Basemap, typically a geotiff image.

Ribbon Color on the Basemap. Ribbons may be 2D and 3D horizon information,

grid information or well information.

RMB Right mouse button.

SEG-Y Viewer Window where SeisWare displays the header information of a SEG-

Y file.

Seismic Viewer A display of seismic in time.

Shot Sequence Number Shot point numbering for a 2D, typically it increments by

0.5.

Source A name used to denote where well information was obtained. Can

represent a specific person or software package.

Tops Formation depth value for a well.



Trace Sequence Number Crossline numbering for a 3D, typically displays as a saw

tooth pattern in graph.

Variable Size (Meters) Layer objects which are drawn the exact size specified.

Objects will become larger or smaller as you zoom in and out.

Wavelet Analysis Tool that will perform a cross correlation or Manhattan distance

comparison using multiple wavelets. Also referred to as facies analysis.

Working Set Working set files are the currently active version for a given line.

These will be the default versions that appear on the map, or in any

dialog.

Documents

Advanced Interpretation 7.4