Afghanistan and FAO Achievements and success stories · Afghanistan and FAO Achievements and success stories. ... just for living but also for the economy. ... Afghanistan and FAO

FAO Representation in AfghanistanMay 2011

Afghanistan and FAOAchievements and success stories

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© FAO 2011

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Acronyms

ANSOR Afghanistan National Seed Organization

EC European Commission

EIRP Emergency Irrigation Rehabilitation Project

ERU Emergency and Rehabilitation Unit

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GCP Government Cooperation Programme

GDP Gross Domestic Products

HLP Horticulture and Livestock Project

HSC Hambastagi Seed Company

IDS Integrated Dairy Scheme

IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development

IRDP Irrigation Restoration and Development Project

ISE Improved Seed Enterprise

ITAP Immediate and Transitional Assistance Programme

KDU Kunduz Dairy Union

KKBSE Khawja Kafter Baba Seed Enterprises

MAIL Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and livestock

MDG Millennium Development Gaol

MEW Ministry of Energy and Water

MoPH Ministry of Public Health

MT Metric Tonne

NDB National Development Budget

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NSB National Seed Board

TAPA Transitional Assistance Programme for Afghanistan

TCP Technical Cooperation Programme

UN United Nations

UTF Unilateral Trust Fund

VGL Village Group Leader

VPPG village poultry producer group

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Introduction

A fghanistan became of member of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1949. With some of the world’shighest levels of under nutrition and poverty, the Afghan government has focused national efforts on improving

the livelihoods for all sections of the rural community based upon economically viable activities – food production,off-farm employment and trade.

FAO in Afghanistan supports the rehabilitation and development of the agricultural sector and assists the countrytowards becoming food secure and self-reliant.

Specifically, FAO seeks to: a) assist vulnerable farmers resume their livelihoods; b) improve food security and nutrition;c) ensure sustainable management of natural resources; d) promote sustainable agriculture and rural development;e) contribute to the generation of viable alternative livelihoods; and f ) build capacity in the agricultural sector at nationaland local levels.

The Organization plays a leading role in the UN’s coordination of assistance to agriculture in emergency andrehabilitation situations. FAO is the co-chair of the food security and agriculture cluster, and the FAO Emergency andRehabilitation Unit (ERU) seeks to initiate agricultural rehabilitation and prepare the pathway towards development.

Donors to FAO’s programme in Afghanistan include Belgium, the European Commission, Germany, Italy, Japan, theNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, UN Mission, MDG-Spain and thegovernment of Afghanistan through loans and grant from World Bank and IFAD. FAO has also contributed resources forthe development of agriculture in Afghanistan from its own resources under the Technical Cooperation Programme(TCP).

Three areas of cooperation are highlighted in this publication: the rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure, improvedseed production and distribution, and increased production of dairy products including milk and eggs.

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1. Analytical summary

FAO has been active in Afghanistan for many years,focusing traditionally on supporting livestock, natural

resource management and cereal crop production.

Unfortunately, after the Russian intervention in 1978 theOrganization’s interventions were limited, and after thecollapse of the communist regime in 1992, FAO operatedfrom Pakistan with very small-scale activities inAfghanistan.

The Organization increased its support to agriculture afterthe fall of the Taliban government in 2001, given therenewed focus of the international community onsupporting national unity and development.

In consultation with the government and other UNagencies, FAO participated in two UN appeals: theImmediate and Transitional Assistance Programme for theAfghan People in 2002 (ITAP) and the TransitionalAssistance Programme for Afghanistan (TAPA) for 2003.

Since 2004, FAO has worked with key governmentministries to identify the priorities for the agriculturalsector in Afghanistan for inclusion in the NationalDevelopment Budget (NDB) for 2004 and 2005. Asa result, many development, rehabilitation andemergency projects have been and are beingimplemented by FAO, working with three Afghanministries – the Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation andLivestock (MAIL), the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)and the Ministry of Public of Health (MoPH).

1.1 Bringing life-giving irrigation to smallfarmers

Water is the lifeblood for the people of Afghanistan, notjust for living but also for the economy. The economy hastraditionally been dominated by agriculture, which nowaccounts for over half the Gross Domestic Products andemploys 66 percent of the Afghanistan’s irrigation andother water supply systems, which are vital for theagricultural economy.

Because so much of Afghanistan’s infrastructure wasdestroyed in decades of war and civil strife, rehabilitationof the country’s agriculture infrastructure remains a high

priority. Strategically of immense importance is theprovision of regular water for farming – in a countrytraditionally suffering from recurrent droughts, recordcold and snowfalls. Consecutive droughts are deepeningfood insecurity and resulting in significant losses to crop,seed and livestock stocks for the large majority of smallfarmers.

An FAO emergency project is rehabilitating hundreds ofirrigation canals from small to large categoriesthroughout the country to supply water to hundredthousands of hectares of land. In addition, the projectaims to recover water losses and promote peopleslivelihood with minimized water users disputes on waterallocations and distribution.

Due to the long conflict, since 1978 Afghanistan has notproduced hydro-meteorological records, therefore theproject is currently installing more than one hundred ofhydrological stations countrywide to allow properplanning for water resources management andinfrastructure development.

The capacity building of hundreds of national staff hasalso contributed to promote their technical knowledge.Many locals are now gradually taking up responsibilities.

1.2 Variety and seed industry development

Until 2003, efforts in Afghanistan’s seed sector weredominated by non-governmental organizations (NGOs)and focused mainly on relief activities.

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The development of the organized seed industry beganwith the four-year European Union-funded project tostrengthening national seed production capacity inAfghanistan. Phase I of the project was implemented byFAO and the Ministry of Agriculture between January2003 and December 2006. The second phase of theproject started in 2007 financially and will be completedon 31 December 2011 with support of EC.

Seed policy, law and regulations

FAO assisted the government to finalize and adopta national seed policy. Similarly, FAO assisted in preparingthe seed law which has been enacted by the AfghanParliament in 2009.

Seed production

Adequate facilities have been established for seedmultiplication, processing, storage and seed testing.Implementing partners of the seed programme produceabout 20 000 MT of certified seed of international qualitystandards each year and market it to Afghan farmersacross the country.

Seed industry commercialization andmarketing

Private seed enterprises have been established by theproject with a view to encourage entrepreneurship at thelocal level. There are now 9 seed enterprises operatingwithin the framework of the project and have beenorganized into an association called the AfghanistanNational Seed Organization (ANSOR) with a functionalBoard of Directors and governed by law.

The enterprises now account for almost all certified seedcurrently produced and marketed in the country. Theenterprises have also begun diversifying into seedproduction of other more profitable crops in addition tothe main wheat crop.

A new project (Euro 13.25 million) funded by the EUunder the EU Food Facility Scheme expanded certifiedseed production to 12 more provinces in the country bysupporting existing seed enterprises and establishmentof new seed enterprises to boost premium seedproduction hence increase yield.

1.3 Livelihoods of herders and poultryfarmers

Animals have always been an integral part of the Afghanrural way of life. Likewise being a vital source of food, theAfghan diet traditionally includes a substantial amount ofmeat and milk. Farm animals also provide wool, leatherand farm power. Livestock also provide an income.Indeed for many rural families, farm animals may supplythe household’s only source of cash income.

Over the last nine years, FAO with support of Germany,has practically demonstrated in three locations – Kunduz,Mazar and Kabul, with Italy support in Herat, and alsorecently with IFAD support in Nangarhar – theopportunities and successes of small-scale integrateddairy production schemes.

The success of the FAO dairy activities has encouragedother institutions to start similar initiatives and dairydevelopment is one of the livestock priorities of thegovernment.

Similarly, poultry projects have showed good results interms of improvement in the nutritional standard, foodsecurity and income generation of vulnerable women inrural communities. FAO developed a very practicalmodule of village poultry production to mitigate povertyof village women and improve the nutritional standardsfor their families. FAO also developed poultry productiontraining manuals which could be used as practicalguideline for rural women on poultry management andhusbandry.

2. Selected successful FAO programmes

2.1 Emergency irrigation rehabilitation

T he nationwide Emergency irrigation rehabilitationproject (EIRP) started in June 2004, implemented by

the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) with the supportof FAO and funded by the World Bank. Through thisproject farmers and their families benefit from improved,reliable and equitably distributed irrigation water whichresulted in increased agricultural productivity, betterincome; improved food security and reduced thevulnerability of farmers to droughts. The programme

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assisted in reducing poverty in rural areas; acceleratingthe transition of the existing agricultural system; andlaying the foundation for a dynamic rural economy.

As of December 2010, 711 269 ha of agricultural land arerehabilitated (against a target of 602 050 ha) served by669 completed out of 775 targeted schemes forrehabilitation. Till end December 2010, the project hasexceeded the agricultural land rehabilitation target by18 percent.

The project monitoring and evaluation recorded thatsignificant outcomes have been achieved by the project,for instance incremental irrigated area has increased by24 percent, and an average increase in land value ofAfghani (AFN) 30 000 per hectare. As a result of directproject intervention, agricultural productivity for majorcrops has increased for wheat by 55.9 percent, maize by51.8 percent, rice by 42.4 percent, onion by 159.9 percentand potato by 70.5 percent.

The significant increases in yield, particularly of wheat,have contributed to substantial increases in rural foodsecurity, on farm employment and improved povertyalleviation. Moreover, the project has contributed toincreased crop production by improving crop intensity by1.52 times, and maintenance burden to beneficiaryfarmers has been reduced by 35 percent as a result theprovision of systematic capacity building in operationsand maintenance to farmers and Mirabs. The othersignificant contribution is that the project has beeninstrumental in the reduction of water related disputesby 74.8 percent. This change has promoted communitycohesion and solidarity among beneficiaries.

The provision of irrigation water also contributed toincreased production of high-valued crops includingbarley, maize, rice, corn, vegetables, cotton, orchards andhorticulture which has potential for foreign exchangeearnings. Water disputes have been minimized. Theproject was able to address equity issues, farmers andwater users now have substantial access to water due toemphasis on head works and primary and secondarycanal works.

127 out of 174 hydrological stations are under installationacross Afghanistan. The network of stations will measure

rainfall, relative humidity, water level, water quality,temperature and sunshine. Remaining 47 in numberhydrological stations will be installed under the follow onphase as security situation does not allow installing thesestations under EIRP.

In the north of Afghanistan on the Kokcha river in Kunduzand Takhar provinces, a feasibility study for a LowerKokcha Irrigation and Hydropower Project has beencompleted in 2010. Once implemented, this project willresult in water supplies for about a further 132 000 ha ofagricultural land.

In light of the success of EIRP and the huge benefits itcontinues to bring to ordinary Afghans, the World Bankhas allocated additional grants in two batches; US$28million in September 2008 and US$33.5 million in August2009 with additional scope of works in addition to theUS$75 million original allocation.

Preparation for a follow on phase – Irrigation Restorationand Development Project (IRDP) – has already beenlaunched to build upon and scale up activities supportedunder the EIRP, and support MEW in making a modeststart towards developing Afghanistan’s water resourcesfor irrigation in closed river basins.

The project would provide support for: (a) rehabilitationof irrigation infrastructure; (b) the design and constructionof a limited number of multi-purpose small dams andappurtenances, and associated irrigation conveyance anddistribution systems in closed river basins; (c) the

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establishment of hydro-meteorological facilities andservices; and (d) technical assistance for constructionsupervision and project management as well as capacitybuilding of MEW and beneficiary communities. For IRDP,the World Bank has allocated US$143.7 million for a sixyears period on multi-donor funding basis and inter-ministerial coordinated approach.

Capacity development

The project is providing on-the-job training to thecounterpart staff in addition to overseas and in-countrytraining sessions. More than 250 staff have been trained.Similarly, the project is imparting operation andmaintenance training to the beneficiary communities andso far 401 training sessions have been conducted inwhich more than 520 Mirabs have been trained from1 900 villages.

Under EIRP 17 Provincial Water Management Departmentbuildings have been constructed or renovated.

2.2 Developing a viable seed industry

Organized seed industry development began with a fouryear European Union funded Strengthening national seedproduction capacity (GCP/AFG/018/EC) project of Euro 6million which was implemented by FAO and the Ministryof Agriculture from January 2003 to December 2006(Phase 1).

Phase 1 of the project trained farming communitiesnationwide in seed production techniques, creatinga large community of knowledgeable and experiencedseed producers. Many varieties were tested before somewere released to farmers. The project established afoundation for generation-based seed multiplication andquality control, while pilot initiatives were undertaken inthe private sector. A national seeds policy was adoptedand an early draft of a seed law was also developed.

Phase 2 of the project, which runs from January 2007through December 2011, builds upon the achievementsand lessons learned in phase one and will increase farmeraccess to quality certified seeds and planting materialsfor major staple crops.

The success of the project is clear from the results suchas these: more than 60 000 tonnes of certified and qualitydeclared wheat seeds were produced and distributed tofarmers nationwide in the past four years; 11 new wheatvarieties have been released since 2007, resulting ina significant increase in total national wheat productionfrom the baseline of 3.4 million tonnes in 2006 up to5.1 million tonnes in 2009.

The seed project implemented several study tours andtravelling workshops to train government staff, seedgrowers, seed enterprises and farmers in seed technologyand business management. A total of 1 076 peopleworking in the public and private seed sectors weretrained during the last four years. In financial terms, thenet return on the initial 62 706 tonnes of certified andquality declared wheat seed that was put into the systemcame to almost US$120 million in the same four-yearperiod.

The seed project has established a strong foundation forseed certification in terms of a well-equipped network oftesting laboratories and certification of seeds producedby seed suppliers. In the past four years, 30 100 hectaresof seed fields were inspected and 7 580 seed sampleswere tested and certified throughout the country. Morethan 90 private seed enterprises have entered the marketfor certified seed production in 28 provinces, coveringmore than 80 percent of the country. The project alsohelped to establish a national seed association and threeregional committees representing enterprises across thecountry.

Implementation of the new national seed policy and seedlaw will have a lasting positive impact on institutionalreform within the seed sector of Afghanistan. Both ofthese were the result of the project. The National SeedBoard (NSB) was also set up and provided with supportservices, while public awareness of certified quality seedswas raised by events like seed fairs.

2.3 Fighting poverty with an integrated dairyinitiative

Since October 2002, Germany has been the majorsponsor of livestock programmes through GCP/AFG/021/GER Development of livestock production activities in

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selected districts of Afghanistan and its successor GCP/AFG/032/GER Training of rural families and technical staff toextend proven animal health and livestock productionpackages – completed in March 2005.

Ongoing projects are Development of Integrated DairySchemes in Afghanistan GCP/AFG/040/GER with a budgetof $3 944 367 (2005-2010), Development of IntegratedDairy Scheme in Herat GCP/AFG/046/ITA with $4 000 000budget (2007-2012) and Development of Integrated DairyScheme in Nangarhar UTF/AFG/060/AFG funded by IFADto the tune of $3 950 000 (2010 to 2013).

Implemented in close consultation with MAIL, the successof the dairy activities has encouraged other institutionsto start similar initiatives.

The development of successful dairy schemes isa complex process involving various technical aspectsof milk production, milk collection, milk processingand marketing and management. The programmeestablished a network of community-based milk producercooperative societies and unions. Over 4 200 farm familiesare involved in the dairy network from Kabul, Logar,Wardak, Kunduz, Balkh, Herat and Nangarhar provinces.

The Integrated Dairy Scheme has changed farmerlivelihoods providing a regular income at household level.The increased availability of dairy products has alsomeant better overall family nutrition. Between 2005 and2009, incomes per farm family nearly doubled, increasingfrom US$371 in 2005 to US$652 in 2010.

More than 20 students of veterinary and agriculturalschools were trained in dairy production, cattle feedingand breeding. A one-week external study tour wasorganized for 11 dairy union leaders. Some 24 technicalstaff as well as committee members of the dairy unionswere trained in milk collection, processing and marketing.

2.4 Producing more eggs greatly improvesfamily nutrition

Boosting protein in local diets is a very efficient way tofight widespread undernutrition and FAO has beenactively involved in backyard poultry development inAfghanistan. Its poultry initiatives have been very

successful in terms of improving nutrition standards andgenerating income for the vulnerable women in ruralcommunities. Because women are usually the ones incharge of poultry raising and marketing, the projectswere set-up as a semi-commercial small-scale poultryproject aimed at helping vulnerable rural women inAfghanistan.

FAO has been involved in backyard poultry developmentin the country since 1999. The following projects havebeen implemented: Rural poultry development GCP/AFG/021/GER and GCP/AFG/032/GER which benefited 10 000rural women, and Development of rural poultry productionGCP/AFG/030/USA with 28 000 rural women beneficiaries.

Dairy training sessions

50 000 00045 000 00040 000 000

35 000 00030 000 000

25 000 00020 000 00015 000 00010 000 0005 000 000

–Milk Price Paid to Farmers (Afs)

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

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Since 2008, the $7 million World Bank funded Horticultureand Livestock Project (HLP) has an animal production sub-component aimed at improving nutrition and reducingpoverty by increasing poultry and egg productivity. Theproject also contributes to import substitution, helpingAfghanistan save vital hard currency.

Among the many achievements of the project during thelast two years are the establishment of 265 village poultryproducer groups (VPPG) each with one village groupleader and two deputies. In addition, 15 primary poultryproducer cooperatives have been set up to look afterpoultry activities in seven districts.

Within a one-year laying period, 13.3 million eggs wereproduced, with beneficiary families consuming 4.7 millionof the eggs they produced.

A recent survey showed that 94 percent of thebeneficiaries enrolled in 2009 entered into their secondcycle of poultry production in 2010, proving the long-term sustainability of the project.

Finally, with funding provided from an IFAD grant to thegovernment of $1 138 000, FAO is implementing theproject UTF/AFG/064/AFG Backyard poultry development inBalkh and Jawzjan provinces targeting 3 000 rural women.

It is expected that both projects produce by the end of2013 some 50 million eggs and 365 MT of poultry meat,and generating an average yearly income of $140 to $160for each of the participating families, besides greatlyimproving the family diet and allowing for importsubstitution.

2.5 Emergency and rehabilitation

An ongoing FAO emergency and rehabilitation project –Certified wheat seed and fertilizer distribution programme –is funded by different donors, Japan $11 million, UN-CERF$3 million and Belgium $863 131.

Supporting and improving food security for some 60 000vulnerable farm families affected by high food prices anddrought, the programme has provided each of thebeneficiaries spread over 40 districts of 10 provinces(Badakhshan, Ghor, Daikundi, Kunar, Nangarhar, Balkh,Kunduz, Takhar, Kandahar and Laghaman) a package of50 kg certified wheat seed, 100 kg urea and 50 kg DAPfertilizer – which is estimated to have a productionpotential of 75 520 MT of wheat.

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Annex I

Since the [EIRP] intervention, IF HOPE (NGO) for example,has assisted beneficiary farmers to establish apricot,almond and apple orchards in the irrigated areas of theSharif Khil canal.

Encouraged by the revival of the surroundingcommunities, a high school was built at the AbezanganyValley for Sharif Khil canal beneficiaries in surroundingvillages.

1.2 Mirza Khil Canal, Mirza village, Kama district,Nangarhar province Jalalabad region. Testimonyby Malik Haji Jahan Zeeb elder and Mirab.

“Farmers were forced to frequently repair bank protectionwalls and use plastic sheets to save water from leaking tooutlying irrigated areas. But these measures never workedand the problem continued to cause conflict betweenneighbouring water users and we didn’t receive enoughirrigation water when our crops needed.”

Haji Abdul Ha and Haji Fateh Gul said “We were not ableto cultivate our land bordering the banks of the canal formany years.”

After the rehabilitation of the protection walls of theeroded parts of the canal banks by the project inFebruary 2007, the conflict between neighbouringfarmers was resolved and adversely affected farmers wereable to fully utilize their land holdings.

Yaar Mohammad, one of the poorest farmers in thevillage, who owns 4 Jeribs of land, says “I am able to earn40 000 Afs ($800) worth of melons harvested from2 Jeribs and 20 000 Afs ($400) from onions in 1 Jerib ofmy land. It was barely possible to cultivate even a third ofmy land before repairs were carried out [by the FAO’sEIRP].”

“My income has increased and I am able to pay for mychildren’s school stationery and books,” Yaar Mohammadsays.

Success stories

1. Impact of irrigation rehabilitation oncrop production

1.1 Sharif Khil Canal , Sharif Khil village,Jalalabad region, Nangarhar province. Testimonyby Malik Haleem and Eng. Omera Khan

Sharif Khil canal had been a victim of Sarkai Konj floodingfor decades. During flood seasons the canal bankprotection structures get destroyed year after year despitefarmers’ collective efforts to maintain these structures.

“We even erected a wooden aqueduct to divert the waterfrom Sarkai Konj to agricultural land. This measure did notsolve the problem either,” says Malik Haleem.

“However our plea for assistance was heeded and adurable solution for our problems found. After intensiveconsultation with us rehabilitation work started in early2006 and was completed in December 2006 by FAO. Theeroded part of the canal was maintained with recliningwall protecting it from eroding the banks, allowing thewater to pass without inflicting any damage.

“After rehabilitation, farmers are saving on time previouslyspent on maintenance work, and we are not cutting treesfor maintenance any more. The water is now flowingcontinuously during all the seasons enabling us to tillmore land and produce more crops”.

Many poor farmers, like Taleb Jan, son of Jamil Shahk,benefited the most from the rehabilitation of the canal.Taleb Jan owns two Jeribs of land and a small house, andused to earn his living by shepherding other peoples’herds. He is now tilling his land and has managed toharvest 1 100 kg of wheat, and he tends his own fivesheep. The rehabilitation of the canal has indeedtransformed his life.

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1.3 Shakiban Canal, H-36 Herat province HC-709. Mirab: Gholam Rasul Khan. Testimony by:Said Yahyah

“From the very start of the idea of rehabilitation, we [thebeneficiary farmers] thank the leadership of our Mirab,because we were involved in important decisions takenfrom the planning through to completion. A committeewas then created from among the beneficiaries tomonitor the day to day construction activities incollaboration with resident site engineer to ensure thatconstruction and related repair works are carried outproperly and according to the design. The contractorswere also obliged to employ skilled and unskilled labourfrom among us in order to gain skills for future operationand maintenance activities.

“Irrigation water was not sufficiently flowing towards themid and down-stream sections of the canal due todestruction of structures built to prevent waste and allowflow of water without wastage. As a result, irrigated landarea was much less than the potential, and continued todecrease year after year particularly in the mid and tail-ends of the canal. The problem affected our income andlivelihood so much that disputes among farmersworsened. Some poor downstream farmers were evenforced to migrate.

Discords among farmers decreased and our livelihoodstarted to gradually improve. Grazing areas andvegetation surrounding the canal also started to quicklyrecover. Consequently, encouraged by these positivechanges, farmers are now buying livestock anddiversifying to grow fruits and vegetables for their familiesand for community consumption. A lot of pain has beenavoided, particularly the hardships and dangers we usedto face during the too many maintenance “ashuras.”

1.4 Maloma canal in Karokh district of Heratprovince

One of the schemes which is recently rehabilitated underEIRP is Maloma canal in Karokh district of Herat provincewith a capacity of 2 m3/sec. Dawandar Wash is feedingthis canal. According to the beneficiaries the scheme hasa 280 years old history and was built by the communitywith very simple hand tools available at that time. Thiscanal is the only source of water for irrigation as well asdrinking for four main villages with 1 330 households. Themain crops grown are wheat, barley, mung bean andalfalfa.

During the conflict period this irrigation scheme sufferedfrom direct and indirect impacts of the war such asbombing, lack of proper maintenance due to farmers’displacement or migration, erosion, river regime changeand etc.

Before rehabilitation, the community had to repair theintake and some other parts of the canal with availablelocal material and means every year. This yearly routinerepair took around 40-50 days and each day occupyingat least 80-100 farmers [instead of working in the farm].The yearly damage of the canal prior to rehabilitation notonly prevented water flow in the canal for irrigation butalso limited it for drinking purposes only. The children andwomen had to fetch water for drinking 5 to 10 km awayfrom the village. Following rehabilitation of the scheme,only 10 farmers will work for 10 days each per year forroutine operation and maintenance of the canal.

The rehabilitation of the scheme is composed of 12structures. The assessment made after such rehabilitationshows that the scheme brought 60 percent more land(from 1 500 ha to 2 500 ha) under irrigation.

“After rehabilitation – thanks to FAO and the wisdom ofour Mirab and our community – sufficient water startedto flow efficiently to the mid and lower streams. It wasthen possible for us to prepare and farm our land.

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2. Seed industry development

2.1 Haji Lal Jan Seed Enterprise

This is exactly the sort of story that is relevant to thefuture of agriculture in Afghanistan and shows how ruralfarmers could develop successful businesses and createattractive financial gains – even though it is not aboutpoppy! In fact, it is all about wheat, the country’s mostimportant food crop.

The entrepreneurial thinking and business developmentprocess illustrates what could be done with many of thecountry’s important food crops. Until recently, wheat wasconsidered a less profitable crop with limited appeal tocommercial seed companies since the farmers could savetheir own seed and were therefore thought not to beinterested in buying seed that is produced by othersespecially the private sector.

But that has all changed with the introduction of certifiedwheat seed of international quality standards by the EUfunded seed project being implemented by the Ministryof Agriculture and FAO. Certified wheat seed has nowbecome highly sought after throughout the country andthe reason for this is largely the clearly defined highquality attribute of the seed in terms of its purity andgermination, freedom from disease, high yield advantageand suitability for bread making.

Behind this change in perception are key farmers such asHaji Lal Jan in Chadara District of Kunduz province. Heestablished the Khawja Kafter Baba Seed Enterprises

(KKBSE) with 10 members and 45 contract seed growersin surrounding villages and began producing and sellingcertified wheat seed in 2005. By 2007, KKBSE sold 530 MTcertified seed and was turning over $220 000 with15 percent profit margin. By 2010, the enterprise had 240contract growers and produced 1 860 MT with turnoversoaring to over US$1 million. The company soon becamewell known and began diversifying production beyondwheat to other major food crops. Now a whole lot ofcompetitors are emulating KKBES’s example and climbingon the bandwagon for producing and marketing certifiedseed.

At the September 2010 Annual Production PlanningWorkshop in Kabul, KKBSE received the prestigiousEnterprise of the Year award for technical efficiency andcost effectiveness. What KKBSE has done with wheat canjust as equally be applied to the country’s rice, maize,pulse crops, potato and a wide range of other vegetabletypes. The key to excellence is a combination of qualityconsciousness and skill in business management, whichare ideals KKBSE strives to uphold.

2.2 New private enterprises driving seedindustry growth in Afghanistan

Private sector participation in the Afghanistan seedindustry is new. It all began in 2004 when eight pilotsmall-scale enterprises were established in five provincesof Afghanistan with the technical assistance of FAO andfinancial support of the European Union.

All these enterprises are doing well and after only threeseasons, they now account for over 50 percent of allcertified wheat produced and sold in the country. Thesecertified seeds are of international quality standards andtested in 5 well equipped laboratories located in the mainagricultural regions of Afghanistan.

Hambastagi Seed Company (HSC) located at Gulbafavillage in Gozara district of Herat province is one of theleading new small-scale private enterprises thatdemonstrate outstanding results. Besides a modern seedcleaning plant and storage facility provided by FAO asstart-up support, the enterprise covers all otheroperational costs on its own including funds for thepurchase of raw seed from contract growers, labour and

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transportation costs, packaging and chemical treatmentcosts, and quality control and sales costs.

With a membership of 12 entrepreneurial farmers, HSCbuys foundation seed each year and contracts farmers insurrounding villages of Gozara district for the productionof certified seeds under strict technical supervision of thecompany and guidance of FAO and the Ministry ofAgriculture. In doing so, the number of contractedfarmers has increased from 28 in 10 villages during 2005to 75 in 25 villages during 2008 thus spreading benefitsacross the community.

In terms of seed production, HSC increased its totaloutput and sales of certified seed from 318 tonnes in2005 to 776 tonnes in 2007 and earns a reasonable profitmargin of 28 percent after accounting for all costs.

Apart from wheat, HSC has its eyes on seeds of otherprofitable crops such as vegetables. Of prominence is atraditional highly delicious egg plant variety preferred byfarmers in the Herat area. HSC has begun small-scale seedproduction of this variety and it is going like hot cake.Such could surely get farmers off opium production.

It is in the hands of small businesses like Hambastagi thatthe future of the Afghanistan seed industry lies. The FAOseed project is helping to lay a strong foundation for asustainable organized seed industry and the prospectslook strong.

2.3 Premium seeds are boosting yields

With just over € 13 million in funds from the EuropeanUnion, FAO launched a two-year project in May 2009 toexpand the production and use of certified seed forwheat and other major food crops throughout thecountry. The project supports the long-term seedindustry development strategy put in place by theGovernment.

It also builds on an ongoing EC-funded project aimed ataccelerating certified seed production and marketing inAfghanistan. Thanks to the success of this project’s initialphase, which provided basic start-up support to eightpilot seed enterprises in 2004, 29 more private seedenterprises have been set up in 11 provinces. FAO has

been implementing the project’s second phase since2007.

Efficient seed cleaning and packaging machines areessential for a seed enterprise, as are good storagefacilities. Funds from the project are being used topurchase and/or repair equipment so that the enterprisescan process and store seed properly.

FAO is working to create 20 new seed enterprises in 17additional provinces to ensure more farmers have accessto certified seeds. FAO is also supporting the enterprisesto diversify seed production to help pave the way forlong-term profitability and sustainability.

Training is an essential component of the project.Community seed assistants and staff from the AgriculturalResearch Institute for Afghanistan (ARIA) and theImproved Seed Enterprise (ISE) have received training onbreeder, foundation and certified seed production, crophandling and field management, while 22 farmers from11 newly created wheat seed enterprises have receivedbusiness training based on the ‘Small-Scale SeedsEnterprise – Startup and Management’ manual.

Training on the use of equipment and machinery such asseed drills, tractors and seed cleaning plants has alsogotten underway, while six farmer field days, bringingtogether farmers and technical staff, have been organizedon the topics of seed quality control, seed processing andimproved agronomical practices for wheat seedproduction.

It is through the use of improved varieties of certifiedseed that Afghanistan hopes to boost wheat yields byabout 30 percent in irrigated areas, helping not only tofeed more people but to strengthen the country’s seedstocks.

3. Dairy case studies

3.1 Mazar-i-Sharif

“I am Nasrullah (Mr) from Chilgazi village in Dahdadidistrict of Balkh province. I have nine children and own1 000 m2 land. Prior to 2007 my main economic activitycentred on crop husbandry and I had no cow. I had

13

difficulty in feeding my family, supporting my children foreducation, and buying food (rice, oil, cereal, meat anddairy products).

“In 2007 I heard about the Integrated dairy schemesproject through the milk producers’ cooperative societyand I decided to join them. Since I joined the Union mylife has changed.

which provided milk for the family and dung cake as ameans of fuel. He uses part of his own land for thecultivation of fodder for feeding cows.

Since the FAO dairy project began in 2005 in Kunduz hehas become a member of the dairy cooperative and sellshis surplus milk to the Kunduz Dairy Union. In this wayhe converts part of his products into cash to meet otherdomestic needs.

Other family members like his mother, sisters andbrothers take part in the dairy farm. He is quite happywith the animal health and breed improvementprogramme. He timely treats and vaccinates his animalsand obtained an improved heifer and two other calves.He also purchased another local cow with his savingsfrom milk sale.

“I have one dairy cow and two heifers reared as areplacement stock. I now have a daily income of AFN 180from milk sales. I deliver 12 litres of milk to the villagemilk collection centre. One litre of milk is used to feedmy children and one litre of milk is used to make yoghurt.I also sell 50 kg of manure at AFN150 every three days.

“Hundred percent of the income from selling milk andmanure directly goes to my wife who makes thedecisions on how the money is spent. The income isspent on animal feed, stationery of children, treatmentand food items. I and my family yearn to increase ourcows and milk production.”

3.2 Kunduz

Mr Hizbullah is an orphan, poor farmer and the onlybread-and-butter winner of his family. They are ninemembers altogether and living in a medium type housemade of mud in Zarkharid suburb of Kunduz city. He is asmall land holder (about 2 Jeribs) and leased land forgrowing local crops to feed his family. He also had a cow

14

He is more than happy with his business. His youngsisters and brothers are in school and all their needs likepen, pencil, books and seasonal cloths are coveredthrough this activity.

They also buy their daily domestic needs with cashobtained from KDU on weekly basis like sugar, tea, soap,medicine etc.

Mr Hizbullah has on average surplus milk of 13 litreswhich he delivers to the milk collection centre. He earnson average AFN 156 daily from selling milk to KDU.

Mr Hizbullah’s mother has saved AFN7 650 ($178) fromthe sale of dung cake to her neighbours Now this moneyis in her hand and these savings can be used in thefuture.

4. Backyard poultry development casestudies

4.1 A woman beneficiary assisted herhusband to procure a three-wheeler fromsavings obtained from eggs sales in PoshtiBagh Ulia village of Dehdadi district in Balkhprovince

Zulfia is a 40 years old woman who has a husband, threesons and two daughters. She attended FAO poultrytraining and was selected as Village Group Leader (VGL)for her Village Poultry Producers’ Group (VPPG) becauseof her intelligence, innovative spirit and interest. Shereceived a poultry production starter kit as a grant fromthe FAO project after completion of three monthstraining.

Now she is looking after her birds very carefully and sheis following all instructions given by the technical staff ofpoultry project. As she provides balanced feeding to herbirds and carries out all the vaccination recommendedfor birds by the poultry project, all her layers are in goodand healthy condition. Now all 15 birds are laying andshe is collecting daily 13 to 15 eggs from her birds,allowing her to save about AFN30.00 to 35.00 ($0.6 to$0.8) per day from egg sales, with the rest of the eggsconsumed by family members.

She is selling eggs to a village grocery located in hervillage and is saving part of the money received fromselling of eggs. She gave AFN7 500 ($167) to herhusband and he utilized it as initial payment to purchasea Zarang, a three-wheeler motorbike. Her husband wasvery happy with his wife’s contribution and he is nowearning an additional daily income of AFN300.00 to500.00 ($8.6-11) by transporting various items from thevillage to the nearest town.

15

4.2 Expansion of layer from backyard tocommercial

Mrs Najiba belongs to a poor family and is living inSabziposh village in Ayabak district of Samanganprovince. Her husband has no steady work and tries dailyto find work in a small nearby town. Some days he issuccessful but at other days he returns home feelinghopeless. Mrs Najiba has six children and all of them areof school age.

From top to bottom: The commercial layer flock owned byMrs Najiba; Mrs Najiba and some of her children with eggsproduced on the farm

From top to bottom: Collecting eggs from the cooperative; herhusband and son are also assisting in her poultry activities; andher proud husband on the motorbike

16

After a base line survey conducted by the FAO poultryproject, Mrs Najiba was selected for a three monthstraining in 2009 and received a poultry productionstarter kit.

She now has 120 hens and sells every day 80 to 90 eggs,making on average AFN480 to 540 (US$10-13) each day.She also has additional income from selling extracockerels to people in her village. She is using the incometo buy food and other family needs such as school booksfor her children’s education. Furthermore, eggs are now aregular item in their daily family meal especially forchildren.

17

An

nex

II

List

of

sele

cted

FA

O c

lose

d p

roje

cts

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mb

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val

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ratio

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2002

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lant

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ffTC

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-11

1982

-11

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––

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lood

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P/AF

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152

1991

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TCEO

––

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00

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lity

for F

AORs

TCP/

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503

1985

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1986

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abie

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lTC

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551

1995

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1995

-06

1997

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––

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1995

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611

1996

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1988

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1987

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1988

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2002

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2002

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2002

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2002

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2002

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2002

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2002

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2003

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2003

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2003

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2004

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2004

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elop

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and

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ket I

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mat

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em?

Phas

e II

Soar

ing

Food

Pro

duct

s’ Pr

ices

Nee

dsG

CP/IN

T/07

9/EC

2008

-09

2008

-08

2009

-04

TCES

DRa

swan

t, S.

Pit,

L.67

3 85

6as

sess

men

t and

Res

pons

es

Whe

at C

lean

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ging

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rage

UN

O/A

FG/0

01/D

CP19

96-0

419

96-0

519

96-1

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PS–

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anga

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vinc

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FG/9

6/B5

6)

Incr

ease

d Cr

op P

rodu

ctiv

ityU

NO

/AFG

/001

/DPS

1995

-06

1995

-06

2001

-12

AGPS

–H

otte

, E.

2 20

3 57

3(A

FG/9

4/A0

20)

Gre

enho

use

for S

eed

and

Seed

lings

UN

O/A

FG/0

01/U

NE

1989

-12

1989

-12

1993

-08

AGPS

––

6Pr

oduc

tion

Prov

ision

Agr

icul

tura

l Inp

uts

for

UN

O/A

FG/0

02/U

NA

1989

-12

1989

-12

1993

-08

AGPC

––

211

570

1988

/89

Crop

Sea

son

(AX/

CTA

/8/4

11)

Purc

hase

of W

heat

See

d fo

r 198

8/89

UN

O/A

FG/0

03/U

NA

1989

-12

1989

-12

1994

-05

AGPS

––

1 27

1 30

7(A

X/CS

A/8/

411)

Mor

occa

n Lo

cust

and

Sun

n Pe

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NO

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219

90-0

219

91-1

2AG

PP–

Scan

lan,

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ision

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nput

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NO

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88-0

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88-0

119

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CTA

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t Tre

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opla

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NO

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5(A

X/CS

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422)

Locu

st a

nd S

unn

Pest

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trol i

nU

NO

/AFG

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/UN

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91-0

119

91-0

119

91-1

2AG

PP–

Scan

lan,

F.

468

968

Afgh

anist

an

32

Titl

eSy

mb

ol

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pro

val

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LTU

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dg

etB

ud

get

Dat

eO

ffic

erH

old

er(U

S$)

Hig

h Q

ualit

y Im

prov

ed S

eed

1991

/92

UN

O/A

FG/0

10/U

NA

1991

-02

1991

-02

1992

-02

AGPS

––

1 61

7 27

0(A

X/C

TA/0

/414

)

Reha

bilit

atio

n of

Orc

hard

s (P

hase

III)

UN

O/A

FG/0

11/U

NA

1991

-11

1991

-11

1992

-06

AGPC

––

249

705

(AX/

CTA

/1/4

17)

Prog

ram

me

Impl

emen

tatio

n, M

onit.

UN

O/A

FG/0

12/U

NA

1992

-04

1992

-04

1992

-12

AGO

F–

–99

409

And

Trai

n. (A

X/C

TA/2

/418

)

Mor

occa

n Lo

cust

and

Pes

t Con

trol

UN

O/A

FG/0

13/U

NA

1991

-11

1991

-11

1993

-12

AGPD

––

683

456

(Pha

se II

I) (A

X/C

TA/1

/416

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Seed

s an

d Fe

rtili

zers

199

2/93

UN

O/A

FG/0

14/U

NA

1991

-12

1991

-12

1992

-12

AGPD

––

249

344

(AX/

CTA

/1/4

15)

Repl

antin

g O

rcha

rds/

Sulp

hur D

ustin

gU

NO

/AFG

/015

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A19

93-0

419

93-0

419

94-0

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PC–

–15

0 57

1Vi

neya

rds

(AX/

CTA

/3/4

21)

Reha

bilit

atio

n of

Agr

icul

ture

UN

O/A

FG/0

16/U

NA

1993

-01

1993

-01

1994

-04

AGLW

––

576

445

and

Irrig

atio

n (A

X/C

TA/3

/420

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Villa

ge Ir

rigat

ion

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ems

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bilit

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nU

NO

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A19

94-0

319

94-0

319

96-0

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at S

eed

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uctio

nU

NO

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94-0

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219

96-0

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5

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hard

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nU

NO

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A19

94-0

319

94-0

319

96-0

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PC–

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700

(AX/

CTA

/3/4

21)

Agric

ultu

ral P

roje

cts

with

Fem

ale

UN

O/A

FG/0

20/U

NA

1994

-03

1994

-03

1995

-02

ESH

W–

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5 89

3Pa

rtic

ipat

ion

(AX/

CTA

/4/4

23)

Locu

st C

ontr

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rain

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NO

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A19

93-1

119

93-1

119

94-0

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hani

stan

(AX/

CTA

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22)

Locu

st C

ontr

ol T

rain

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UN

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22/U

NA

1994

-04

1994

-04

1994

-10

AGPP

––

79 4

56

Reha

bilit

atio

n Pr

ogra

mm

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vest

ock

UN

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FG/0

23/U

NA

1994

-06

1994

-06

1995

-06

AGAH

––

246

684

Med

icin

es (A

X/C

TA/4

/424

)

Reha

bilit

atio

n Pr

ogra

mm

e –

UN

O/A

FG/0

24/U

NA

1994

-07

1994

-07

1995

-06

AGPP

––

99 2

17Pl

ant P

rote

ctio

n (A

X/C

TA/4

/425

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Reha

bilit

atio

n Pr

ogra

mm

e Su

ppor

t –U

NO

/AFG

/025

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94-0

719

94-0

719

95-0

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9 55

0Se

eds

(AX/

CTA

/4/4

26)

Trad

ition

al Ir

rigat

ion

in S

outh

east

UN

O/A

FG/0

27/U

NA

1995

-01

1995

-01

1999

-06

AGLW

Flor

in, R

.H

otte

, E.

536

256

(AX/

CTA

/5/4

27)

Vete

rinar

y Cl

inic

s &

Prov

ision

of I

nput

sU

NO

/AFG

/029

/UN

A19

96-0

319

96-0

319

97-0

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AH–

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671

(AX/

CTA

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28)

33

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eSy

mb

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val

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Purc

hase

of A

nim

al V

acci

nes

UN

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FG/0

31/U

NA

1996

-08

1996

-08

1997

-07

AGAH

–H

otte

, E.

169

500

Prov

ision

Ess

entia

l Agr

icul

tura

lU

NO

/AFG

/101

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A19

88-0

119

88-0

119

95-1

1AF

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Baue

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6In

puts

for A

gric

. Reh

abili

tatio

n

Reha

bilit

atio

n of

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icul

ture

in th

eU

NO

/AFG

/102

/UN

A19

89-1

219

89-1

219

96-1

0AF

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066

918

Kuna

r Pro

vinc

e

Reha

bilit

atio

n of

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icul

ture

in th

eU

NO

/AFG

/103

/UN

A19

88-0

119

88-0

119

97-0

9AF

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324

781

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Prov

ince

Man

agem

ent S

uppo

rt P

roje

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NO

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A19

89-1

219

89-1

219

96-1

0AF

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mar

ked)

Supp

lem

enta

ry S

eeds

/Fer

tiliz

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UN

O/A

FG/1

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NA

1992

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1992

-04

1994

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AGPD

––

1 25

8 98

8fo

r 199

2/93

(AX/

CTA

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19)

Inte

grat

ed L

ives

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Pro

duct

ion

Dev

elop

men

t for

Foo

d Se

curit

yU

NTS

/AFG

/001

/DFI

1998

-04

1998

-04

2000

-12

AGAH

–H

otte

, E.

0in

Afg

hani

stan

(AFG

/96/

A07/

47/1

2)

Wom

en’s

Vete

rinar

y Cl

inic

sU

NTS

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/SID

2000

-01

1999

-12

2001

-06

AGAH

War

d, D

.H

otte

, E.

302

130

(AFG

/96/

A07/

A/12

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Stab

ilizi

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ural

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thro

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l Cro

p Se

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ply

UN

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ID20

01-0

120

01-0

120

01-1

2AG

PSLa

rinde

, M.

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paci

ty

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ribut

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of S

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of D

ry L

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UN

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ID20

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820

01-0

820

02-1

2AG

PSFi

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, N.

Hot

te, E

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rietie

s

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120

01-1

120

02-1

2AG

PSFi

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1 34

8

Proj

ect P

repa

ratio

n fo

r Em

erge

ncy

UTF

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/AFG

2003

-12

2003

-12

2004

-12

AGLW

Bern

ey, O

.Ve

rnia

u, S

.1

221

639

Irrig

atio

n Re

habi

litat

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tegr

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nder

UTF

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/AFG

2007

-11

2008

-01

2010

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AGPP

Alla

ra-C

arlin

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kie,

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Smal

l Sca

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TFD

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AFG

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2004

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2004

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2005

-10

TCO

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000

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blish

men

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itche

n G

arde

nsin

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kh R

od d

istric

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anga

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TFD

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AFG

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2004

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2004

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2005

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TCO

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000

prov

ince

Prom

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org

anic

fert

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Stab

ilizi

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ural

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d Su

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AFG

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2001

-11

2001

-11

2002

-12

AGPS

Larin

de, M

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otte

, E.

1 43

2 11

5

Fert

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r Dist

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2002

-10

2002

-10

2004

-12

AGAH

War

d, D

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sare

tti,

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213

Supp

ort t

o th

e re

inte

grat

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ofex

-com

bata

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thro

ugh

impr

oved

food

sec

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agr

icul

tura

lAF

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05/

/01/

3120

04-0

220

04-0

220

05-0

6AG

PSLa

rinde

, M.

Cesa

rett

i, F.

428

505

livel

ihoo

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the

prov

ince

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ul,

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apisa

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inte

grat

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1988

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1988

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1994

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AGPS

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0 71

9

Prog

ram

me

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ort –

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icul

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1987

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1987

-01

1993

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AFF

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me

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mAF

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119

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96-0

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Agric

ultu

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ank

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1988

-01

1988

-01

1994

-10

AGSF

––

902

598

Cere

als

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arch

AFG

/85/

015/

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1988

-01

1988

-01

1993

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AGPC

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269

242

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try

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219

88-0

119

88-0

119

93-0

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669

Seric

ultu

ral D

evel

opm

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AFG

/85/

027/

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1988

-01

1988

-01

1996

-06

AGST

––

637

534

Apic

ultu

re D

evel

opm

ent

AFG

/85/

028/

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1988

-01

1988

-01

1993

-11

AGST

––

229

512

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men

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acul

tyAF

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219

88-0

119

88-0

119

94-1

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1of

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icul

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ul U

nive

rsity

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rinar

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hase

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AFG

/86/

001/

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/12

1988

-01

1988

-01

1994

-10

AGAH

––

1 96

5 54

5

Irrig

atio

n (P

repa

rato

ry A

ssist

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)AF

G/8

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219

88-0

119

88-0

119

93-0

6AG

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rmAF

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219

88-0

119

88-0

119

94-0

7TC

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5

Reha

bilit

atio

n St

udy

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ion

AFG

/86/

009/

/38

/31

1992

-07

1992

-07

1993

-01

AGSD

––

34 6

86

Seed

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duct

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1987

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1987

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1994

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AFF

––

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8

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lant

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tect

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AFG

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1988

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1988

-01

1992

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AGPP

––

145

425

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t Cul

ture

AFG

/86/

013/

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1988

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1988

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1993

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1988

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1988

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1993

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abili

tatio

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1989

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1992

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1998

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SDR

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otte

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412

785

Serv

ices

Rem

ote

Sens

ing

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002/

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1990

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1991

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1993

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rinar

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gram

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1993

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1994

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1996

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ram

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1994

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1994

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1995

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otte

, E.

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1

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iona

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habi

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1997

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1997

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2000

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3

Food

Sec

urity

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tain

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1997

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1997

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2001

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1996

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2001

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ram

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1997

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1997

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2001

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SDRN

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mat

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2000

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2000

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2002

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2000

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213

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1994

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1995

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1993

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1994

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1994

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1999

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1999

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2001

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878

FAO Representation in AfghanistanFAO Representative: Tekeste Ghebray Tekiec/o Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and LivestockJamal MeenaOpposite of Kabul University Fax: (873) 763 468 0836Karte Sakhi E-mail: [email protected], Afghanistan Website: http://www.fao.org/world/afghanistan

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