Chronos: A Tool for Handling Temporal Ontologies in Protege

Alexandros Preventis, Polyxeni Marki, Euripides G.M. Petrakis, Sotirios BatsakisDept. of Electronic and Computer EngineeringTechnical University of Crete (TUC)Chronos: A Tool for Handling TemporalOntologies in Protg11OWLOWL (Web Ontology Language) is a language that can be used to describe the classes and relations between them.more expressive than XML, RDF and RDF-Sallows to reason about the entities and check whether or not all statements and definitions are mutually consistentOWL directly supports binary relations.

22Dynamic OntologiesRepresent concepts that occur and evolve in timeA company will be established, hire personnel and develop productsThe relation employs" and its inverse are ternary.

33OWL-Time Ontology OWL-Time is an OWL ontology of temporal concepts. It provides a vocabulary for describing:topological relations between temporal entities (instants, intervals)information about durationsIt provides no means of representing information that changes in time.44Temporal RepresentationsModels for representing temporal information:Temporal Description Logics (TDLs)VersioningReification4D-Fluents (Welty 2006 & Batsakis 2011)N-ary Relations55N-ary Example

66ProtgProtg is a free, open-source editor platform for handling ontologies: enables users to build ontologies for the Semantic Web, in particular in the W3C's Web Ontology Language (OWL) Can be extended by means of a plug-in architecture and a Java-based Application Programming Interface (API) for building knowledge-based tools and applications77ProblemThe creation of a temporal ontology, or the conversion of a static ontology to temporal can be a very complex, time-consuming and error-prone procedure.Involves intermediate relations and propertiesThe temporal properties in N-ary apply on intermediate relations The user must have very good knowledge of the underlying (N-ary in our work) representation model.There is no tool for crafting temporal concepts in ontologies easily (i.e., similarly to static ontologies).88ChronosWe present Chronos, a Plug-In for the Protg editor (version 4.1,supporting OWL 2.0) that:handles temporal ontologies similarly to static onessupports restriction checking on temporal properties, classes and individualssupports reasoning over temporal ontologies using the Pellet reasoner with Protgits interface is consistent with the layout of the default Protg tabsThe user need not be familiar with the N-ary model99Modified entitiesAlthough it is feasible to create a temporal ontology using the standard Protg tabs, it is difficult to define temporal properties and restrictions.Changes that are applied during the conversion of:Object PropertiesData PropertiesIndividualsClasses

1010Object PropertiesThe changes that will take place in order to convert an object property to temporal are:Property domain and rangeEvent class is related to the Interval with the object property during

1111Data propertiesThe changes that will take place in order to convert a data property to temporal are:Property domaincreation of an object property (named by the data property, and followed by OP") which will relate the static data property's domain to the Event class.Event class is related to the Interval with the object property during

1212IndividualsWhen a property is converted to temporal, all its instances have to be converted as well.

1313Value constraintsowl:allValuesFrom Company employs only Programmer In the case where `employs' is temporal object property, the constraint is:Company employs only (Event and (employs only Programmer))owl:someValuesFrom Company employs some Programmer In the case where `employs' is temporal object property, the constraint is:Company employs some (Event and (employs some Programmer))

1414Cardinality Constrains (1/2)owl:maxCardinality Company employs max 2 Employeeowl:minCardinality Company employs min 2 Employeeowl:cardinality Company employs exactly 2 Employeeowl:FunctionalProperty A functional property is a property that can have only one (unique) value y for each instance x, i.e. there cannot be two distinct values y1 and y2 such that the pairs (x, y1) and (x, y2) are both instances of this property.John worksFor AppleA temporal functional property can have only one value in each time interval during which the property holds. This is implemented by adding a SWRL rule to the ontology (Batsakis2012).

1515Cardinality Constrains(2/2)owl:inverseFunctionalProperty If we state that P is an owl:InverseFunctionalProperty, then this asserts that a value y can only be the value of P for a single instance x, i.e. there cannot be two distinct instances x1 and x2 such that both pairs (x1, y) and (x2, y) are instances of P.Apple employs JohnWhen a temporal property is inverse-functional the object uniquely determines the subject for each time instant.If a temporal property P is transitive and (x, y, interval1) is an instance of P and (y, z, interval2) is an instance of P, then we can infer that (x, z, interval1 interval2) is also an instance of P. In our implementation the transitivity between instances of a temporal property takes place only if those instances hold for same time intervals1616Class ConversionsChronos provides a convenient way to convert multiple object and data properties to temporal. This function converts:the object and data properties that relate members of the selected classthe object and data properties where this class appears as a Domainthe restrictions where one of these object or data properties appear in1717User Interface18

ConclusionsChronos, is a tab plug-in for Protege editor that facilitates the creation and editing of temporal OWL 2.0 ontologies. The temporal concepts as well as the properties that evolve over time are represented by means of the N-ary Relations model, that is a W3C recommendation. It applies on restrictions on temporal properties, which have different semantic meaning than those applied on static properties.The user does not have to be familiar with the peculiarities of the temporal representation model, thus making the manipulation of temporal entities as easy as if they were static.Available at: www.intelligence.tuc.gr/prototypes1919Thank YouQuestions?2020