America as a World America as a World Power, 1899-1914Power, 1899-1914

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By 1899, America…By 1899, America…

• Controlled CubaControlled Cuba

• Owned Hawaii, Owned Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Guam, Puerto Rico and the Rico and the PhilippinesPhilippines

• Gained control Gained control of several of several Pacific islandsPacific islands

• And had And had become a become a WORLD POWER! WORLD POWER!

Glencoe, p. 415

American Possessions in the Pacific, 1899

From 1899 to 1914, American From 1899 to 1914, American imperialism took a variety of imperialism took a variety of forms:forms:• Negotiation and Negotiation and

diplomacydiplomacy

• Economic Economic incentives incentives

• Military mightMilitary might

Sometimes all three at once!Sometimes all three at once!

Open the Word document Open the Word document America as a World Power, 1899-America as a World Power, 1899-19141914

When you see this icon, When you see this icon, go to the document and go to the document and answer the questions.answer the questions.

As you go through the slides think, how did As you go through the slides think, how did America justify her actions?America justify her actions?

• By 1894, Japan had defeated China in a war and gained territory in Manchuria. In response, European countries demanded that China lease exclusive territory to each of them.

• Leasing a territory meant that it would still belong to China, even though a foreign government would maintain overall control in that region.

CHINA

ChinaChina

Each lease became known as aSphere of InfluenceAn area where a foreign nation controlled economic where a foreign nation controlled economic development such as railroad construction and development such as railroad construction and miningmining

What are the kings and queens of

Europe holding in their hands?

What are they doing to CHINE?

What does the expression on the face of the Chinese man tell you?

A French cartoon from the late 1890’s

http://history.state.gov/Image.China_Imperialism.jpg

China Imperialism

Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy

President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay both supported what they called an Open Door Policy, in which all countries should be allowed to trade with China.

American businessmen wanted to expand into China’s vast markets, but had no way to enter them! European nations already had carved out their pieces.

Boxer Boxer RebellionRebellion

Secret societies in China resented foreign domination of their economy and Western attempts to convert Chinese citizens to Christianity.

They began plotting to force the foreigners out of China.

Westerners called these groups “Boxers” because many of them practiced martial arts.

A Chinese "Boxer," 1900. Chinese Boxer in the boxer rebellion circa 1900(NARA 111-SC-83087) 1900Part

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

In 1900, the Boxers attacked foreign embassies in Beijing, killing over 200.

The event became known as the Boxer Rebellion.

An international force, including U.S. troops, ended the rebellion.

China was forced to pay reparations (war damages), but avoided being divided into colonies.

The Open Door Policy remained in effect.

Boxer TroopsWestern and Japanese Navy troops during the Boxer Rebellion, 1900.

U.S. Marines in Boxer Rebellion. Circa 1900. nara.gov.html

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

On September 6, 1901, President McKinley was shot by an anarchist and died a few days later.

Theodore Roosevelt , age 42, became the youngest American president.

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

Roosevelt believed that being a world power would keep America strong and prosperous.

He also believed that America had a duty to civilize third world countries.

In his typical active fashion, Roosevelt took steps to increase American power.

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt was fond of this African proverb:

“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”

His foreign policy became known as the Big Stick Diplomacy or Gunboat Diplomacy.

Roosevelt Corollary

When some European nations threatened to send troops to the Caribbean and Latin America to collect debts, Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904. A corollary is an addition.

The Roosevelt Corollary said that the U.S. would intervene in foreign affairs in the Western hemisphere, if necessary, to maintain peace.

Roosevelt collected the debts for the European countries.

The Corollary made the US. the policeman of the Western Hemisphere!

http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Cartoon_Enlarge.asp?ID=14

Uncle Sam, the Debt Collector

Roosevelt Corollary

Big Stick or Gunboat Diplomacy

He believed that showing American military power would keep world peace.

This is one of the reasons he sent the “Great White Fleet” (the US gunboat Fleet) on a world tour.

The Great White Fleet

• The Great White Fleet was 16 battleships that went on a 43,000 mile , 14 month trip around the world.

• 20 ports of call, including Japan

• This was Big Stick ( Gunboat) Diplomacy in action!

Teddy Roosevelt

On your worksheet list three examples of how Teddy Roosevelt expanded America’s involvement in foreign affairs.

Overall, was Roosevelt more of a bully or a peacemaker? Explain your answer.

President TaftTaft continued Roosevelt’s

policies but preferred to focus on economics, not the military.

Taft tries on Big Stick Diplomacyhttp://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Cartoon_Enlarge.asp?ID=79

He advocated using dollar diplomacy: encouraging American business expansion to underdeveloped countries, which would make both countries prosperous.

President Taft

It would also lessen the motivation for a country to go to war with the America.

Taft vowed to support U.S. businesses with military support, if necessary

President WilsonWilson opposed imperialism and believed

that America must set a good example for the world by promoting democracy abroad.

He based his foreign policy on his moral ideology.

Woodrow Wilson Nonetheless, Wilson

intervened twice in Mexico!

In 1914, he sent American troops to Mexico to try to overthrow the new leader, a dictator named Victoriano Huerta.

To his surprise, anti-American riots broke out!

Backlash to US Interference In Mexico

• In 1916, the Mexican folk hero Pancho Villa led a raid on Columbus, New Mexico.

• Fourteen American soldiers were killed.• Wilson ordered 10,000 soldiers into Mexico

to find Villa.

Woodrow Wilson

The hunt was unsuccessful, and Wilson had to recall the troops to prepare for the looming hostilities in Europe.

Villa was never captured.

“I’ve Had About Enough of This”, by Clifford Berryman, 1916

http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/digital_detail.jsp?&pg=45&rn=45&tn=306140&st=b&rp=details&nh=100

How did America justify her foreign policy?How did America justify her foreign policy?

Team player ? Team player ?

Policeman ?Policeman ?

Bully ?Bully ?

Review your notes on the foreign policy spectrum, if needed!

Create a cartoon for each of the following:Create a cartoon for each of the following:

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

Roosevelt Corollary

Works CitedWorks Cited Appleby, Joyce, and Brinkley, Alan. The American Republic Since 1877. 1st. New York: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 2003. Berryman, Clifford. "I've had about enough of this." Berryman Political Cartoon Collection. 10 03

1916. 23 Jul 2008 <http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/digital_detail.jsp?&pg=45&rn=45&tn=306140&st=b&rp=details&nh=100>.

Chinese Boxer in the boxer rebellion circa 1900(NARA 111-SC-83087) 1900Part

"China Imperialism.13 May 2006. 22 Jul 2008 http://history.state.gov/image.china_imperialism.jpg.

"Taft Tries on Big Stick Diplomacy." Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 08 2007. Dickinson State University. 23 Jul 2008 <http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Cartoon_Enlarge.asp?ID=79>.

"Uncle Sam, the Debt Collector." Theodore Roosevelt Collection. 08 2007. Dickinson State University. 22 Jul 2008 <http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.com/Cartoon_Enlarge.asp?ID=14>.

“U.S. Marines in the boxer rebellion” circa 1900(NARA 111-SC-83087) 1900Part

Woodrow Wilson: http://www.gwpda.org/photos/coppermines/thumbnails.php.