Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000103Air Water Borne DisISSN: 2167-7719 AWBD, an open access journal

Open AccessResearch Article

Air & Water Borne Diseases

Barbosa et al., Air Water Borne Dis 2012, 1:2http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-7719.1000103

Keywords: Filamentous fungi; Aspergillus sp; Infant and elementary classrooms

IntroductionIncidence of respiratory infections in immunocompromised

individuals, caused by filamentous fungi, has increased significantly over the past few years [1,2]. Staying long periods of time in an indoor closed environment can contribute to infection acquisition since the lack of aeration, the poor conservation ventilation, temperature regulating systems and relative air humidity may contribute to the prevalence and multiplication of filamentous fungi in both public and private buildings [3,4]. Resulting spores spread in the environment, reaching to man and causing disease, being gravity dependent of individual immunological state, airborne spores concentration and exposition time [5]. Acute respiratory diseases [e.g. invasive aspergillosis] may result from long-term exposure by individuals [6,7] and chronic respiratory diseases [e.g. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis] result as an opportunistic infection, mainly inimmunocompromised patients; when no treatment is available, it can be also fatal [8,9]. Children are a very sensitive group since they stay long periods of time inside classrooms, being dependent of indoor air quality. Aspergillus sp. are the most pathogenic moulds and their spores inhalation can result in respiratory diseases; subsequent colonization of pre-formed pulmonary cavities by hyphae can result in aspergillloma or aspergillosis diseases [2,10,11]. Even though, their identification is still difficult and laborious since filamentous fungi diagnosis is based on both macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of cultures, being dependent on the experience of the evaluator. Despite the importance for public health the study and characterization of filamentous fungi presence in public buildings, few studies have been developed in Portugal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the filamentous fungi indoor air quality from infant and elementary Portuguese schools, situated in Vila Nova de Gaia. Also, Aspergillus sp. identification was performed.

Materials and MethodsStudy was performed at December 2010 in seven schools (I-VII),

situated in Vila Nova de Gaia (a satellite city of OPorto, the second largest Portuguese city); except for school I (3 elementary classrooms), all the others had 1 infant (I-VII) and 4 elementary classrooms for each, resulting in a total of 34 samples (sample per school, classroom

and school year). Environmental samples were collected by passive exposure of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA - OXOID, Hampshire, UK) plates during 30 min at environmental temperature. Data concerning habitability of each classroom were collected (area; type of deck; number of windows and doors; exposure to sunlight; presence of air conditioning and fans; patches of water and moisture). Following exposition, SDA plates were incubated (25ºC/ 5 days) and, for each developed filamentous cultures, macroscopic fungal colony morphology was performed (colour -top and base plate-, elevation, texture and form). Cultures with gray-white (or gray-brown) and pepper like stipples surface colonies were suspected to be Zygomycetes; cultures with powdery or granular surface, as also green, gray, yellow or brown pigmentation were supposed to be Ascomycetes. Subsequently, humidity chambers were executed and incubated (37ºC/ 2 days), following culture microscopic (40x) characterization of spores, hyphae and fruiting bodies, namely sporangium (typical Zygomycete) and conidial heads (typical Ascomycete), was performed.

ResultsYeasts and filamentous colonies were obtained from all the samples.

For filamentous cultures we found similar results in school III and V (Table 1). Macroscopic morphology studies found diverse filamentous cultures; although, cultures from different schools and classrooms presented similar colour, elevation and textures; by microscopy, all the isolated filamentous cultures presented fruiting bodies (Sporangium and conidia). Consequently, we prepared cultures according to their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Zygomycetes were more prevalent in schools IV and VI (infant and elementary levels); also, in

*Corresponding author: Joana Margarida Moutinho Barbosa, University College of Jean Piaget Health Science Campus Vila Nova de Gaia, Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget, Portugal, Tel: +351227-536 620; Fax: +351 227 536 639; E-mail: jmbarbosa@gaia.ipiaget.org

Received December 10, 2011; Accepted April 04, 2012; Published April 06, 2012

Citation: Barbosa J, Vieira R, Costa J, Moreira L, Fernandes A, et al. (2012) Prevalence of Aspergillus sp in Portuguese Infant and Elementary Schools. Air Water Borne Dis 1:103. doi:10.4172/2167-7719.1000103

Copyright: © 2012 Barbosa JMM. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

AbstractBackground: Long-term exposure to a contaminated indoor environment may result in different health

complaints. The filamentous fungi indoor air quality assessment of infant and elementary Portuguese schools and Aspergillus sp. identification was performed.

Methods: Environmental exposure was performed in seven infant and elementary schools, situated in Vila Nova de Gaia, during January 2011, following filamenteous culture characterization and identification for Aspergillus sp.

Results: Filamentous cultures were more prevalent than yeasts, being Ascomycetes, more widespread than Zygomycetes. Elementary classrooms were more environmental contaminated than infantry level classrooms.

Conclusion: A. terreus and A. fumigatus cultures isolation occurred from samples exposed in two elementary classrooms and were related with school habitability and hygienisation conditions.

Prevalence of Aspergillus sp in Portuguese Infant and Elementary SchoolsBarbosa J*, Vieira R, Costa J, Moreira L, Fernandes A, Madeira C, Afonso C, Oliveira R and Carvalho C

University College of Jean Piaget Health Science Campus Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal

Citation: Barbosa J, Vieira R, Costa J, Moreira L, Fernandes A, et al. (2012) Prevalence of Aspergillus sp in Portuguese Infant and Elementary Schools. Air Water Borne Dis 1:103. doi:10.4172/2167-7719.1000103

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Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000103Air Water Borne DisISSN: 2167-7719 AWBD, an open access journal

classrooms from school II (infant level) and school V (elementary level); additionally, Ascomycetes were prevalent at schools I and III (infant and elementary classrooms) and schools II and VII (elementary level). It is important to state that elementary classrooms of school VII which presented a greater number of filamentous cultures, being much higher than those obtained in other schools; also, in infant level classrooms no growth was observed (Table 2). Only two cultures were obtained from school VII, (elementary level classrooms) presented specific conidial columnar heads, been classified as Aspergillus sp. Even these two cultures presented different macroscopic morphology characteristics; one was A. terreus (granular surface, brown pigmentation and rugae radiation from the center) and A. fumigates (powdery surface and green pigmentation). All the other Ascomycetes cultures were considered to be Penicillium sp. since microscopic evaluation revealed chains of single-celled conidia, produced in a phialide. Schools were constructed with stone like building material except schools IV and VI (pre-manufactured wood). All the classrooms have at least one window and direct sunlight; although most do not have any ventilator and aeration systems, heater systems were observed at school I and II. Except school V, which presented the poorest state of preservation and inadequate cleaning products (no disinfectants), all the classrooms are clean twice for day with disinfectants products.

DiscussionPresence of filamentous fungi in indoor environment can

result in acute respiratory infections, sinusitis and bronchitis in healthy individuals [12]. Also, exposure to Aspergillus sp. surface antigen may cause immediate reaction, usually defined as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [13]. At a very early age that children attend to public spaces and, during the school age, stay long periods of time inside classrooms, which is expected to carry the most

excellent environmental conditions [4,14]. On the other hand, the poor environmental indoor quality may result in health complaints from students [14,15]. With this study we would like to assess the indoor air quality (namely patches and moisture, humidity, ventilation, temperature and hygiene) of seven Portuguese elementary and infant schools, localized at Vila Nova de Gaia, a satellite city for OPorto. According to our results, a high prevalence of filamentous fungi was found in all indoor environments; even though, yeasts were more ubiquitous at school V. These facts might be a result from inadequate observed habitability conditions, such as: (a) lack of ventilators and aeration system of rooms; (b) poor state of preservation and inadequate cleaning products (no disinfectants); (c) degraded walls and with no ink; (d) presence of water infiltration patches. Also, schools IV and VI were constructed with pre-manufactured wood and presented spots of water infiltration and moisture, being those with more Zygomycetes. Despite the higher number of identified Ascomycetes, Aspergillus sp. culture isolation only occurred from samples obtained from school VII (elementary classrooms); no cultures were obtained from infant level. This might be due to the fact that this school presented the worse hygiene conditions, especially pots of water infiltration, walls degraded and without ink. Also, an inundation occurred on the previous day at the infant classroom, which has led to a greater hygiene and aeration of the room, being a possible explanation for the filamentous cultures nonexistence.

The indoor environment quality study is an important topic for public health, although results may be dependent of biological and environmental factors like building location, indoor environmental temperature and samples collection year’s seasons, among others [2,5]. Studies performed at Portuguese schools founded higher fungi spores concentration inside classrooms, all exceeding the public wellbeing acceptable values [10,12,13]. In our study, we also found a large number of fungi and we isolated Aspergillus sp. cultures. As stated in previous studies, this could be a consequence the lack of ventilation and inside higher temperature and relative humidity, resulting in water patches which presence, according to their studies, is associated with an increase of indoor fungi [2,10,12,15]; also, when paint (a protection factor against the fungi appearance) is absent, there is a greater microorganism adherence [3]. The results were obtained, alerted the necessity to execute more studies at schools, in order to minimize children exposition to pathogenic fungi and avoid respiratory allergy.

References

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Yeasts (n(%)) Filamentous (n(%))

Schools Infant Level

Elementary Level

Infant Level

Elementary Level

Total (N)

I 2 (4) 5 (10) 11 (21) 34 (65) 52II 5 (8) 24 (35) 2 (3) 37 (54) 68III 15 (15) 32 (31) 14 (14) 41 (40) 102IV 8 (8) 17 (16) 12 (11) 69 (65) 106V 13 (19) 23 (33) 11 (15) 23 (33) 70VI 2 (2) 16 (20) 7 (9) 57 (69) 82VII 0 (0) 26 (13) 0 (0) 182 (87) 208

Table 1: Number of yeast and filamentous colonies obtained from all the studied schools (I - VII), after environmental exposition of SDA plates in all the infant and elementary education levels classrooms.

Filamentous Cultures (fruiting bodies characterization)Schools Sporangium (n (%)) Conidia (n (%)) Total (N)

Infant Level

Elementary Level

Infant Level

Elementary Level

I 3 (7) 9 (20) 8 (18) 25 (55) 45II 2 (5) 15 (39) 0 (0) 22 (56) 39III 1 (2) 10 (18) 13 (24) 31 (56) 55IV 6 (7) 57 (71) 6 (7) 12 (15) 81V 1 (3) 14 (41) 10 (30) 9 (26) 34VI 7 (9) 47 (59) 0 (0) 26 (32) 80VII 0 (0) 10 (5) 0 (0) 172 (95) 182

Table 2: Filamentous cultures characterization obtained from all the infant and elementary education levels classrooms from all the studied schools (I - VII), ac-cording to their fruiting bodies (sporangium and conidia).

Citation: Barbosa J, Vieira R, Costa J, Moreira L, Fernandes A, et al. (2012) Prevalence of Aspergillus sp in Portuguese Infant and Elementary Schools. Air Water Borne Dis 1:103. doi:10.4172/2167-7719.1000103

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Volume 1 • Issue 2 • 1000103Air Water Borne DisISSN: 2167-7719 AWBD, an open access journal

10. Martins-Diniz JN, da Silva RA, Miranda ET, Mendes-Giannini MJ (2005) [Monitoring of airborne fungus and yeast species in a hospital unit]. Rev Saude Publica 39: 398-405.

11. Mobin M, do Amparo Salmito M (2006) [Fungus microbiota in air conditioners in intensive care units in Teresina, Piauí]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 39: 556-559.

12. Petronella SA, Thomas R, Stone JA, Goldblum RM, Brooks EG (2005) Clearing the air: a model for investigating indoor air quality in Texas schools. J Environ Health 67: 35-42.

13. Nunes C, Ladeira S (2007) Estudo da qualidade de ambiente fúngico em escolas e edifícios públicos no Algarve. Rev Port Imunoal 15:411-422.

14. Jo WK, Seo YJ (2005) Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities, elementary schools, and homes. Chemosphere 61: 1570-1579.

15. Nasser L (2004) Incidence of Terrestrial Fungi in Drinking Water Collected from Different Schools in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Pak J Biol. Sci 7:1927-1932.

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