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All cells need ENERGY to:
Digest Molecules Build MoleculesMove MoleculesOrganize Molecules
The form of energy cells use is CHEMICAL.
Cells’ chemical energy is found in ATP.
ATP ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
PO
ATP
ENERGY ENERGY
ADP
ATP
PO
Adenosine Triphosphate =
adenosine
POPOPO
Adenosine Diphosphate =
adenosine
POPO
How does a cell obtain energy?
1.) Trapping light energy
photosynthesis = Sunlight/UV radiation → Glucose
2.) Eating other organic material
Respiration = Glucose → 36 ATP
Respiration → ATPProcess that converts, packages, changes energy into a usable form
Light Energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light Energy
Bacteria Experiment with Photosynthesis
Quick Quiz!! Which condition will allow a plant to grow the best?
0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%0%
A. Yellow lightB. Blue lightC. Orange lightD. Green lightE. Red lightF. Violet lightG. White lightH. Black light
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Structure of a chlorplast
Photosynthesis – capturing light energy
Photosynthesis – Light Reactions
Quick Quiz!! What is produced during the light reactions?
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A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon dioxide
D. sunlight
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Photosynthesis – capturing light energy
Photosynthesis – Dark Reactions, Calvin Cycle
Quick Quiz!! Of the reactants in the Calvin Cycle, which comes from the light reactions?
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A. ATP
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Water
D. Glucose
E. PGAL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Photosynthesis – capturing light energy
Connection Between Light Dependent Rxn and Calvin Cycle
Quick Quiz!! Where does photosynthesis take place?
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A. Cytoplasm
B. Cell membrane
C. Cell wall
D. Chloroplast
E. Mitochondrion
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Photosynthesis
ENERGY (sunlight)
+ 6CO2Carbon dioxide
+ 6H2O water
→ C6H12O6 glucose
+ 6O2 oxygen
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Energy Changes:
Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6 O2)
Energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O
36 ATP
Energy
Energy
Amount of energy stored in chemical bonds
Photosynthetic cells carry on both processes’Some eukaryotic cells
All Eukarytoic cells carry on respiration
Quick Quiz!! Which process occurs in fungi?
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A. Photosynthesis
B. Respiration
C. Neither
D. Both
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Cellular Respiration – Releasing Chemical Energy
2 Steps in releasing energy from glucose:- Glycolysis- Respiration
(or Fermentation)
Glycolysis
Glucose2 ATP
Pyruvic Acid
Energy
Pyruvic Acid
Quick Quiz!! What is glycolysis?
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A. A process that splits glucose
B. A process that releases energy from chemical bonds
C. A process that creates pyruvic acid
D. All of these are true
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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Pyruvic Acid
CO2
Acetyl GroupCoenzyme AAcetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl Group
CO2
CO2
e- NAD+
FADFADH2
NADH
Electron Transport Chain
e-
EnergyADP34 ATP
+ H+ + ½ O2 = H2O
Cristae
Matrix
Quick Quiz!! Where does the electron go after passing through the electron transport
chain?
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A. Water
B. ATP
C. glucose
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Respiration
+ ENERGY (ATP and Heat)
6CO2Carbon dioxide
+ 6H2O water
→C6H12O6 glucose
+ 6O2 oxygen
LightReactions
ElectronTransport
Chain
Glycolysis
DarkReactions
C6H12O6
Simple Sugar
Containing stored
Chemical energy
NADPHH+
ATP
6H20 6O2 CO2
~36 ATP
Citric AcidCycle
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Review - Photosynthesis
Goal: To trap UV energy into chemical energy = GLUCOSELocation: Chloroplast in photosynthetic cells
Steps:1) Light is absorbed within the photosynthetic membranes
(chlorophyll of photosystem I and photosystem II.)Water is split
2) High energy electrons produced through the absorption of UV light are passed down an electron transport chain.
3) As energy is lost from electrons, NADPH and ATP are produced through the conversion of energy into chemical bonds in those molecules.
4) ATP and NADPH are used in the CALVIN CYCLE to convert CO2 to glucose (1 carbon compound into a 6 carbon compound)
RespirationGoal: To convert chemical (food) energy into small packages so that usage can be efficient and least amount possible is lost as heatLocation: Mitochondria in all eukaryotic cellsSteps:1) Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (3 carbon compound) outside of the
mitochondrial membrane…without oxygen…ANEROBIC PROCESS. Pyruvic Acid converts to an acetyl group (2 carbon compound).
2) Acetyl group gets picked up by Coenzyme A and is transported to the Krebs Cycle
3) The cycle pulls apart high energy bonds left after glycolysis and releases electrons.
4) High energy electrons are delivered to the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN. Their energy is reduced to produce ATP.
5) Energy depleted electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen to form water.
Quick Quiz!! What is missing from this formula?
C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
0% 0% 0%0%0%
A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen
D. Water
E. Heat
Summary
Glucose
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
Grand Total:36 ATP
Anaerobic CyclesWhen you are out of oxygen you resort to anaerobic cycles
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation
2 molecules of ATPCarbon DioxideLactic AcidEx. Muscle cells
2 molecules of ATPCarbon DioxideAlcoholEx. Yeast, microorganisms
Quick Quiz!! What is the key difference between cellular respiration and
fermentation?
33% 33%33%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
A. Fermentation creates much less ATP.
B. Respiration is less efficient.
C. Fermentation is used more frequently in animal cells.