Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe world food situation – competition...
35
Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe world food situation – competition between humans and animals, consequences Identify alternative feed ingredients and limitations Examine role of communication
Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe world food situation – competition between humans and animals, consequences Identify alternative
Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe
world food situation competition between humans and animals,
consequences Identify alternative feed ingredients and limitations
Examine role of communication
Slide 2
World Food Situation Crisis level (UN, 2010) Food prices to
rise by 40% over coming decade Wheat and coarse grains to increase
by between 15% - 40% Vegetable oils to increase more than 40% Food
prices at highest level on record February 2011 About 1b people
estimated to be undernourished
Slide 3
Why is there crisis? Extreme weather (too much rain, heat &
cold) Heat wave, drought & wildfires in Russia, Worst drought
in China, Drought in US etc 1/3 of grain supplies in the U.S. used
for fuel ethanol production Shrinking grain harvests due to aquifer
depletion and severe erosion Running out of technology to raise
land productivity Rising world population
Slide 4
Competition between humans and animals for vital feed
ingredients (energy, protein) ENERGY Wheat, Maize (Corn), Barley,
Oats, Rice, Sorghum, Rye, Triticale, Vegetable oil, Cassava PROTEIN
Soybeans, Fishmeal, Peanut meal,
Slide 5
Competition Increasing feed cost ( normally constitute 50-75 of
the total cost) About 2.4 million dogs being fed scraps as main
food (PDSA) About 11,586 animals abandoned last year more than 30
daily (RSPCA) Received 2112 calls about animal abandonment in
2010
Slide 6
Abandoned animals
Slide 7
Animal welfare
Slide 8
Alternative feed ingredients o Non conventional ingredients
legumes o Industrial bye products biscuit waste, brewers grains,
brewers yeast, molasses o Agro processing bye products cocoa husk,
palm-oil sludge, cassava peals, rice bran / husk, rice polishing,
corn / maize bran o Recycling waste activated sludge, dried poultry
waste (15% fiber, 25% protein), rendered products (meat scraps from
animal flesh & tissues) poultry
Slide 9
Alternative feed ingredients (continuation) Poultry by-product
meal( heads, feet, intestines, but excluding feathers 55-60%
protein) Poultry feather meal(Hydrolysed 70% protein) Poultry
hatchery by-product meal (egg shells, un- hatched and infertile
eggs, and culled chicks 22-32% protein)
Slide 10
Agro-processing Maize de-husking Maize
Slide 11
Harvested maize
Slide 12
Trial 1 West African dwarf and Saanen goats Indian bamboo
(Bambusa vulgaris ) and Indian almond (Terminalia catapa)
suplemented with cassava peels and cassava peels mixed with maize
Both plants contain acceptable levels of minerals Indian almond
more acceptable than Indian bamboo and both better when
supplemented with cassava peels and maize than cassava peels
alone.
Slide 13
Trial 1- continuation Indian almond Indian bamboo
Slide 14
Trial 2 Golden Hubbard Layers Sweet potato (Ipomea batatas
Palm-oil supplementation (1- 3%) on ground dehydrated sweet
potato(5%) as replacement for Maize in conventional layers diet All
levels resulted in increased availability of nutrients, improved
feed conversion efficiency and increased weight gain Palm oil also
reduces dustiness and laxative effect of sweet potato
Slide 15
Trial 2 Cassava plant Cassava tuber and peals
Slide 16
Cassava chips
Slide 17
Trial 3: Detoxification & utilisation of Full Fat Soybeans
Many plants contain anti-nutritional factors for protection Cotton
seed Gossypol Cassava Hydrocyanic acid- Cyanide Cocoa Theobromine,
Caffeine Groundnuts Prone to Aflatoxin infestation Soybeans Trypsin
inhibitors, Hemagglutinins, Sapponins, Phytic acid etc
Slide 18
Trial 3 Full-fat soybeans for broiler (160 Hubbard DOC)
Soybeans (Glycine maxima 3 processing methods compared. Cooking in
water for 20 minutes better in economic terms over soaking for 6
hours before cooking for 20 minutes and soaking in water for 6
hours before roasting for 20 minutes ( wet roasting) although wet
roasting gave higher terminal weights, better feed conversion
etc
Slide 19
Chickens Broiler Chicks Broiler Parent Chicks
Slide 20
Chickens Broiler Parents
Slide 21
Trial 4 (Bloodmeal and fishmeal as supplements to fullfat
soybeans for laying hens Bloodmeal Comparing egg- production,
egg-weight and haughts unit, fishmeal is superior to bloodmeal Both
of them gave better results at 5% level than 7.5% Fishmeal
Slide 22
Trial 5 (Raw and cooked fullfat soybeans in laying diets Growth
retardation and pancreatic enlargement reported for chicks were
absent from hens fed raw soybeans. Satisfactory results were
obtained in both cases at a level as high as 35% contrary to
earlier reports.
Slide 23
Field observations Catfish Production Hatchery waste Processing
waste Feed-mill waste pellets Poultry manure Poultry meal
Slide 24
Aquaculture
Slide 25
Fish fingerling hatchery Fish feed pelletizer
Slide 26
Snail Feed Feed mill waste Waste vegetables and fruits Kitchen
waste (without salt) Pawpaw fruits and leaves Banana fruits and
leaves Sweet potato leaves
Slide 27
Feeding ruminants Cattle Sheep
Slide 28
Cattle 100% Grazing Cows, Heifers and Bulls Calf
Slide 29
Feeding Ruminants (continuation) Beef cattle on 100% nomadic
grazing At best grazing + concentrates (least cost / palm kernel
cake or meal, brewers waste + vitamin / mineral licks Adequate
veterinary care for worms, parasites including blood parasites,
vaccinations
Slide 30
Limitations of alternative feed ingredients Not available in
economic quantities perhaps due to higher demand than supply
Dependent on industries running at full capacity New products
require toxicological tests, proximate composition and microbiology
Cost driven more efficient industrial plants leaving little or no
wastes
Slide 31
Improvements Genetically modified organisms (plants and
animals) Pelletising of feed over mash or crumbles Improved
processing techniques (micronising, extrusion technology) Use of
feed enzymes to liberate more nutrients especially from feed
ingredients with high non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) wheat,
barley, sorghum (phytase, amylase) Use of Nutricines
(Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers, enzymes, flavours, organic acids
(subject to legislation)
Slide 32
The Way Forward Agricultural production and productivity needs
to be stepped up Brazil is the fastest growing (40% growth in the
next decade) and 20% growth expected in China, India, Russia and
Ukraine Communication needs to be stepped up between Universities /
Research institutions and the feed industry and other stake holders
on possible alternative feeds Improved communication to the public
on feeding and welfare requirements of animals, for instance few
people know that it takes about 3000 to rear a rabbit through its
life span Improved agricultural extension to farmers especially in
emerging economies.
Slide 33
References http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DoqZTLnXmPk/R8NSGPF pm-
I/AAAAAAAAADY/XOPIaSwLEhc/s400/sweetpotato.g if accessed on
13/03/11 1330hrs http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DoqZTLnXmPk/R8NSGPF pm-
I/AAAAAAAAADY/XOPIaSwLEhc/s400/sweetpotato.g if accessed on
13/03/11 http://www.infiniteunknown.net/wp-
content/uploads/2010/06/soybeans.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1354hrs
http://www.infiniteunknown.net/wp-
content/uploads/2010/06/soybeans.jpg accessed on 13/03/11
http://www.rspca.org.uk/in-
action/whatwedo/decisions/overpopulation/-
/article/EM_Overpopulation accessed 17/03/11 1626hrs
http://www.rspca.org.uk/in-
action/whatwedo/decisions/overpopulation/-
/article/EM_Overpopulation accessed 17/03/11
