Agenda

• Bell ringer• Review Atlantic System• Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean• Closure

Review

• How did sub-Saharan Africa’s expanding contacts in the Atlantic compare with its contacts with the Islamic world?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN (1500-1750)

Objectives

• Describe how the Ottoman Empire rose to power.

• Identify the factors that contributed to the Ottoman Empire’s transformation.

Essential Questions

• How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power?• What factors contributed to the Ottoman

Empire’s transformation?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Ottoman Empire (to 1750)

• Expansion and Frontiers– Established c. 1300, the Ottoman Empire grew:• Shrewdness of leaders• Strategic location between Europe and Asia• Turkish cavalryman and gunpowder.

– 1453 – Byzantine rule brought to an end• 1402 – much of southeastern Europe and Anatolia.

– Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)• Sharia law, absolute power• Expansion• Sultans sought to control the Mediterranean.

p. 533

– 16th century – could not stop growing Portuguese domination.

– Eastern luxury products flowed to Ottoman markets.• No consistent policy with developments in the Indian

Ocean.

• Central Institutions– Military balanced between cavalry archers,

primarily Turks, and Janissaries.

– Janissaries – Christian prisoners of war who served as military slaves.• Devshirme – levy of male children in Christian villages.

– Placed with Turkish families then the sultan’s palace.– Converted to Islam.

– Cavalrymen supported by land grants.– Navy, but focused on land expansion.– Military class• Language Osmanli.

– Shari’a – part of urban institutions and social life.– Local customs – non-Muslims and rural areas.

• Crisis of the Military State (1585-1650)– Cannon and lighter-weight firearms.– Janissary corps grew.• Sultan reduced cavalry.• Inflation, restricted to collecting fixed amount of taxes.

– Land returned to the state, displaced cavalrymen revolted in Anatolia (1590-1610).

– Janissaries used growing influence to marry and engage in business.• Lessened burden on state budget.• Enrolling sons in corps = save state funds by abolishing

forced recruitment.– Offset by increase in number of Janissaries and hiring of

supplemental troops.

• Economic change and growing weakness– Janissaries made membership hereditary.• Decreased military skill, increased involvement in

politics.

– Land grants disappeared, tax farming arose.• Paid taxes in advance, collected more from the

taxpayers.

• Rural administration suffered from rebellions, tax farms.– Imperial government relied on powerful provincial

governors or wealthy men.

– Military power slowly declined.• Ill-trained Janissaries sometimes hired substitutes.

– Ottoman Empire lacked wealth and motivation to compete with European economies.

– “Tulip Period” (1718-1730) – European styles and attitudes popular in Istanbul.

– Provinces – governors, wealthy landholders, urban notables, nomad chieftains

– Sultan’s power declining, economy reorienting toward Europe.

Essential Questions

• How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power?• What factors contributed to the Ottoman

Empire’s transformation?

Agenda

Review

• How did the Ottoman Empire rise to power?• What factors contributed to the Ottoman

Empire’s transformation?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN (1500-1750)

Objectives

• Describe how the Safavid Empire resembled its neighbors and differed from them.

Essential Questions

• How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Safavid Empire (1502-1722)

• Iran• Similar to Ottoman Empire – reliance on

cavalry paid through land grants, cosmopolitan population, oriented away from the sea.

• Safavid society and religion– Ismail – Shah of Iran, devoted to Shi’ite Islam.– Differences with neighbors – Persian, more

contact with India, mosaics, poetry

• Isfahan and Istanbul– Isfahan - Iran’s capital in 1598 under Shah Abbas.

• Similarities– Women seldom in public.• Isfahan – anderun (“interior”)• Iran – harem (“forbidden area”)• Could inherit property.• Covering for both sexes.• Those in public were likely slaves.

• Economic crisis and political collapse– Little manufacturing.– Subsistence farming or herding. Few technological

advances.– Inflation.– Little money to pay for army and bureaucracy.– Nomads.

Essential Questions

• How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Agenda

Review

• How did the Safavid Empire resemble and differ from its neighbors?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN (1500-1750)

Objectives

• Describe how the Mughal Empire combined Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state.

Essential Questions

• How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Map 20-1, p. 534

Target: The Mughal Empire (1526-1761)

• India – Hindu majority ruled by a Muslim minority– Result of military campaigns from early 1000s on.• Hindu resentment.

• Political foundations– Founded by Babur (1483-1530).– Mughal – Persian for “Mongol.”– Akbar (r. 1556-1605)• Established the central administration.• Granted land revenues to military officers and

government officials.• Economy based on cotton cloth.• Few external threats.• No navy or merchant ships.

– Hindus and Muslims• Unified imperial rule.

– Akbar strived for social harmony.• Marriage Hindu princess.• Each religious group subject to own laws.• Made himself legal court of last resort.• Center of a new “Divine Faith” – Muslim, Hindu,

Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs.

– Mixture of traditions survived.• Later rulers reinstituted many restrictions on

Hindus.

• Central decay and regional challenges– Land-grant system.– Rise of strong regional powers.– British arrival.

Essential Questions

• How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Agenda

Review

• How did the Mughal Empire combine Muslim and Hindu elements into an effective state?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN (1500-1750)

Objectives

• Describe the role maritime history played in the political and economic life of this period.

Essential Questions

• What role did maritime history play in the political and economic life of this period?

Map 20-2, p. 549

Target: The Maritime Worlds of Islam (1500-1750)

• Improvements in ship design, navigation accuracy, and use of cannon gave the edge to Europeans.

• Majority of non-European shipbuilders, captains, sailors, and traders were Muslim.

• Islam more welcoming than Christianity.

• Muslims in Southeast Asia– Arab traders in southern China by 8th century.• Muslims had little impact initially.• 14th century – conversion and Muslim communities.

– Islam strengthened resistance to the Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch.

• Merchants, Sufi preachers, or both first propagated Islam in Southeast Asia.

• Muslims in coastal Africa– Muslim rulers governed the East African ports.– Cooperation among ports hindered by geography.– Northwest Africa – Portuguese and Spanish

seizure of coastal strongholds.

• European powers in southern seas– Other European countries reached Southeast Asia

after the Portuguese.– Dutch in Australia in 1606.• Beginning of European involvement in that region.

Essential Questions

• What role did maritime history play in the political and economic life of this period?