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Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

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Page 1: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

Chapter 3The Environmental and Occupational Basis of

Stress

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page 2: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-2

Overview

This chapter Provides an overview of the

environmental and occupational sources of stress

Describes several different kinds of environmental and occupational stress and ways to address and cope with them

Explains these sources of stress using a transactional model

Page 3: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-3

OutlineOur personal environmentErgonomicsWork-related stressThe NIOSH Model of Job StressA transactional model for

explaining occupational and environmental stress

Page 4: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-4

Our Personal Environmental

_______ environmental factors (demands or stimuli) that can exert strain on us

__________and ________ factors are potential stressors until we appraise them as threatening or harmful

Page 5: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-5

Lighting Strain

Four major sources of potential lighting stressInappropriate luminanceReflected lightGlareHigh-contrast lighting

conditions

Page 6: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-6

Climate

Both hot and cold temperatures can cause strainSedentary work best performed at

70-75 degrees FahrenheitLight physical labor best

performed at 66-72 degrees Fahrenheit

Manual labor best performed at temperatures in the low to mid 60s Fahrenheit

Page 7: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-7

Air Quality Both outdoor and indoor air

pollution cause strain on lungs and health

Major sources of indoor air pollution Particulates from combustion-based sources Tobacco particulate matter (secondhand

smoke) Construction materials Pesticides Naturally occurring radioactive particles

(radon gas) Build-up of particles associated with

poor ventilation

Page 8: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-8

Outdoor Air Quality Major sources of outdoor air

pollution Ozone Nitrous oxide Sulfur dioxide Lead Volatile organic compounds Particulate matter Mercury

Page 9: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-9

Graffiti: Art or Eye Pollution?

Creates visual blight for many Strains the aesthetic sensibilities of

some area residents Some cities support local graffiti

contests

Page 10: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-10

Noise Pollution

Noise:

Noise is usually defined on the basis of safe decibel levels or community standards

The term “_________ noisiness” acknowledges subjective nature of noise

Page 11: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

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Health Effects of Noise

________ loss_______ lossEmotional and mental disorders

Page 12: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-12

Major Sources of Noise

Machinery, manufacturing Construction, public worksRoads, traffic

Page 13: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-13

Ergonomics (Human Engineering)

The study of the physical and mental characteristics of people and the tasks they perform for the purpose of designing appropriate living and working environments

Goals are to make activities ____ and enhance people’s well-being, both at ______ and at ______

Page 14: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-14

Ergonomics in Action: Computer Workstations

Guidelines for design of computer workplaces at home or work

Page 15: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-15

Work-Related Stress

Job conditions that make work stressful

Interpersonal dynamics that contribute to worker stress

Both have been studied around the world in various countries and economies

Page 16: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-16

Measuring Occupational Stress

The ________ model of occupational stress combines in a transactional model:Stressful job conditions Individual factorsSituational factors

Very similar to Lazarus and Folkman’s Stress Appraisal Model

Page 17: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-17

Stressful Job Conditions

The design of tasks Critical decision-making responsibility Excessive complexity and/or difficulty Repetitiveness Simplicity Boredom Lack of personal safety Excessive time urgency

Page 18: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-18

Other Potential Stressors at Work

Time demandsManagement style Interpersonal relationshipsDiscrimination/unequal

treatmentSexual harassment

Page 19: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-19

Sexual Harassment Unwelcome sexual advances Requests for sexual favors Verbal or physical contact of a sexual

nature When . . .

Submission made a condition of employment or advancement or basis for decisions about individual

Behavior creates a hostile environment

Page 20: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-20

Other Stressful Job Conditions

Work role conflicts or ambiguities Career concerns (job insecurity,

lack of advancement opportunity) Physical environmental conditions Individual factors (personality

factors, styles) Situational factors (other factors in

worker’s life such as stress spillover between home and work)

Page 21: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-21

A Transactional Model

The transaction between the individual and the general or work environment is perceived as stressful to the extent that the individual perceives it as threatening, harmful, or beyond his or her ability to cope with it.

Page 22: Akira Kaede/Getty Images Chapter 3 The Environmental and Occupational Basis of Stress McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Akira Kaede/Getty Images

3-22

Chapter 3: The Environmental and

Occupational Basis of Stress

Summary


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