AHS SQL Server

8/4/2019 AHS SQL Server

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MS - SQL SERVER

TOPICSCategorization of Commands

Commands with Examples

Joins

Types of Joins with examplesFAQ s

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D ML D ata Manipulation Language

DD L D ata D efinition LanguageD CL D ata Control LanguageTCL Transaction Control Language

Categorization of Commands


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SelectInsertUpdateD elete

DML D ata M anipulation Language

DDL D ata D efinition Language

CreateAlterD rop

Truncate


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G rantRevokeD eny

D CL D ata Control Language

TCL Transaction Control Language

CommitRollback


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Select

Syntax(diff Formats) : Select column_name(s)FROM table_nameSE LECT *FROM table_name

Ex(diff Formats):Select eid, ename, sal from emp

Select * from empN ote :Table names, Column names, keywords are case insensitive.

Eid Ename Sal

1 Paul 12000

2 Anshuman 10000

3 Ambrish 120004 Neethika 8000

Emp

DML Commands with Syntax & Ex


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Insert

Syntax (2 formats):Insert into table_namevalues(val1,val2,val3 ,valn)Insert into table_name(col1,col2,col3 coln)values(val1,val2,val3 ,valn)

Ex(2 formats):Insert into emp values(5, Swamy ,7000)Insert into emp(eid,ename,sal) values(5, Swamy ,7000)

Eid Ename Sal

1 Paul 12000

2 Anshuman 10000

3 Ambrish 12000

4 Neethika 8000

5 Swamy 7000

Emp



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UpdateSyntax :

update table_nameset col1=val1, col2=val2, coln=valn

where col_name=value

Ex(2 Formats):Updating single column(only sal)The below query allows you to set the sal of Swamy i.e; eid of 5 to new value 7500.

U pdate empset sal=7500 where eid=5

Updating multiple columns(both ename & sal)The below query allows you to set the sal to 7500 and ename to Swaminath of the employee

with eid =5.U pdate empset sal=7500,ename= Swaminath where eid=5

Eid Ename Sal1 Paul 12000

2 Anshuman 10000

3 Ambrish 12000

4 Neethika 8000

5 Swaminath 7500

Emp



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D eleteSyntax :

D elete table_name where col_name=valueD elete from table_name where col_name=value

Ex(2 Formats):D eleting a selected row(by its eid)The below query allows you to delete the row with eid=5.

D elete from emp where eid=5 OR

D elete emp where eid=5

D eleting all records/rows/tuplesThe below query allows you to delete all rows from emp table.

D elete emp

Eid Ename Sal1 Paul 12000

2 Anshuman 10000

3 Ambrish 12000

4 Neethika 8000

5 Swaminath 7500

Emp



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W here, Between , A ND , OR , IN , UN ION , UN ION ALL , IN TERSECT , ANY ,LIKE, TOP,G roup by, Order by, Having

< , > , = , , =

Not Equal, insome versions it is !=

Operators, Conditional Clauses, Keywords,Predefined Functions .


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SELECT FROM W HERE AND SELECT FROM W HERE OR SELECT

FROM W HEREBETW EEN AND

SELECT * FROM empW HERE sal>9000

AND

sal


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SELECT FROM W HERE

IN

( , )

SELECT FROM W HERELIKE patternSELECT column_name(s)FROM table_nameORD ER BY column_name [A SC| D ESC]

Retrieving the records from emp tablewhose eid in 1,2SELECT * FROM empW HERE eidIN (2 ,4)

Retrieving the records from emp tablewhose ename starts with ASELECT * FROM empW HERE ename

LIKE A%

Retrieving the records of employees fromemp table with sal in descending orderSELECT * FROM empORD ER BY sal desc

Syntax Exa mples

Syntax & Ex : Operators, Conditional Clauses .


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Retrieving min value for a column from tableSELECT min(column_name)

FROM

Retrieving max value for a column from tableSELECT max(column_name)FROM

Retrieving count of rows/records from tableSELECT COU NT(*)FROM

Retrieving min sal from empSELECT min(sal)

FROM emp

Retrieving max sal from empSELECT max(sal)FROM emp

Retrieving count of rows/records from tableSELECT COU NT(*)FROM emp

Syntax Exa mples

Syntax & Ex : Predefined Functions, Keywords,Clauses ..


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SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name operator valueG ROUP BY column_name

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)FROM table_nameWHERE column_name operator value

GROU P BY column_nameHAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

Syntax

Syntax & Ex : Predefined Functions, Keywords,Clauses ..


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CreateSyntax :

CREATE TABLE table_name(col1 data_type [Primary Key] [ Identity(startval,incr)],col2 data_type,col3 data_type,...)

Ex(2 Formats):The below format helps us to create structure of table emp with 3 columns eid,ename,salCreate table emp(eid int , ename varchar(50), sal int)The below format helps us to create structure of table emp with 3 columns eid,ename,sal with

eid set to primary key and identity(1,1) i.e; with startval 1 and auto-increment of 1Create table emp(eid int Primary Key Identity(1,1), ename varchar(50), sal int)

Eid Ename Sal

Emp

DDL Commands with Syntax & Ex

Eid is of type int

with PK andIdentity set


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D ropSyntax :

D ROP table table_name

Ex(2 Formats):The below query helps us to drop the table emp(the records inside thetable-if any and the structure of table) but does not reset the identityspecified on a column to its initial value.

D rop table emp



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TruncateSyntax :

Truncate table table_name

Ex(2 Formats):The below query helps us to drop the table emp(the records inside thetable-if any and the structure of table) and resets the identity specified ona column to its initial value.

Truncate table emp



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AlterSyntax to Add a new Column

ALTER TABLE table_nameADD column_name datatype

Syntax to D rop existing Column

ALTER TABLE table_nameD ROP COLU M N column_name

Ex(Add Column):The below format helps us to add new column desg to existing table emp.

ALTER TABLE Emp

ADD

desg varchar(50)Ex(D rop Column):The below format helps us to drop existing column desg from table emp.

ALTER TABLE EmpD ROP COLU M N desg

Eid Ename Sal D esg

Emp



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The JO IN keyword in SQ L Server helps to query datafrom two or more tables, based on a relationship

between certain columns in the tables joined with acondition.Join : Join helps us to join two or more tables andfetches matching records from the tables joined that

have a common column.Typically a JOIN is used in conjunction with ONkeyword for filtering data.

JOIN S


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SQL JOIN S

INN ER JOIN

OUTER JOIN (3 Categories)Left Outer Join / Left JoinRight Outer Join / Right JoinFull Outer Join / Full Join

CROSS JOIN

SELF JOIN


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JOIN (INN ER JOIN ): Returns set of rows when there is atleast one match in both tablesLEFT JOIN (Left Outer Join) : Return all rows from the left

table, even if there are no matches in the right table byassigning a N U LL value to the columns in the right table.RIG HT JOIN (Right Outer Join) : Return all rows from theright table, even if there are no matches in the left table

by assigning a N U LL value to the columns in the left table.FULL JOIN (Full Outer Join) : Return rows when there is amatch in one of the tables i.e; Left Join + Right Join.

D ifferent Types of JO INS


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Table Structure

PId Last N ame First N ame Address City

1 Paul Joseph Hitech City Hyderabd

2 Samineni Anthony Banjara Hills Hyderabad

3 Nitty Carmel SP Road Secunderabad

OId Order N o PId

1 778 9 5 32 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764 15

Products

O rd e r s


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The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there isat least one match in both tables.INNER JOIN is same as JO IN which retrievesmatching records from two or more tables.

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_name1INN ER JOIN table_name2

ON

table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

INN ER JOIN


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SQL INN ER JOIN Example

SELECT Persons. LastName,Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNoFROM PersonsINN ER JOIN OrdersON Persons.P Id=Orders.P IdORD ER BY Persons. LastName

Last N ame First N ame Order N o

Paul Joseph 22456Paul Joseph 24562

Nitty Carmel 778 9 5

Nitty Carmel 44678


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The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table(table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right table(table_name2).In short, LEFT JOIN keyword helps us to return the matching

rows from both the tables and non-matching rows from leftside table.In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OU TER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_name1LEFT JOIN table_name2ONtable_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

LEFT JOIN


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SELECT Persons. LastName, Persons.FirstName,Orders.OrderNoFROM PersonsLEFT JOIN Orders

ON

Persons.PId=Orders.P

IdORD ER BY Persons. LastName

LEFT JOIN O/P


Paul Joseph 22456

Paul Joseph 24562Nitty Carmel 778 9 5

Nitty Carmel 44678

Samineni Anthony N U LL


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The R IGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the Right table(table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left table(table_name1).In short, R IGHT JOIN keyword helps us to return the matching

rows from both the tables and non-matching rows from rightside table.In some databases R IGHT JOIN is called R IGHT OU TER JOIN

SELECT column_name(s)FROM table_name1RIG HT JOIN table_name2ONtable_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

RIG HT JOIN


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SELECT Persons. LastName, Persons.FirstName,Orders.OrderNoFROM PersonsRIG HT JOIN Orders

ON



RIG HT JOIN O/P


Paul Joseph 22456


Nitty Carmel 44678NU LL NU LL 34764


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The FU LL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match in

one of the tables .

SE LECT column_name(s)FROM table_name1FULL JOIN table_name2ONtable_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_n

ame

FULL JOIN


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Paul Joseph 22456


Nitty Carmel 44678

Samineni Anthony N U LL

NU LL NU LL 34764

SELECT Persons. LastName, Persons.FirstName,Orders.OrderNoFROM PersonsFULL JOIN Orders

ON



FULL JOIN O/P

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AHS SQL Server