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Alteration of i consciousness SATHAPORN KUNNATHUM M.D.

Alteration of Consciousness

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Page 1: Alteration of Consciousness

Alteration of iconsciousness

S A T H A P O R N K U N N A T H U M M . D .

Page 2: Alteration of Consciousness

Levels of Depressed ConsciousnessLevels of Depressed Consciousness::Levels of Depressed ConsciousnessLevels of Depressed Consciousness::

1. Alert - normal orientation

2. Confused - mild diminution of consciousness with mental slowness,inattentiveness, dulled perception, incoherent thought process,patient is disoriented

3. Stupor - marked reduction in mental and physical activity, markedslowness and reduction in response to commands or stimuli

4. Coma - complete loss of consciousness with unresponsivenessto stimuli and voluntary movements

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“เกณฑการวนจฉยสมองตาย”

ส ไ ส ใ กาหนดสภาวะและเงอนไขสาหรบการวนจฉย มใจความดงนคอ

1. Deep coma โดยไมไดเกดจาก drug intoxication,

primary hypothermia, metabolic and endocrinedisturbance หรอ shock

2. On ventilator ผปวยใชเครองชวยหายใจ ไมหายใจ

เอง ซงไมไดเกดจากยา muscle relaxant หรอยาอนๆเอง ซงไมไดเกดจากยา muscle relaxant หรอยาอนๆ

3. Irreversible brain damage สาเหตของขอ 1 และ 2

โ ไ ไ เกดจากการทสมองเสยหายโดยไมมหนทางเยยวยาไดอกแลว

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4. ผทอยในสภาวะครบตามขอ 1, 2 และ 3 แลว จะตองม

การตรวจสอบเพอยนยนสมองตายจรง ดงน

4.1. no spontaneous movement, epileptic

jerking, decortication or decerebrate rigidityjerking, decortication or decerebrate rigidity

4.2. absence of 6 brainstem reflex:

� dilated & fixed pupils� dilated & fixed pupils

� corneal reflex

� motor response within the cranial nerve distribution

� Doll’s head phenomena

Page 5: Alteration of Consciousness

� V tib l t l i ti l ti� Vestibular response to caloric stimulation

� Gag & cough reflex4.3. no spontaneous respiration โดยหยด

เครองชวยหายใจ 10 นาท แลวไมหายใจเอง และ pCO2p

มากกวา 60 mmHg (ถาสามารถวดได)4 4 ไ ป ป 4 1 4 2 4 34.4. ไมมการเปลยนแปลงตามขอ 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

เปนเวลาอยางนอย 6 ชวโมง

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5 โ ไ 3 ป 5. ตองวนจฉยโดยองคคณะของแพทยไมนอยกวา 3 คนคอ แพทยเจาของผปวย แพทย

สาขา

ประสาทวทยาหรอประสาทศลยศาสตร (ถาม) และผอานวยการหรอผทรบมอบหมาย

แตหากจะมการบรจาคอวยวะเกดขน ในองคคณะของแพทยจะตอง ไมมแพทยผจะทา

การผาตดปลกถายอวยวะ

6. ตองใชบนทกการตรวจวนจฉยสมองตายของแพทยสภาประกอบการวนจฉย

Page 7: Alteration of Consciousness

Cause of Altered of Conscious

I t i lIntracranial

Extracranial

Page 8: Alteration of Consciousness

Intracranial Causes

TraumaTrauma- ICH- SAH

CVA- TIA

Stroke- Stroke- Hypertensive encephalopathy

Infection- Meningitis- Encephalitis

B i b- Brain abscessTumor

Page 9: Alteration of Consciousness

Extracranial Causes

M t b li Metabolic cause

- Electrolyte imbalance

- Hypo – Hyperglycemia

- Uremic , Hepatic ,Septic encephalopathy, p , p p p y

- Hypoxia

Circulatory collapseCirculatory collapse

- Shock

Bl di- Bleeding

- Cardiac arrhythmia

Page 10: Alteration of Consciousness

Management of altered patientManagement of altered patient

ABCD ApproachABCD ApproachAirway

BreathingBreathing

Circulation

DisabilityDisability

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AIRWAYAIRWAYClear airway : head tilt , chin lift, jaw thrustUse oropharyngeal airway then face mask with bag Use oropharyngeal airway then face mask with bag oxygen 6-8 L /min.Rapid sequence intubation if necessary

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d il / hi lifHead tilt/ Chin lift

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Jaw thrustJaw thrust

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Insertion Oropharyngeal AirwayInsertion Oropharyngeal Airway

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BREATHINGBREATHINGAdequate oxygenation and ventilation

Every injured patient should receive supplemental oxygeny j p pp yg(reservoir face mask with flow rate 10 L/minute) to achieve optimal oxygenation

Page 16: Alteration of Consciousness

CIRCULATIONCIRCULATIONchecking pulses, capillary refill, pallor, cyanosis, and level of consciousnesslevel of consciousness

Sources of bleeding identified and controlled

IV accessIV access

Infusion of saline, blood products if necessary

Page 17: Alteration of Consciousness

Solution makeupOsmal. Glucose Na+ Cl- K+ Ca+ Lactate

5% D/W 278 50g/l 0 0 0 0 0

10%D/W 556 100g/l 0 0 0 0 0

.45%NaCl 154 0 77 77 0 0 045% aC 54 0 77 77 0 0 0

.9% NaCL 308 0 154 154 0 0 0

LR 274 0 130 109 4 1 5 28LR 274 0 130 109 4 1.5 28

Na, Cl, K, Ca, and lactate are measured in mmol/liter mmol/liter.

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DISABILITYDISABILITYLevel of consciousness

Response to stimuliResponse to stimuli

Pupillary responses

Gross movement and sensationGross movement and sensation

GCS or other measure

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Glasgow Coma Scale: What is it?

Quantifies level of consciousnessAcute brain damage: traumatic and/or vascular injuries Acute brain damage: traumatic and/or vascular injuries

or infections

Metabolic disorders: hepatic or renal failure Metabolic disorders: hepatic or renal failure, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketosis, toxic ingestion

Assess initial level of consciousness Assess initial level of consciousness

Assess changes in level of consciousness

l id d di Helps guide treatment and predict outcome

Page 20: Alteration of Consciousness

Glasgow scoring

Category Response Points

Eye opening

Spontaneous, open with blinking at baseline 4

Opens to verbal command, speech, or shout 3

Opens to pain, not applied to face 2

No response 1

Verbal

Oriented conversation 5

Disoriented, confused conversation, able to answer questions 4

I i t d di ibl 3response

Inappropriate responses, words discernible 3

Incomprehensible speech 2

No response 1

Intubated TIntubated T

Motor

Obeys commands for movement 6

Purposeful movement to painful stimulus 5

Withdraws from pain 4response

Withdraws from pain 4

Abnormal (spastic) flexion, decorticate posture 3

Extensor (rigid) response, decerebrate posture 2

No response 1o espo se

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PosturingPosturing

D ti tDecorticateUpper extremity flexion with lower extremity extensionMesencephalic region or corticospinal tract damageMesencephalic region or corticospinal tract damage

DecerebrateUpper and lower extremity extensionUpper and lower extremity extensionBrainstem damage below the red nucleus

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Glasgow scoreGlasgow score

Score rangegExtubated: 3 – 15Intubated: T

Cli i l iClinical presentationNormal: GCS = 15Comatose: GCS ≤ 8Comatose: GCS ≤ 8Dead: GCS = 3

Grading of head injuryg j yMinor: GCS ≥ 13Moderate: GCS 9 – 12 S GCS 8Severe: GCS ≤ 8

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CT b i CT brain

Intubation

Page 24: Alteration of Consciousness

Th k f tt tiThank you for your attention