ain
AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS IN UGANDA
Emmanuel Menyha, Senior Statistician-UBOS
January 2011
Food Security
Structure of the Presentation
A. Some Food Security Concepts
B. UBOS and the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks
(Data collected)
C. How has this data been useful in food security analysis
Food Security
What is Food Security?
.
New Millennium
2001, UN FAO
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all
times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient,
safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Availability
The first World Food Conference (1974) focused on the problem of
global production, trade and stocks. Hence, the original food
security debate focused on adequate supply of food and ensuring
stability of these supplies through food reserves.
Focus on :
Food Production
Storage mechanisms
Purpose:
To compensate for fluctuations in world supplies and ensure the
ability to import food when needed.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Access
From the early 1980s, the importance of food access was
increasingly recognized as a key determinant of food security.
Hence, food production is just one of several means that people
have to acquire the food that they need.
Thus, food production is one of many means available to people
to get the food they need.
Focus: policies on income and expenditure
PURPOSE: Inclusion of FS programme to reduce poverty.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Utilization
In the 1990s, food utilization became increasingly prominent in
food security discussions.
The quantity and quality will ultimately depend on the physical
utilization of food which will enable nutrients, after its
consumption, to be absorbed by the body(biological
utilization).
Consumption of sufficient protein and energy (food quantity)
Importance of micro-nutrients for a balanced and nutritious diet
(food quality)
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Four main dimensions of food security:
1. Physical AVAILABILITY of food
2. Economic, social and physical ACCESS to food
3. Food physical UTILIZATION
4. STABILITY of the other 3 dimensions over time
For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions
must be fulfilled simultaneously.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Food availability addresses the supply side of food security and
is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net
trade (including food aid). It is supported by storage and
mobilization capacity.
NB: Use of the term availability is often confusing because
could refer to food supplies available at both the household level
and aggregate (regional or national) level. However, the term is
applied most commonly in reference to food supplies at the regional
or national level.
Food access refers to access by individuals to adequate
resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a
nutritious diet. Access to food depends on the ability of
households to acquire food from purchasing, gathering, production
or common stock or through the transfer of food by family,
community members, government or donors
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Food Security
The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Physical Utilization of food is understood as how food is
physically used (what is eaten, its quality and health risk, how
food is stored and prepared for consumption, and how the food is
allocated within the household) .
Constraints to food utilization include loss of nutrients during
food processing, inadequate sanitation, improper care and storage,
and cultural practices that negatively impact consumption of
nutritious foods for certain family members.
Stability or Sustainability emphasizes the importance of having
to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the 3 other dimensions. It
refers to the temporal dimension of food security, that is the time
frame over which food security is being considered.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Nutrition Security
Nutrition Security is achieved if
"every individual has the physical, economic and environmental
access to balanced diet that includes the necessary macro and micro
nutrients and safe drinking water, sanitation, environmental
hygiene, primary health care and education so as to lead a healthy
and productive life".
Science Academies Summit, 1996
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Nutrition Security
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
NOTE: Food Security vs. Self Sufficiency
The concept of food self-sufficiency is generally taken to mean
the extent to which a country can satisfy its food needs from its
own domestic production.
1. food self-sufficiency looks only at national production as
the sole source of supply, while food security takes into account
commercial imports and food aid as possible sources of commodity
supply.
2. food self-sufficiency refers only to domestically-produced
food availability at the national level, food security brings in
elements of stability of supply and access to food by the
population.
Two fundamental differences between
food self-sufficiency and FS objectives:
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Food Insecurity
The nature of food insecurity is determined by its duration and
severity
The impact of food insecurity on peoples life varies
significantly according to its duration and severity
Inadequate food consumption may vary from
a short-term experience to a life long condition.
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Duration of Food Insecurity
Transitory food insecurity
Short-term and temporary
Relatively unpredictable
Can emerge suddenly
Chronic food insecurity
Long-term & persistent
Results often from:
Chronic poverty
Lack of assets
Inadequate access to productive or financial resources
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Duration of Food Insecurity
Seasonal food insecurity
Cyclical pattern
Associated with seasonal fluctuation in:
Climate
Cropping patterns
Work opportunities
Prevalence of disease
Avail / access to food Q
Time
Seasonality highlights times of the year when the food gap and
food needs are likely to be greatest
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
People vulnerable to food insecurity
are those who are able to maintain an acceptable level of food
security today,
but may be at risk of becoming food insecure in future.
Vulnerability is defined in terms of the following three
critical dimensions:
vulnerability to an outcome;
from a variety of risk factors;
because of an inability to manage those risks.
Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
VA suggests 2 main intervention options: either to reduce the
degree of exposure to the hazard, or to increase the ability to
cope.
Vulnerability Analysis
A. Some Food Security Concepts
Food Security
UBOS Mission
To develop a coherent, reliable, efficient and demand driven NSS
that supports mgt & development initiatives.
Values and Principles: UBOS has identified the following core
values and principles that are essential for achieving even better
results:
User-oriented: Users are the reason for UBOS to exist. In
recognition of this, UBOS involves users and includes their
priorities in all its activities.
Quality:
Efficiency: Stresses the importance of teamwork, networking,
cooperation etc.
Sustainability: hopes to reduce its resource dependency on devt
partners and gain increased control and mgt of its resource
base
Professionalism: professional independence to strengthen user
trust in the data.
Best practices and Confidentiality
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Food Security
UBOS Mandate:
Responsible for the overall coordination, monitoring and
supervision of the National Statistics System.
UBOS is committed to the devt of Statistics (NSS) in the country
to support and inform the national and international development
agenda. This embeds the National Agric Statistics System
(NASS).
The NASS has five building blocks namely:
An Agric module: included on the Pop & Housing Census (PHC)
every 10 years. This provides a complete enumeration of
household-based agricultural holdings, plots plus all livestock for
sampling frame purposes.
A Census of Agric every 10yr (one or two yrs after the PHC). It
provides an extended sample on all types of agricultural
holdings.
A core Agric Sample survey module on a household based holdings
through UNHS and Panel Surveys (carried out every 3 years). This
survey gives national and regional estimates as well as allow for
socio-economic and poverty analysis.
Surveys and censuses to replace the old administrative data
collection and takes the following; PLS&IF (at least every 2
yrs) and Small/medium (thru PASS annually)
Other Agricultural data sources: Meteorology dept, Fisheries
etc.
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Food Security
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Permanent Agric Statistics System (PASS)
i. Pilot PASS 2004
ii. PASS 2005
iii. PASS 2006/ 7
Data was collected on:
Crop Production by Number of Plots, Sales and Price
Characteristics
Livestock, Poultry, Apiculture and Fish Production
Derived Products: Data on any derived livestock/poultry products
produced, quantities sold, Value of Sales and where the Last Sale
was made. Products included: Eggs, Honey, Wax, Skins, Hides, Milk,
Ghee
Food Security
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Core Agric Sample Survey module: UNHS
i. UNHS 95/96
ii. UNHS 99/2000
iii. UNHS 2005/ 6
Data was collected on:
Production and sale of all crops (plantains, cereals, root
crops, oil crops, pulses etc).
Crop Disposition (Utilization): For processed food, Given to
landlords or proprietor, Already consumed, Still stored; and Wasted
after harvest. also socio-econ vars
iv. UNHS 2009/ 10 & Panel
Food Security
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Livestock Census 2008
Data was collected on:
Particulars of the hh head; production systems; enterprises and
land ownership; Livestock-hh characteristics; cattle popn; milk
production and sales; goat popn; sheep popn; pig popn; poultry popn
and egg production; ducks and turkey popn; other domestic animals;
bee hives, api-culture and honey produced; labour employed in the
livestock sector by sources and by sex; farm infrastructure etc
Food Security
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building
Blocks (Data collected)
Uganda Census of Agric (UCA 2008/09)
Data was collected on:
Crop production, Ag HH Composition, Educational- Attainment of
HH Members, Literacy of HH Heads, Receipt of Credit (Last 5 yr),
Source of hh income.
.HH FS Aspects such as; Presence of Food shortage
Timing of Food Shortage, Reasons for Food Shortage
Immediate Response to Food Shortage (skipping meals, eating less
preferred food, reducing size of meals,
Steps Taken to Alleviate Food Shortage i.e. Ag HHs (that used
savings to buy, that took out a loan to buy food, that Sold Land to
buy food, that Sold Livestock to buy food, that Got another Job to
buy food, that Got Help from Relatives or others to buy food, that
Got Help from Government to buy food, that Got Help from
Charities)
Presence and Magnitude of Natural Disaster
Food Security
UCA Food Security related highlights
1). More than a half of the Ag HHs that responded to the survey
reported experiencing food shortage in atleast a month during the
reference period and the most affected region in the country was
the Eastern Region.
2. A majority of Ag HHs in Eastern, Central and Northern Regions
experienced food shortage in the months of June, July and May while
the Western Region did so in the months of October, September and
November.
2. Loss of crops/insufficient production was the major reason
for food shortage and Karamoja districts were most affected due to
harsh weather conditions in the sub-region. The survey results also
indicate that Skipping of meals for children was not a popular
practice in the Ag HHs in comparison with other strategies such as
the eating of less preferred food and reduction in the size of
meals.
Food Security
UCA Food Security related highlights (cont.)
1). Adult female members of the Ag HH bore the brunt of food
shortage in a majority of Ag HHs compared to other members. In
addition, the use of savings to buy food and the getting of
assistance from relatives were the coping strategies adopted by a
majority of Ag HHs for all categories of Ag HH members whereas no
Ag HH took out a loan or sold land to buy food for child
members.
2. In conclusion, most Ag HHs that experienced food shortage
reported having been affected by drought and pests/diseases with
varying extents of loss of agricultural output across regions and
that a majority (71%) of the Ag HHs that experienced food shortage
have expressed fear for a food shortage during a future 12 months
reference period (Vulnerability Vs Hazards).
Food Security
UBOS is a member of the Integrated Food Security Phase
Classification (IPC) National Working Group. The IPC National
Working group together with the District Focal Persons meet and use
the IPC Tool to analyse Food Security and nutrition situation and
come up with appropriate policy options.
Data used here is collected by the appropriate Institutions
(such as UBOS, MAAIF, MoH, Met Dept, Districts etc). Also Rapid
Assessment Surveys are carried out under the guidance of IPC
Secretariat at FAO-Ug, to back up the available information.
Outputs of the latest IPC National Working Group Workshop held
on 28th Sept 1st Oct 2010 at Mukono ZARDI include the IPC Map for
2010How to do we plan to move from here:
1. Disseminate this thru CountryStat: www.CountryStat.org
2. Put the NDP in use
C. How has this data been useful in Food Security Analysis
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
Food Security
GOOD DAY BUT REMEMBER:
Hunger is usually understood as an uncomfortable or painful
sensation caused by insufficient food energy consumption.
Scientifically, hunger is referred to as food deprivation.
All hungry people are food insecure, but not all food insecure
people are hungry, as there are other causes of food insecurity,
including those due to poor intake of micro-nutrients.
Food Security
