t~k~tech ,G/z, Vol 11 pp 55'~-%0 IC~q3 0~'~_4~0,'~.1) '03 $24 t~.'l Pnnted m Great Britau'L All Rights Reyar~ed c lq"/) Pergamon Pre~ Ltd SECTION D AGROCHEMICALS: HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES ROBERT W. SILMAN Fermentatzon Bi~hemi~try Research Unit, National Cenwr.tbr .4gncultural Utilization Re~earctl. USDA, Alsvicultural Research St~,ice, 1815 N. Unwerstty Street. Peor~2. IL 61604, U.S A. Many products can be produced b~ solid-state fermentations. Among these are biocontrol agents, including, microbial herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and fungicides. The two papers contained in this section describe production of a mycoherbicide and a mycoinsecticide. Silman et al. compare liquid and solid-state culture methods for making conidia of Collelotrichum truncatum mycoherbicide. After equivalent d~'ing treatments, a greater proportion of the solid-state produced conidia were found to retain viability than did the submerged culture product. A similar result is reported by Desgranges et al. for a different product. In this case, the solid-substrate produced mycelium of Beauveria bassiana better survived field conditions than did the material produced in suspension liquid culture. A more comprehensb, e appreciation for the potential of solid-state technolog2, ., for producing biocontrol agents can be gained through other recent reviews (Powell, 1992; Roberts and Hajek, 1992: Bradley et al., 1992; Jin et al., 1992: Trujillo, 1992: Leathers et al., 1992). The prospects for these products depend on the nature of the pathogen and, hence, the dosage requirements, as ~ell as on the efficiency of large-scale production of m.~celia, or one of the many kinds of spores. In addition, the effects of downstream processing and storage on loss of viability and/or efficacy of infection need to be given due attention. References Po~ell, R. A. (1992), "'Biocontrol product fermentation formulation and marketing." In Biological Control Of Plant Diseases, E. S. Tjamos et al., ed., Plenum Press, Ne~ York. Roberts, D. W. and Hajek, A. E. (1992), "'Entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides." In Fromiers in Industrial Mycoh~', G. F. Leatham, ed., Chapman and Hall, New York. 559

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Page 1: Agrochemicals: Herbicides and pesticides

t~k~tech ,G/z, Vol 11 pp 55'~-%0 IC~q3 0~'~_4~0,'~.1) '03 $24 t~.'l Pnnted m Great Britau'L All Rights Reyar~ed c lq"/) Pergamon Pre~ Ltd

SECTION D

AGROCHEMICALS: HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES

R O B E R T W . S I L M A N

Fermentatzon Bi~hemi~try Research Unit, National Cenwr.tbr .4gncultural Utilization Re~earctl. USDA, Alsvicultural Research St~,ice, 1815 N. Unwerstty

Street. Peor~2. IL 61604, U.S A.

Many products can be produced b~ solid-state fermentations. Among these are biocontrol agents, including, microbial herbicides, insecticides, nematicides and fungicides. The two papers contained in this section describe production of a mycoherbicide and a mycoinsecticide. Silman et al. compare liquid and solid-state culture methods for making conidia of Collelotrichum truncatum mycoherbicide. After equivalent d~'ing treatments, a greater proportion of the solid-state produced conidia were found to retain viability than did the submerged culture product. A similar result is reported by Desgranges et al. for a different product. In this case, the solid-substrate produced mycelium of Beauveria bassiana better survived field conditions than did the material produced in suspension liquid culture.

A more comprehensb, e appreciation for the potential of solid-state technolog2, ., for producing biocontrol agents can be gained through other recent reviews (Powell, 1992; Roberts and Hajek, 1992: Bradley et al., 1992; Jin et al., 1992: Trujillo, 1992: Leathers et al., 1992). The prospects for these products depend on the nature of the pathogen and, hence, the dosage requirements, as ~ell as on the efficiency of large-scale production of m.~celia, or one of the many kinds of spores. In addition, the effects of downstream processing and storage on loss of viability and/or efficacy of infection need to be given due attention.

References

Po~ell, R. A. (1992), "'Biocontrol product fermentation formulation and marketing." In Biological Control Of Plant Diseases, E. S. Tjamos et al., ed., Plenum Press, Ne~ York. Roberts, D. W. and Hajek, A. E. (1992), " 'Entomopathogenic fungi as bioinsecticides." In Fromiers in Industrial Mycoh~ ' , G. F. Leatham, ed., Chapman and Hall, New York.

559

Page 2: Agrochemicals: Herbicides and pesticides

%l l R. ~,'~ ~ I L M A N

Bradley, C. A., Black, ~V. E., Kearns, R, and Wood, P. (1992), "'Role of production technology in m\coinsecticide development.'" In Frontiers m lndt~srrial MycoI~Lw, G. F. Leatham, ed., Chaplnan and Hall, Ne~ York, Jin, X., Hayes, C. K. and Harman, G. E. (19921, "'Principles in the development of biological control systems employing Trichoderma species against soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi." In Frontiers in lnd,strial Mycology, G. F. Leatham, ed., Chapman and Hall, New York. Trujillo, E. E. (1092). "'Bioherbicides." In Frontiers in Industrial Mycolo~', G. F. Leatham, ed., Chapman and Hall, New York. leathers, T. D., Gupta, S. C. and Alexander, N.J. 1992~. "'Mycopesticides: Status and prospects." 49th Meeting. Soc. lmh~s. Microbiol., San Diego, CA.