AHS

GCSE MUSIC REVISION BOOKLET

Contents:

Test yourself Qu – get family/friends to test you with quick fire questions complete with answers one ach AOS

Essay Qu – Examples in bullet points for each set work. Terms & definitions – for each AOS plus general terms & signs.

Exam Vocab

Describe the musical device:

sequence = pattern of notes moving higher or lower imitation = copying eg. Handel & Mozart pedal note = repeated note eg. Chopin

Name the orchestral families you hear:

strings woodwind percussion brass

Describe the playing techniques:

slide & bends eg. Indian on Sitar pizzicato = plucked, arco = with bow, eg violins mute eg trumpet rolls eg drums strummed, pick/arpegiated eg guitar

Describe the rhythmic device:

Syncopation = off-beat rhythm Crossrhythm = clashing rhythm Polyrhythm = many rhythm Comping = playing chords in a rhythm Swing = lilting rhythm

Describe the tempo:

Allegro = fast Andante = medium Lento = slow

Describe the tempo changes:

Rit = slow down Rubato = not being in strict time to convey emotion Accelerando = speed up

Describe the melodic movement:

Step = moves up or down 1 note at a time Scalic = all up or down Leap = wide leaps between notes Angular melody = sounds harsh eg. ‘Perepitie’ by Schoenberg Klangfarben melodie = tune rapidly swapping instruments eg. Schoenberg

Describe the phrasing/articulation:

Staccato = jumpy Leagto = smooth 4 bar pharses eg Mozart

Describe the dynamics (2 marks):

Crescendo = gets louder Diminuendo/decrescendo = gets quieter Forte = loud Piano = Quiet

Exam Vocab

Describe the texture:

Heterophony = almost the same eg. African & Reich (Minimalism) Monophony = 1 sound Polyphony = many sounds (counterpoint) Homophony = tune and accompaniment

Describe the form (structure):

Sonata form: Exposition, Development, Recapitulation eg. Mozart Free rondo: ABACADA eg. Schoenberg Ternary: ABA Coda eg. Chopin Pop Song: Verse, Chorus, Middle 8, Breakdown eg. Moby & Buckley Symphony: large work in movements eg Mozart Oratorio: Religious opera eg. Handel Head: tune eg. Davis Riff: repeated pattern eg. Davis Alap: 1st section, slow & improvised eg. Indian Gat: section with tabla eg. Indian

Describe the metre:

Time signature = how many beats per bar Free/unmetered = no time signature eg. African & Indian

Describe the ornamentation:

Acciccatura = crushed note Trill = alternating between 2 notes Vibrato = wabbling between notes Septuplet = 7 notes quickly in the space of 4 eg. Chopin Turn = plays notes above and below eg. Chopin

Describe the tonality:

Major = happy Minor = sad Atonal = neither major/minor/ sounds harsh eg. Schoenberg Modal = sounds foreign

Describe the voices:

Soprano Alto Tenor Bass

Describe the vocal technique:

Melisma = lots of notes for one word eg. Indian & Buckley & Handel Vibrato = wabbling the notes Glissando/Portomento = slide up or down notes Falsetto = very high eg. Buckley

Area Of Study 1 – Classical Music Name the 3 composers in date in order. Handel, Mozart, Chopin. Describe the structure of the Mozart piece.

Sonata form: Exposition, Development, Recapitulation. 2 themes played in each section. Exposition: theme 1 = minor, theme 2 = major. Development: both themes but mostly theme 1, played in many different keys. Recapitulation: Both themes now in minor.

Which keys are in the Mozart piece? Main key = G minor, though 2nd theme is in Bb major in Exposition section and many different keys are briefly experimented with in the development section. Both themes are in Gm in the recapitulation section.

Which era of music is Mozart from and why is this piece typical of this era?

Classical. Fairly large orchestra with lots of strings & woodwind. Following rules of composing such as use of regular length phrases (4 bar tunes) and cadences.

Which keys are in the Chopin piece? A section=Db major. B section=C#minor.Which key is the Handel piece in? A major (major = happy) Describe the structure of the Chopin tune. Ternary: ABA coda. Describe the structure of the Handel tune. 4 different themes that come in 1 at a

time and then overlap. Which era of music is Handel from and why is this piece typical of this era?

Baroque. Use of mostly strings and organ, religious piece of music.

Which era of music is Chopin from and why is this piece typical of this era?

Romantic. Piano solo, all about expressing emotions rather than using the rules of composing of the Classical era.

What is a pedal note and in which piece is it used?

A repeated note throughout the piece. Raindrop Prelude by Chopin.

What is an oratorio and to which piece does this apply?

Oratorio = story from the bible set to music. Like a religious opera with no acting. ‘The Glory of the Lord’ - Handel.

What does melisma mean and in which piece is it used?

Melisma = many notes to 1 word. ‘The Glory of the Lord’ by Handel.

What does rubato mean and in which piece is it used?

Rubato = not in strict time (in order to help express the emotion). ‘The Raindrop Prelude’ by Chopin.

Name the 4 vocal groups used by Handel. SATB = Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass Describe the texture of the Chopin piece. Mostly homophony (tune and

accompaniment) though briefly monophony in coda.

What cadence is used at the end of ‘The Glory of the Lord’ by Handel?

Plagal (sounds like they are humming ‘Amen’).

What is a Basso Continuo and which piece in AOS 1 does it apply to?

Handel piece. Basso Continuo = cello plays bass line, organ plays chords.

What is unusual about Mozart’s orchestra No trumpets or drums.Clarinet were new.

Area of Study 2 – Modern Music. What is a resultant melody and which piece used it?

Resultant melody = melody created from several other melodies overlapping. ‘Electric Counterpoint’ by Steve Reich.

Name the 3 composers in this AOS and their style of music.

Reich = minimalism, Schoenberg = expressionism, Bernstein = musical.

What is does klangfarbenmelodie mean and which piece uses it?

Klangfarbenmelodie = German for tone-colour-melody which means swapping the melody between several instruments every few notes. ‘Peripetie’ by Schoenberg.

Describe the tonality of the Schoenberg piece.

Atonal.

Describe the tonality of the Bernstein piece.

Bi-tonal in certain areas (sound like singer and instruments are in 2 different keys). Main key is D major, though also passes through A, G and C majors.

Describe the tonality of the Reich piece. Modal/ambiguous. Hints at E minor. What does Hauptstimme and Nebenstimme mean in English and which piece are they from?

Hauptstimme = main melody. Nebenstimme = secondary melody. Both used in ‘Peripetie’ by Schoenberg.

Describe the instrumentation (which instrument does what) of the Schoenberg piece.

Full orchestra with different instruments taking it in turns to play the melody. Percussion used rarely.

Describe the instrumentation (which instrument does what) of the Reich piece.

7 guitars, 2 bass guitars and 1 live guitar all playing riffs (repeated patterns).

Describe the instrumentation (which instrument does what) of the Bernstein piece.

Tenor singer (high male) accompanied by a jazz orchestra (uses instruments such as saxophones and guitars which you would not get in a traditional orchestra.

Name some characteristics of Minimalism (‘Electric Counterpoint’ by Reich).

Repeating small sections of music, layering parts up, gradually changing melody, tempo and dynamics, additive melody (adding a note to the melody).

Which decade was the Bernstein piece composed?

1950s (1958)

Which decade was the Reich piece composed?

1980s (1987)

Which decade was the Schoenberg piece composed?

1900s (1908)

What does Hexachord and compliment mean and which piece are they used in?

Hexachord = 6 notes together. Compliment = other 6 notes. ‘Peripetie’ by Schoenberg.

What does Peripetie mean? Sudden changes. Describe the melody in Peripetie. Angluar melody (exam speak for sound

bad and jumps all over the place) Describe the harmony in Peripetie. Dissonant (exam speak for unpleasant

clashing sounds) Name Bernstein’s Musical. West Side Story.

Area Of Study 3 – Popular Music. Name the 3 composers in this AOS and their style of music.

Jeff Buckley = Pop Song, Miles Davis = Jazz/Blues and Moby = Dance.

In the song ‘Grace’ by Jeff Buckley there is a short section of distorted vocals. How is this achieved?

EQ, use of equaliser to change the sound.

What is an add chord? Add chord = extra notes added to chords such as 7ths and #9s in the Davis piece.

Name the 3 main sections in ‘All Blues’ by Miles Davis.

Riff (repeated pattern), Head (main tune) and solos/improvisations.

Name the 2 different types of saxophones used in ‘All Blues’ by Miles Davis?

Alto and tenor, tenor sounds lower.

What interval (distance of notes) are the 2 saxophones playing the riff in ‘All Blues’ by Miles Davis?

3rd

What is a breakdown and which piece does this happen in?

Breakdown = where all/most instruments stop suddenly and then gradually build back up again. Moby.

Jeff Buckley uses Drop D tuning and Power chords. What are they?

Drop D tuning = lowest sounding E string is re-tuned to D. Power chords = only use 2 notes so they are neither major or minor.

List the instruments used in All Blues. Piano, Double Bass, Drum Kit, Alto Saxophone, Tenor Saxophone, Trumpet.

What time signature (how many beats per bar) is All Blues in and why is this unusual?

6/4. Blues pieces are usually in 4/4.

What time signature (how many beats per bar) is Grace in and why is this unusual?

12/8. Pop songs are usually in 4/4.

When was Moby released? 1999 Which ‘instrument’ are used in ‘Why Does My Heart…’?

Drum machine, sampler, synthesiser, keyboard.

What is delay? An echo type effect. What time signature (how many beats per bar) is the Moby piece in?

4/4

When was ‘Grace’ released? 1994 What are the order of chords in ‘All Blues’?

G7, G7, G7, G7, C7, C7, G7, G7 D7#9, Eb7#9 (D7#9 for ½ bar), G7, G7.

What are the order of chords in the verse (‘Why does my heart’ section) in the Moby piece.

Am x 2, Em x 2, G x 2, D x 2.

What are the order of chords in the chorus (‘these open doors’ section) in the Moby piece. There are 2 versions.

1st time = C x 2, Am x 2, C x 2, Am x 2. 2nd time = F x 2, C x 2, F x 2, C x 2.

When was ‘All Blues’ recorded? 1959 List the instruments used in Grace. Drums, Bass, Guitar x2, Voclas (main

and backing ), strings in background. What time signatures (how many beats per bar) are the Bernstein piece in?

Alternates between 2/4 & ¾.

Area Of Study 4 – World Music. Name 3 Indian percussion instruments. Tabla, Pakhawaj, finger cymbals. Name 3 African percussion instruments used in ‘Yiri’.

Djembe, Dun Dun, cowbell, balaphone.

Yiri uses Monophony, heterophony and polyphony. What do these 3 words mean and where are they used in ‘Yiri’.

Monophony = 1 sound = balaphone solo at very start. Heterophony = several instruments playing tunes that are almost the same, but not quite = 2nd part of intro with several balaphones. Polyphony = many sounds = when all parts play together, drums, balaphone and voices.

What is call and response? Call and response = 1 group or soloist sings, another sings/plays something different in response.

What is the Indian term for rhythm? Tala What is the Indian term for melody? Raga Name the sections of a raga and how they sound.

Alap = slow, dreamy improvised section with no drums. Jhor = similar to Alap but more rhythmic, no example is set works. Jhala = As Alap but faster, also no example is set works. Gat = drums and main tune finally come in. Instrumental only. Bandish = Like the Gat but with vocals.

‘Waulking Song’ by Capercaillie fuses 2 different styles together. What are these 2 styles and gives examples of each style.

Folk: sung in Gaelic, fiddle, uilleann Pipes, Bouzouki, no choruses, accordion. Western: Drum kit, electric piano, production techniques used.

What is a bansuri? Indian bamboo flute. What is a Waulking Song? Traditional song sung by workers beating

tweed to keep them in time. When was ‘Waulking Song’ by Capercaillie released?

2000

Describe the difference between the melodies in the 3 Indian set works.

They have different instruments on the melodies. Shankar piece = sitar. Mhara Janam Maran = vocals. The Nightingale = bansuri.

How is each vocal section separated in ‘Yiri’?

Balophone break.

What does oral tradition mean? Pieces passed on via listening and playing rather than being written down and learnt.

What do the 3 Indian pieces have in common?

Raga desh = rainy season scale. Use of improvisation. All have a Gat section and all use a tabla.

HOW TO TACKLE DICTATION… 

 

1. Answer all the other Qu on the page 1st. 

2. 1st listening – make a basic shape or graphic 

score above the notes eg. Does it get higher or lower or both creating a ‘u’ shape. 

3. Use the given notes at the start and end to 

help you work out the missing notes. Are they 1 higher, lower or the same. Is there a repeated pattern with the 

same notes. 

4. Use the last listening to check you have got it 

correct. Does what you have written look right when hearing the notes. 

 

 

ESSAY QUESTION – PRE FLIGHT CHECK LIST: 

1. Write out all 5 heading on the page before 

you start. 

2. Answer all 5 headings. 

3. Write at least 2 things for each heading. 

Title: … ‘And the Glory of the Lord’………….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: Piece ends with Plagal Cadence. Many other cadences including Perfect Cadences used. A major. Modulates to E & B major at certain points.

Dynamics: Terraced dynamics (moving up/down in volume 1 step at a time). Volume influenced by the amount of instruments playing at the time. Dramatic pause followed by suddenly loud at the end. Piece starts quietly.

Mood: Happy because it’s in a major key, A major. Happy because of the fast tempo (though slows at then end). ¾ time signature, creating a dance like feel (waltz). Typical of Baroque music to keep in 1 key, major throughout.

Melody: 4 themes/motifs 1st theme outlines A major chord with 1st few notes. 2nd theme uses melisma = lots of notes for 1 word. 3rd theme based on 4 note falling pattern repeated. 4th theme based on A pedal note (tonic = 1st note of A major). Long notes. At end theme 3 tune with theme 4 lyrics. Use of SATB for main melody, accompanied by strings & organ.

Texture: Each theme is sung for the 1st time in monophony (1 tune only). Themes sung at various points in homophony (1 group sings tune, others accompany as

chords). Imitation between parts (SATB). Instruments double (play the same as) voices. Use of polyphony (different themes at the same time).

Title: ……………Mozart – ‘40TH Symphony’…….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony: Theme 2 = chromaticism. Use of cadences = ending chords. Diatonic = (theme 1) = using all the correct notes/chords for that scale, Gm. Not using any

accidentals. Lots of use of primary chords = chords 1,4,5

Tonality: Main key = Gm Exposition = theme 1 is Gm, theme 2 is Bb major. Development = modulates lots (changes key). Recapitulation = both themes in Gm. Theme 2 uses chromaticism (lots of semi-tones).

Structure: Sonata form: Exposition, Development, Recapitulation. Exposition = minor theme followed by major theme. Development = 2 themes but modified, but prefers theme 1. Lots of different keys, swapping

which instruments play the tune, changing how tune develops. Recapitulation = both themes now minor. Codetta = mini ending section.

Instrumentation: Theme 1 = mainly strings on tune with woodwind doing harmony. Theme 2 = strings & woodwind playing the tune. No drums or trumpets. Horns – playing chords between them. Clarinet = brand new instrument.

Texture: Strings do main tune. Woodwind has a counter melody at certain points. Imitation = copying. Homophony = tune & accompaniment.

Title: Chopin ‘Raindrop Prelude’

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Structure: Ternary = ABA & coda Pedal note = repeated note Ab/G# A = Db major B = C# minor 2nd A section is shorter than 1st Regular 4 bar phrases (section of melody)

Instrumentation: Piano solo Pedal note A = RH/treble clef = tune B = mostly tune in LH – chordal melody Use of sustain pedal Use of mid range of the piano

Tonality: Major – minor – major A = Db major B = C# minor – Enharmonically the same (different # b but sounds the same notes) Use of chromaticism (using all notes in order/semi-tones)

Dynamics: B = louder & builds up Use of crescendos (get louder) & diminuendos (get quieter) Fades at end – smorzando/slentando (die away, speed & volume) Swelling dynamics

Melody: A = melody in RH/treble clef B = melody mostly in LH/bass clef 1st 3 notes of tune = triad (chord) of Db Ornaments = septuplet/ dixtuplet ?/ acciaccatura (crushed note)/ turn B = more chordal Pedal note Melodic/sustained – sounds tuneful

Title: Electric Counterpoint

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: Modal – not major or minor (due to short repeating patterns) Modulates between Cm & Em Tonal ambiguity - due to short repeating patterns can’t tell key easily. Power chords – E5 (no middle note so not major or minor) C, Bm, E5 C, D, Em C, D, Bm

Meter/rhythm: Time signature keeps changing from 3/2 & 12/8 (both equal 6 beats per bar) Syncopation – off beat rhythm Phase shifting – patterns coming in and out of time deliberately Allegro - fast

Structure: 2 main sections (A & B) and a coda. Layering – Gradually building up the parts Main riff, chords & bass – come in 1 part at a time. Chord sections just based on 3 chords Based on small motfis which loop B section changes both key & time signature lots (leads to tonal ambiguity) Last of 3 movements Canon between 4 guitars (like a round) Abruptly ends

Melody: Resultant melody – melody that result from the other patterns. Inverted bass pattern – swaps from low to high to high to low. Cells/ostinato Metamorphosis – melody is changing Additive melody – starts with 3 notes then expands Phase shifting – patters coming out of sync. Counterpoint – different melodies at the same time. Pre-recorded parts with 1 live guitarist over the top. Panning – bass part s are in different speakers.

Texture: Layering – Gradually building up the parts Heterophony – similar patterns but slightly different Monophony – 1 tune Polyphony – different tunes together (bass, chords and riff all together) Gradually builds up, the structure for the A section Texture thins out towards the end.

Title: …………Peripetie……………….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: - Atonal = not major or minor - Dissonance = clashing harmonies - Angular melody = unpleasant melody - Hexachord = 6 note riff - Chromatic = semi-tones - Compliment = other 6 notes

Meter/rhythm: - Changes between 2/4, ¾, 4/4. - Changes tempo from quick to slow - Complex rhythms - Different rhythms against each other – contrapuntal/cross-rhythm - Notes values varying from short to long.

Timbre: - Klangfarben Melodie = tune swapping between instruments rapidly - Extremes of pitch, from very high to very low - Large orchestra – 4 of everything - Limited use of percussion (xylophone once at very start & cymbal & bass drum used right at

the very end) - Cymbal played with a cello bow. - Brass alternate between muted and un-muted. - Play as families in A section & as individual instruments in B section.

Melody: - Angular melody - Hauptstimme = 1st tune & Nebenstimme = 2nd tune - Hexachord = 6 note pattern, Compliment = other 6 notes - Retrograde = backwards, Inversion = moving up instead of down, Verticalism = chords - Tutti = all together - Klangfarben Melodie = tune swapping rapidly between instruments. - Fragmented melodic lines - Pitch going from high to low. - Chromaticism.

Texture: - Monophony = 1 sound (solo) - Polyphonic = more than 1 sound (clashing melodies) - Homophonic = tune and accompaniment/ play as chords - Imitation = copying - Frequent change in texture (how many playing) - Doubling = 1 instrument playing exactly the same as another

Title: … ‘Something’s Coming’ - Bernstein…….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: Bi-tonal = 2 different keys at the same time (singer has so many accidentals that it seems like he is

singing in a different key to the orchestra) Harmony based on short 1 bar and 4 bar riffs. Main key = D Other keys used = A, G, C. Tritone = 3 tones apart eg C-F (sounds slightly harsh and unpleasant) Use of blue notes = clashing notes Use of add chords = chords with extra notes such as D6

Meter/rhythm: Alternates between 2/4 and ¾ Short riffs played by the orchestra emphasise the beats per bar. Accents and staccato also used to emphasise the beats per bar. Use of syncopation = off beat rhythms Push rhythm = tune anticipating start of the bar Cross-rhythms = rhythms in different parts that clash slightly. Fast = 176 beats per minute Use of triplets = 3 of something squeezed into the space of 2.

Structure: Not typical verse chorus structure Intro, A, B, B1, A1, Outro. A section is predominantly ¾, B section is predominantly 2/4. Melodies in different sections are very similar. A section mostly D major, B section mostly C major.

Instrumentation: Melody sung by tenor = high male voice Jazz orchestra plays accompaniment = extra instruments to traditional orchestra such as

saxophone, guitar and other percussion instruments Woodwind dominant in the Intro

Texture: Mainly homophony = tune and accompaniment A few occasional lines of monophony where tenor sings without orchestra Starts with just the orchestra at the start before the singer enters.

Title: ….’Why Does My Heart..’ - Moby……….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: Key of Am modulates to C. Verse chords: Amx2, Em x2, G x2, D x2. Chorus 1 chords: C, C, Am, Am, C C Am Am Chorus 2 chords: F F C C F F C C Counter melodies.

Technology: Minimal effects used. Drum pad & machine, All computerised. Reverb = echo effect. EQ on voice = equaliser. Sampling = 1950’s gospel choir. Looping Sequencing (quantizing = makes things in time)

Structure: 2 sections (verse & chorus) but 3 chord sequences (chorus with 2 different sections). 8 bars

each. Intro, verse x4, chorus A & B, verse 2 x2, breakdown, chorus A,B,B, outro.

Samples: Section taken from a gospel song 1950’s. 2 different samples, female and then male. Have not been ‘cleaned-up’ to remove hiss, crackle, distant etc. Had to fit the beat to the sample.

Texture: list some instruments Piano starts. Building up – more layers added in. ‘Why does my heart…’ sample enters. Drum machine & synth strings enter. Change of vocal sample to ‘These open doors..’ Breakdown – complete change of texture to 1 or 2 instruments, then builds back up. Fades out at the end.

Title: ………… ‘All Blues’ – Miles Davis….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: Key in G major. Modal (some hints at minor within major). Added 7th & 9ths in chords. Riff notes 3rd apart in the 2 saxophones. Change of traditional chord sequence with 10th bar using chord VI instead of chord IV, aslo

uses 2 chords in this bar not 1. Use of chromaticism. Blues notes/dissonance (clashing notes).

Meter/rhythm:

Swing rhythm (long, short note values). 6/4 time signature rather than traditional 4/4. Syncopation (off beat rhythm). Piano comping (improvised rhythm for the chords).

Structure: Based on 12 bar blues pattern BUT inclusion of 7ths & bar 10 different chords. 12 bar blues x19 Starts & ends with HEAD. 12 BAR BLUES interspersed with 4 bar RIFF. 5 improvisations in total. G7, G7, G7, G7, C7, C7, G7, G7, D7#9, Eb7#9/D7#9, G7, G7.

Melody: Alto & tenor saxophones play the riff. Head (pre-composed melody) played by muted trumpet. Improvised (made up on the spot) scales, mode (blues/pentatonic scale), chords. All instruments solo apart from drums and bass. Some use of chromaticism (notes next door).

Texture: All instruments take it in turn to improvise. During solo’s piano keeps playing chords, bass keeps playing bass line and drum kit keeps

playing rhythm. Start with just a few instruments in introduction, then builds up. Homophonic (tune & chords). Fades out at end. Thinner texture in riff with only saxophones.

Title: ……… ‘Grace’ – Buckley …..……….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony: Chords are not in major or minor as it uses power chords Guitar uses drop D tuning (E string is tuned to a D) Key is in E Minor No thirds used in the chords (power chords) Intro and bridge are in 2 sections, A uses arpeggiated chords, B uses strummed chords. Use of modal scales – world music influence

Instrumentation: Electric guitar, acoustic guitar, drums, bass guitar, strings, backing vocals, lead vocals. Guitar effects – slides, vibrato, clean sounds, reverb, delay

Structure: Intro, Verse 1, Pre-Chorus, Chorus, Bridge, Verse 2, Pre-Chorus, Chorus, Middle eight,

Bridge, Verse 3, Instrumental, Chorus, Outro Different to pop songs as there is a middle eight, a bridge before verse 2 and pre-choruses Verse/Chorus structure with pre-chorus, middle 8 and a bridge linking to verse 2

Melody: Uses wide range in his voice Starts of f in a low register and then goes high – up to top D Uses glissando in his voice and melisma on “fire” Vocal improvisation at the end in high vocal range

Texture: Main texture is homophony Instruments drop out, eg drums, bass and guitar taken out in intro Texture is varied throughout String parts are only used at times

Title:………Skye Waulking Song….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Harmony/tonality: V1, 2, 3 = Em, G, Em, G V4, 5, 6 = C, G, Em/C, G V7 = Am9, Em9, Em/C, G V8 = C, G, Em/C, G Outro = C, G Em/G

Meter/rhythm: 12/8 (12 quavers in groups of 3’s) Sounds more like 6/8 in certain areas. Dance folk feel – traditional.

Structure: Intro, V1, break, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6, Instrumental, V7, V8, Outro. Chord structures (se tonality). Each verse: line 1 = nonsense lyrics, line 2 = Gaelic, line 3 = repeat nonsense, line 4 = repeat

same line of Gaelic lyrics EXCEPT verse 6. Full band enters start of V4, drops out end of V6 and re-enters after line 3 V8.

Instrumentation: Vocals, Violin, accordion, uiellien pipes, synthesiser, bazouki, Wurlitzer piano, bass, drum

kit. Starts with synthesiser, then fiddle, drums and other instruments enter before vocals. Same instruments for other verses (see structure for full band entering). No chords under line 4 of V3.

Texture: Very briefly monophonic at start. Homophony with vocals (tune) and other instruments (accompanying). Instrumental sections = heteophony

Title: ………’Yiri’…………………….

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Instrumentation: Starts with balaphone in monophony in the key of Gb major Djembes enter in 2nd part of intro Voices as a chorus in unison Ends abruptly with agogo bell Call and response section with vocals Vocals and instrumental sections alternate High and low pitched balaphones and drums Drums = rhythm/ balaphones = ostinato/ vocals = melody

Meter/rhythm: 4/4 Polyrhythm – many rhythms together Cross rhythm – clashing rhythms Syncopation – off beat rhythms Djembe rhythmic ostinato Rhythm = quaver, semi-quaver x2 Steady pulse (same tempo throughout) Rests used in coda Triplets used in vocals (3 of something in the space of 2)

Structure: 2 parts to the intro – 1st = balaphone 2nd = balaphones & djembes 2 different choruses A and B – A x3, B x2. Long call and response vocal section Instrumental breaks between vocal sections Instrumental coda with rests and agogo bell

Melody: 2 vocal tunes A and B sections A section has short phrases and sung in unison B section has longer note values Vocal call and response section Repetitive melodic riff on the balaphones Balphones had higher and lower pitches – Gb major In call & response section, call = long notes, response = shorter notes

Texture: Monophony in 1st part of the intro – balophone solo Heterophony in 2nd part of intro – balaphones & djembes Polyphony when all parts including vocals are playing Chorus vocals sections sung in unison

Title: …Indian – ‘Rag Desh’ - Shankar……..

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Texture: ● Monophony at the start with just the sitar. Tabla does not play in the Alap, but just the 2 Gat sections.

Meter/rhythm: ● Very free rhythm in the Alap section (1st part with no drums). Tabla used in the 2 Gat sections. Tala = rhythm 1st gat uses a 10 beat rhythm called Jhaptal 2nd Gat uses a 16 beat rhythm called Teental Teental is a very common Indian rhythm.

Structure: ● Three sections, Alap and 2 gat sections (gat = with percussion) Alap consists of improvisation (making the tune up on the spot) on the sitar. Gat 1 = sitar plays pre-composed melody with tabla playing a rhythm in the background. Medium

speed. Gat 2 = faster. Sitar improvises.

Melody: ● The melody is played on the sitar. ● The melody is based around notes of the Rag Desh (Rainy season raga) ● Rag has 5 notes ascending and 7 notes descending

Instrumentation: ● Tabla plays the tala ● Sitar plays the raga

Title: …Indian- ‘Mhara janam Maran (vocals)..

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Dynamics: ● Alap is quiet ● In the bhajan the piece gets louder ● Dynamics stay the same until the end ● Dynamics fade at the end

Meter/rhythm: ● Alap begins with no sense of pulse ● The tabla is heard in the bhajan, giving a more regular rhythm ● The Keherwa Tal is used which is the 8 beat tal

Structure: ● Two main sections – alap and bhajan ● In Alap the singer is improvising in free time ● In Bhajan the tabla enters and singer singing “fixed composition” ● In Bhajan there are 3 verses

Melody: ● The melody is sung ● Sitar and voice improvises in alap ● In Bhajan the vocal and sitar become more elaborate and vocals sing “fixed composition” ● The melody is based around notes of the Rag Desh (Rainy season raga) ● Voice uses vibrato, sliding, ornamentation ● Rag has 5 notes ascending and 7 notes descending

Instrumentation: ● Tabla plays the tala ● Sarangi is accompanied ● Sarod accompanies ● Pakhawaj (double headed drum) ● Voice sings the main melody ● Cymbals accompany

Title: …Indian- ‘The Nightingale’..

Harhjgdjhsbgsdfg Texture: ● Homophonic with bansuri playing the tune and the tambura playing accompaniment. Occasional monophonic sections with just one instrument playing on its own. Layers up with table only playing in the gat sections.

Meter/rhythm: ● Alap begins with no sense of pulse, very slow. ● Gat 1 = slow tempo with table playing a 7 beat rhythm called Rupak Gat 2 = faster. 12 beat rhythm called Ektal

Structure: ● Three main sections – alap and 2 gat sections ● Alap = Bansuri play the raga (melody) which is improvised with the tambura and esraj (both stringed instruments) accompanying. Gat 1 = slow. Addition of table to other instruments. Gat 2 = faster. With all instruments. Pre-composed melody is played in this section followed by

more improvisation.

Melody: ● The melody is played on the bansuri (bamboo flute) ● Mostly improvised. Pre-composed section in 2nd gat. ● The melody is based around notes of the Rag Desh (Rainy season raga) ● Rag has 5 notes ascending and 7 notes descending

Instrumentation: ● Tabla plays the tala ● Bansuri (bamboo flute) plays the raga. Esraj and tambura (both stringed instruments) accompany.

General terms (all AOS) *Heterophony = Several layers that are very similar but not exactly the same

* Tempo = speed * Polyphony = many sounds * Timbre = each instrument has own sound * Cadence = ending chords * Dynamics = volume * Monophony = 1 sound * Instrumentation = what instruments play *Plagal cadence=sounds like ‘amen’ * Tonality = major/minor etc. * Homophony = tune & chords *Meter/time signature = how many beats per bar * Perfect cadence = sounds finished * Major = happy * Modulation = changes key * Syncopation = off beat rhythm * Imperfect cadence = more to come * Minor = sad * Texture = how many sounds * Ostinato/sequence = repeated pattern * Interrupted cadence = sounds sad * Adagio = slow * Andante = walking speed * Lento = very slow * Allegro = fast * Vivace = very fast * Allegretto = fast-ish *Chromaticism = notes in a row * Ornament = twiddly bits such as trills

AOS 1 – Classical Music Sonata form = in 3 sections (see below), used in Mozart piece Exposition = 1st section, 2 themes, theme 1=minor, theme 2=major Development = 2nd section, 2 themes expanded & in lots of keys Recapitulation = 3rd section, theme 1=minor, theme 2=also minor! Theme = tune Ternary = 3 sections, ABA, used in Chopin piece. Pedal note = repeated note, Chopin piece. Baroque = early era of music; church music, harpsichord and strings, small

orchestra, lots of ornaments. Handel. 1600-1750 Classical = middle era of music; follows rules of harmonies with cadences, 4 bar

phrases, fairly large orchestra. Mozart. 1750-1825. Romantic = latest era of music; either very larger orchestras or solos, emotions,

breaking rules of harmonies. Chopin. 1825-1900. Diatonic = all in 1 key. Tonic = 1st note eg C is 1st in scale of C. Rubato = not strictly in time to express emotion. Chopin. Cantabile = singing style on an instrument. Chopin. Septuplet = 7 notes squeezed into space of 4. Chopin. Acciaccatura = really quick extra note. Chopin. Related minor = minor key with most # & b in common with a major key.

Mozart, Chopin. Primary chords = 3 most important chords in any scale. Handel, Mozart, Chopin. Imitation = copy. Handel, Mozart. Oratorio = religious opera. Handel. Melisma = Many notes to 1 word. Handel.

AOS 2 Expressionism = style of Schoenberg. Angry emotions, sounds harsh. Resultant melody = melody made up of other overlapping melodies. Reich. Minimalism = repetitive style of music of Reich. Cell/Looping = small section repeating over and over. Reich. Dissonance = clashing notes/sounds harsh. Schoenberg. Hauptstimme = Main melody. Scheonberg. Nebenstimme = Secondary melody. Schoenberg. Hexachord = 6 notes together. Compliment = other 6 notes. Schoenberg. Tritone = distance of 3 tones, sounds harsh. Bernstein. Angular melodies = harsh & jumpy melody. Scheonberg. Additive = add note to melody. Subtractive = minus a note from melody. Reich Layering = build up parts. Reich. Atonal = not major or minor, too many notes. Scheonberg. Static/non-functional harmony = repetitive accompaniment. Reich. Dynamic extremes = volume extremes. Schoenberg. Serialism = linked to expressionism but more based on patterns. Cross rhythms = clashing rhythms. Scheonberg, Reich, Bernstein. Klangfarben melody = tune swaps round different instruments after only a few

notes. What instruments plays is as important as what the notes are. Schoenberg. Push rhythm = tune starts just ahead of the bar. Bernstein. Bitonality = 2 keys at the same time. Bernstein.

General signs (all AOS) < = crescendo/get louder > = diminuendo/get quieter

x = semi-quaver = ¼ e =quaver = ½ Q = crotchet = 1 h = minim = 2 w = semi-breve = 4 AOS 3

Improvisation = make tune up on the spot, based on scale/chords. Davis Blue note = clashing note. Davis. Head = tune. Davis. Riff = repeated pattern. Davis. Add/altered chord = extra note added to basic chord eg 7th or #9. Davis. Looping = repeated pattern, linked to technology. Moby. Drum machine = fake drum sound to loop patterns. Moby. Sample = section taken form another song. Moby. Modal = different scale to major/minor. Eg blues scale, Davis. Drop D tuning = not regular guitar tuning. Buckley. Reverb = echo type sound. Moby. BPM = how many Beats Per Minute. Moby. EQ = Equaliser, changes how things sound. Buckely. Mute = makes trumpet sound more distant. Davis. 12 bar blues = pattern of chords. Davis. Alto Saxophone = Higher sounding saxophone. Tenor saxophone = lower sounding saxophone. Arpeggios = chords played as individual notes. Buckley.

AOS 4 Tabla = Pair of Indian drums. Tala = Indian word for rhythm. Sitar = Indian string instrument. Plays the melody. Bansuri = Indian bamboo flute. Pakhawaj = Indian drum (different to Tabla). Alap = 1st section of a raga. Slow & improvised. Melody & drone only,

no drums. Gat = Last section of raga. Drums & pre-composed tune finally come in. Bandish = Last section of a raga with vocals, drums and pre-composed

tune. Heterophony = all play similar parts that are very slightly different. Balaphone = xylophone. African. Mbira = thumb piano. African. Dunno = talking drum, can change the pitch by squeezing it. African. Bouzouki = like a lute. Fusion/Capercaillie. Fusion = combines 2 different styles of music together. Folk & Western. Master drummer = main drummer, acts like a conductor. Call & response = 1 group sings/plays then another sings/plays

something different in reply. Raga = means melody & scale. raga desh = Rainy season scale. Indian. Polyrhythm = many different rhythms together. Indian, African. Cross rhythm = clashing rhythms. African. Unison = 1 sound. Drone = simple repeated accompaniment. Indian. Tambura = Indian accompaniment instrument.