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Advancing the SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting – Experience from the UN pilot project
Julian Chow
Environmental Economic Accounts Section
United Nations Statistics Division
A Community on Ecosystem Services (ACES) Conference 2016
Jacksonville, USA, 5-9 December 2016
Outline
• Overview
• Advancing Natural Capital Accounting
(ANCA) project
> Country assessments
> Testing of pilot accounts – Mexico and
South Africa
• Methodological development in 2016
International bodies for SEEA
United Nations Committee of Experts on Environmental Economic Accounting
(UNCEEA)The governing body for the mainstreaming and implementation of the SEEA. Established by the UN Statistical
Commission at its at its 36th Session in 2005.
Chair: Bert Kroese, Statistics Netherlands || Secretariat: UNSD
Technical Committee of the SEEA Central Framework
Technical Committee of the SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting
London Group on Environmental Economic Accounting
Forum of Experts on SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)
• The SEEA Central Framework was adopted as an international statistical standard by the UN Statistical Commission in 2012
• The SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting complements the Central Framework and represents international efforts toward coherent ecosystem accounting
Pilot countries for the UNSD-UNEP-CBD project
> Pilot countries for the project: Bhutan, Indonesia, Chile, Mauritius,
Mexico, South Africa, Vietnam (in green)
> Non-exhausted list of associated countries that have pilot
ecosystem accounts (in blue)
Assessment and developing national plan
Country assessment
PHASE 1
• Institutionalisation
• Policy Issues
• Prioritized account
• Socialization
PHASE 2
•Data availability
•Data gap analysis
• Capacity Building
PHASE 3
•Drafting strategic plan to compile environmental account
PHASE 4
• Implementation
What issues of interest?
What are the accounts that could inform these issues?
Which accounts are most feasible to produce?
What is the relative priority of each account?
What data are available?
What are the resources available?
What enabling factors are needed?
Country assessment reports
•National assessment reports were completed for each country
focusing on the following issues
> Policy context and national strategies (national development plans,
national sustainable development plans, NBSAPS, green economy
strategies, etc.)
> Measurement initiatives in the country
⁻ Key institutions and institutional arrangements
⁻ Environmental accounts priorities
⁻ Technical capacity needs and data availability (data sources and data sharing
tools)
⁻ Conclusions
Bhutan Chile Indonesia Mauritius Mexico South
Africa
Vietnam
Statistics Lead √ Lead Lead Lead Lead √
Environment √ Lead √ √ √ √ √
Agriculture √ √ √ √ √ √ √
Planning √ √ √ √
Economy √ √ √ √ √
Central Bank √ √ √
Biodiversity √ √ Co-lead √
Forest √ √ √ √ √
University √
International
agencies
UNDP ECLAC
UNDPUNDP
World Bank
FAO
UN-REDD+
UNEP
UNDP
IOC
UNDP
UNEP
EU
UNDP
EU
UNDPWorld Bank
FAO
Stakeholders
National plans for advancing environmental-economic accounting
• National plan include:
> Rationale and justification
> High-level outcome
> Building blocks/outputs
> Common methodology
> Concrete actions
• National plan discussed during the second mission during a
high level meeting with relevant stakeholders and adopted
subsequently
Example: Indonesia – overview of policies and prioritized accounts
TYPE OF ACCOUNT POLICY ISSUE AGENCIES
LAND ACCOUNTS (including
forest and agricultural land)
RPJMN 2015-2019, Gazetting Forest
Lands, Spatial Planning Law, Green
Economy, food security, REDD+, Aichi
Target 2, One Map
BPS, LHK, BAPPENAS,
MenKeu, DepTan, Bulog,
LAPAN, BPPT, BIG
WATER ASSET ACCOUNTS;
Water Supply & Use Accounts
RPJMN 2015-2019, Green Economy,
Spatial Planning Law
BPS, LHK, BAPPENAS,
MenKeu, DPU, LAPAN,
BPPT
CARBON STOCK ACCOUNTS;
Carbon Supply & Use Accounts;
RPJMN 2015-2019, Green Economy,
Climate Change, REDD+
BPS, LHK, BAPPENAS,
MenKeu, DehHut,
ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
ACCOUNTS (especially for flood
control)
RPJMN 2015-2019, Green Economy,
Climate Change
BPS, LHK, BAPPENAS,
MenKeu, BNPB
Adjusted Net Savings and
economic valuation of natural
capital
Financing of environmental initiatives BPS, BAPPENAS,
MenKeu
Ecosystem Condition and
Biodiversity Accounts
RPJMN 2015-2019, Green Economy,
REDD+, Aichi Target 2,
BPS, LHK, BAPPENAS
Example: Indonesia – Proposed governance
Steering Committee
Technical Committee
Working Groups
Subject Matter Groups Functional Groups
SEEA
Land, Water, Carbon
Ecosystem
ONE
COMMITTEE
FOR ALL
INITIAVES
Data, Standards,
Dissem.
Policy
Spatial Analysis
(Deputy Ministers)
(Directors)
(Head of Divisions)
Observations
• Political support for the national plan varies in different
countries. Important to have a political champion
• National plan serves as a basis for developing the work
programme and soliciting funding and capacity support for the
work
• One steering committee for overseeing different (international)
initiatives allows better coordination and use of resources
• Links to the System of National Accounts and the SEEA Central
Framework were often highlighted during the assessment
• Important to establish data sharing mechanism among different
agencies. National statistics offices has a role to play on this
Testing of pilot accounts – Experiences from Mexico and South Africa
Ecosystem Accounting model
Statistical units
Ecosystem Territory (e.g. geographical
aggregation for large administrative area
or bioregion)
Ecosystem assets
(EA)
Basic Spatial Unit (BSU)
Ecosystem assets
• Spatial areas that form the
conceptual base for
accounting and the
integration of relevant
statistics.
• Delineation is based on
ecological characteristics
• Where various ecological
data are not available, a
land cover based
delineation can be used
as a starting point
Broad steps in ecosystem accounting
Ecosystem thematic accounts: Land, Carbon, Water, BiodiversitySupporting information: Socio-economic conditions and activities, ecological production functionsTools: classifications, spatial units, scaling, aggregation, biophysical modellingSource: Official statistics, spatial data, remote sensing data
a. Physical Accounts
b. Monetary Accounts
Supporting information: SNA accounts, I-O tablesTools: Valuation techniques
South African pilot study -Ecosystem extent accounts (by biome) for KZN
Source:Driver, A., Nel, J.L., Smith, J., Daniels, F., Poole, C.J., Jewitt, D. & Escott, B.J. 2015. Land and ecosystem accounting in
KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Discussion document for Advancing SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Project,
October 2015. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
National river ecosystem condition account
National River Ecosystem Accounts for South Africa x Discussion Document, October 2015
Table A: Ecosystem extent account for rivers in South Africa, showing length of main rivers, tributaries and all rivers
Kilometres Main rivers Tributaries All rivers
Opening stock 1999 76 310 87 223 163 533
Opening stock as % of total river length 47 53 100
Additions/reductions
Additions/reductions as a % opening stock
Opening stock 2011 76 310 87 223 163 533
Opening stock as % of total river length 47 53 100
The extent of rivers can be summarised to a range of reporting units, including administrative units
and biophysical units. Table B (or Table 8 in the main report) shows extent of rivers by the nine
Water Management Areas (WMAs) in South Africa (see Figure 9 in the main report for a map of
WMAs), which are important administrative units for management of water resources. The larger
WMAs tend to have a higher proportion of river length. Table C (or Table 9 in the main report) shows
extent of rivers by four longitudinal zones that are associated with different ecological
characteristics of rivers – from mountain streams through to lowland rivers. The majority of South
Africa’s rivers are upper or lower foothill rivers, with a moderate gradient and little to no floodplain.
Lowland rivers with distinct floodplains make up only 9% of total river length, making them relatively
rare, especially compared to many northern hemisphere countries. The fertile floodplains of these
lowland rivers are in high demand for intensive cultivation. It is also possible to show the extent
account by South Africa’s 31 river ecoregions (see Table 10 in main report, and Figure 7 for a map of
river ecoregions).
Table B: Ecosystem extent account for rivers by Water Management Area
Kilometres Main rivers Tributaries All rivers % total river
length
Berg‐Olifants 4 166 6 078 10 243 6Breede‐Gouritz 5 313 7 129 12 441 8Inkomati‐Usuthu 3 808 2 289 6 097 4Limpopo 6 117 5 625 11 742 7Mzimvubu‐Tsitsikamma
16 000 17 317 33 317 20
Olifants 6 242 4 722 10 964 7Orange 13 104 23 580 36 684 22Pongola‐Mzimkulu 10 613 7 272 17 884 11Vaal 10 948 13 212 24 160 15Total 76 310 87 233 163 533 100
* Percentage is based on the total length of all rivers in South Africa
National river ecosystem condition accounts
NationaDiscussi
Table E: main rive
Kilometr
MAIN R
Opening
Opening
Increase
Increase
Opening
Opening
TRIBUT
Opening
Opening
Increase
Increase
Opening
Opening
ALL RIV
Opening
Opening
Increase
Increase
Opening
Opening
Figure C:rivers, tr
l River Ecosyon Documen
Ecosystem coers, tributarie
res
RIVERS
g stock 1999
g stock as a % to
e/decreases
es/decreases as
g stock 2011
g stock as a % to
TARIES
g stock 1999
g stock as a % to
e/decreases
es/decreases as
g stock 2011
g stock as a % to
VERS
g stock 1999
g stock as a % to
e/decreases
es/decreases as
g stock 2011
g stock as a % to
: Change in thibutaries and
ystem Account, October 2
ondition accoues and all rive
otal river length
% opening sto
otal river length
otal river length
% opening sto
otal river length
otal river length
% opening sto
otal river length
he extent of ri all rivers, 199
nts for South2015
unt for rivers rs
Natura
46 541
h 61
‐24 100
ck ‐52
22 441
h 29
40 294
h 46
‐17 062
ck ‐42
23 232
h 27
86 835
h 53
‐41 163
ck ‐47
45 673
h 28
iver length in 99 – 2011
h Africa
based on the
Degree
l Moderatemodified
1 22
1
0 9
2
1 31
9
4 7 4
6
2 11
2
2 18
7
5 29
3
3 20
7
3 50
8
each aggrega
e aggregated e
of modification
ely d
Heavilymodifie
315 2 79
29
467 13 16
42 47
782 15 96
42 2
470 2 08
9
339 4 76
152 22
809 6 85
22
784 4 87
18
806 17 93
70 36
591 22 81
31 1
ated ecologica
ecological con
n from natural
y d
Unacceptably
modified
91 1 02
4
68 1 46
72 14
60 2 49
21
84 32
2
66 95
29 29
50 1 28
8
75 1 35
3
35 2 42
68 17
10 3 77
14
al condition c
ndition catego
t‐
d
No Data
26 3 637
1 5
65
43
92 3 637
3 5
28 37 047
42
7
92
85 37 047
1 42
54 40 684
1 25
2
79
76 40 684
2 25
ategory, for m
xiv
ory, for
Total
76 310
100
76 310
100
87 223
100
87 223
100
163 533
100
163 533
100
main
National river ecosystem condition accounts (mapping)
NationaDiscussi
Figure D:1999 and
Conditio
With the
ecologic
main rep
indicatio
absence
The Eco
quinary
an index
regional
Table F a
estimate
10.6% b
tributari
l River Ecosyon Documen
: Maps of thed 2011
on account us
e aim of simp
cal condition
port for mor
on of the deg
e of significan
logical Cond
(fifth‐order)
x were to be
l, continenta
and Figure E
e of Ecologic
etween 1999
ies than mai
ystem Account, October 2
aggregated e
sing Ecologic
plifying the p
category to
re detail on t
gree of modi
nt modificati
ition Index is
catchments
developed i
l or global sc
(or Table 15
cal Condition
9 and 2011,
n rivers. Figu
nts for South2015
ecological con
ca l Condition
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an Ecologica
he method u
ification, wh
ion by huma
s scalable in
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tly lower rate
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rivers and all r
nt, we conve
igure 15 and
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ries, it could
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and better co
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rted the agg
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hysical units.
be summar
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erall for
Technical DatasheetLand cover and use map according to INEGI Land useand vegetation classification systemSeries III (2002)From Landsat TMScale: 1:250,000Projection: Albers Equal Area (datum ITRF92)State: Aguascalientes.Minimum Mappable Area (BSU): agriculture and induced pasture (25 ha); vegetation communities (50 ha); water bodies, islands, shorelines, etc., considered with other criterion.
Extent Account in Mexico
Technical DatasheetLand cover and use map according to INEGI Land useand vegetation classification systemSeries V (2011)From Landsat ETM5Scale: 1:250,000Projection: Albers Equal Area (datum ITRF92)State: Aguascalientes.Minimum Mappable Area (BSU): agriculture and induced pasture (25 ha); vegetation communities (50 ha); water bodies, islands, shorelines, etc., considered with other criterion.
Urban and associated areas
Pasture and natural grassland
Schrubland, bushland, heathland
Permanent crops, agriculture plantations
Inland water bodies
Forest tree cover
Medium to large fields of irrigated cropland
Medium to large fields of rain-fed cropland
Barren land
Mexico - step forward
• To continue with the development of the accounts
for all entities and municipalities of the country.
• 32 federal entities in the country
• 2,456 municipalities
• To evaluate the minimum mappable level. Each
Federal Entity has different level of statistical and
geographic information development.
AGS COL VER CHIHCAMP MOR
CHIS BC BCS
1. Ecosystem extent accounts
2. Ecosystem condition accounts
2.1. Soil
2.2. Water
2.3. Carbon
2.4. Biodiversity3. Ecosystem services supply and use accounts (physical units)
3.1. Soil
3.2. Water
3.3. Biodiversity
3.4. Carbon
4. Ecosystem services supply and use
accounts (monetary units)
4.1. Soil
4.2. Water
4.3. Biodiversity
4.4. Carbon
Finished
In process
To do
2016
Progress in 2016 - step forward
Data sources
• Data sources – Although international data source could provide for a
minimum of data harmonization, national data are the logical and preferred
starting point for data collection.,
• The following is a list of national data sources used for measuring extent and
condition of water-related ecosystem services
> Survey and administrative data on water flows and volume of water from
the national statistics office,
> Survey and administrative data on water flows and volume of water from
the Ministry of water or relevant line ministries
> Hydrologicial/meteorological data from national meteorology office
> Land cover data/spatial data from the relevant mapping agencies
• In South Africa is an example, where SANBI and Department of Water and
Sanitation, and Statistics South Africa has worked together in building the
water ecosystem account
Observations:
• Investment in land cover datasets in time series is required, as this
is an essential foundation for land and ecosystem accounts.
> Data need to be available at regular interval
> Data need to be comparable over time
> All area should be accounted for
• Land cover classes may not particularly useful for delineating
ecosystem units, but can be a useful proxy for ecosystem
condition, especially where no better data on condition exists.
• The scope of the ecological condition data is recommended to be
national, but the spatial scale should be sufficiently disaggregated
Observations
• Indicator of ecological conditions should reflect a combination of
> System drivers in the class of ecosystems concerned (such as
hydrological changes in freshwater systems)
> Habitat attribute (such as degree of fragmentation, instream
siltration)
> Biological responses of ecosystems and associated species
(such as changes of population of particular species, loss of
species richness)
• Indicators should be assessed/quantified in relation to a reference
condition for the ecosystem type concerned
Observations
For fully integrated land, ecosystem asset and ecosystem services
accounts, several elements are required:
• Stable ecosystem units based on ecosystem types that have been
mapped and classified to reflect ecological characteristics related to
composition, structure and function,
• An understanding of how these ecosystem units link to ecosystem
services (via their functional characteristics)
• An understanding of how conversion of each ecosystem unit from
natural to various semi‐natural or substantially modified land
cover classes impacts on its ability to provide ecosystem services.
ecosystem extent, ecosystem condition and ecosystem service
supply
Methodological development in 2016
Updated SEEA EEA Research agenda
• Updated in 2016 to reflect the priorities and additional research issues identified
by the UNCEEA in June 2016,.
• Identified priorities for the research agenda includes
> Spatial units and their delineations;
> Indicators of ecosystem condition;
> Selection and measurement of ecosystem services including ecosystem
services classifications;
> Articulation of the links between ecosystem assets, their conditions and the
supply of ecosystem services
> Valuation of ecosystem services and assets, and relating market land values to
ecosystem asset values.
Update research agenda can be downloaded from
unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/ceea/meetings/eleventh_meeting/BK-11-3b-1.pdf
SEEA EEA Technical Recommendations• Complements the SEEA EEA to provides a range of content to support testing and research
on ecosystem accounting
• Currently undergo consultation process
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Ecosystem accounts and approach to measurement
3. Organizing spatial data and accounting for ecosystem extent
4. The ecosystem condition account
5. Accounting for flows of ecosystem services
6. Valuation in ecosystem accounting
7. Accounting for ecosystem assets in monetary terms
8. Integrating ecosystem accounting with standard national accounts
9. Thematic accounts – Land, Water, Carbon and Biodiversity
Ecosystem services classification
• Two expert group meetings organized in collaboration between the European
Environment Agency, US Environmental Protection Agency and UNSD were
held in 2016:
> review the three existing classification for ecosystem services,- CICES,
FEGS-CS, and NESCS;
> explored the role of each system for the compilation of the SEEA
Experimental Ecosystem Accounting;
> discussed the key criteria, principles, and structure for an international
classification for ecosystem services.
• Meeting report (1st meeting in June, New York)
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/workshops/ES_Classification_2016/Towards%20a%20Standard%20Internatio
nal%20Classification%20on%20Ecosystem%20Services%20-%20Final%20report
• Follow-up workshop has been proposed in 2017 to go through the outcome
of follow-up technical work between key players and potentially the results
of the case-study comparisons. Meeting report:
Earth observation data for official statistics
• As part of work of the UN Big Data Global Working Group Task
Teams on Satellite Imagery and Geospatial Data, the drafting of the
handbook on Earth Observation Data for Official Statistics has been
undergoing in 2016 to provide guidance to the National Statistics
Offices for the use of earth observation data and to explore the use
of statistical method to improve the earth observation data.
• It is expected the ongoing work in this area will contribute to SEEA
EEA research and testing agenda, in particular on issues related to
land cover and spatial units.
Acknowledgements
The ANCA project is a collaboration between The United
Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Secretariat of
the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and is
supported by the Government of Norway.
