American Civil War - Part 2 Reconstruction

7/31/2019 American Civil War - Part 2 Reconstruction

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AMERICAN

CIVIL WAROrganized Crime?PART 2: RECONSTRUCTION

By William P. Litynski


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Order Out of Chaos, Part 1: Political Reconstruction

Lone Gunman or Patsy? John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Rebel sympathizer, assassinates President Abraham Lincoln at Fords TheatreWashington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Abraham Lincoln was the first American president ever to be assassinated. Was Skull & Bones involvn the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln? (Photo:Library of Congress)
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.htmlhttp://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/057_pra4.html


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Execution of the four persons condemned as conspirators (Mary E. Surratt, Lewis T. Powell, David E. Herold, and George A. Atzerodt) at thOld Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865. (Photographed by Alexander Gardner) (National Archives)

A painting of Jefferson Davis, former U.S. Senator from Mississippi and former president of Confederate States of Americin prison at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia in 1865. (Library of Congress)
http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-201.jpghttp://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-201.jpghttp://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/


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Jefferson Davis, the deposed President of the Confederate States of America was captured by the U.S. Army in Irwinsville, Georon May 10, 1865. Jefferson Daviss ladies Colonel William Preston Johnston, Jefferson Daviss aide-de-camp, and Burton NorvellHarrison, Jefferson Daviss private secretary, were captured along with Jefferson Davis. William Preston Johnston and Burton NorvHarrison were members ofSKULL & BONES at Yale University.

Jefferson Daviss assistants William Preston Johnston (left, S&B 1852) and Burton Norvell Harrison (right, S&B 1859)


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The Alaska Purchase (March 30, 1867)

The signing of the Alaska Treaty of Cessation on March 30, 1867. From left to right: Robert S. Chew, U.S. Secretary of StateWilliam H. Seward, William Hunter, Mr. Bodisco, Russian Minister to the U.S. Eduard de Stoeckl, U.S. Senator CharlesSumner and Frederick W. Seward.

The $7.2 million check issued by the Treasury of the U.S. to purchase Russia from the Russian government


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Territory of Alaska

The signatures of U.S. President Andrew Johnson and U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward appear on a copy of the 1867 Ratificationthe Alaska Purchase.


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The Impeachment of U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1868

The Radical Republicans in the U.S. Senate investigate U.S. President Andrew Johnson during the impeachment trial in 1868. PresidenAndrew Johnson had allegedly violated the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton from office on February 1868. President Andrew Johnson was acquitted on May 26, 1868 by one vote short of a two-thirds vote required to remove him from officeThe Radical Republicans imposed virtual martial law in the South in 1868 and divided the South into five military districts after former Rebeaders attempted to maintain slavery through peonage and grandfather clauses. (Library of Congress)

Skull & Bones members involved in the Andrew Johnson Impeachment Case in 1868, from left to right: William M. Evar(President Johnsons counsel), U.S. Senator Orris S. Ferry (voted Guilty), Rep. William B. Washburn (voted Yea), Rep. JoA. Peters (voted Yea), and Rep. Richard D. Hubbard (voted Nay)

William Maxwell Evarts (S&B 1837) served as President Andrew Johnsons counsel during the Senate impeachment trial in 1868. U.S.Senator Orris S. Ferry (S&B 1844) voted Guilty on three articles of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson in the U.S. Senate iMay 1868. U.S. Congressman William B. Washburn (S&B 1844, R-Massachusetts) and U.S. Congressman John A. Peters (S&B 1842, R-Maine) voted in favor(Yea) of impeaching President Andrew Johnson in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 24, 1868. U.S.Congressman Richard D. Hubbard (S&B 1839, D-Connecticut) voted against impeachment (Nay) of President Andrew Johnson in the U.House of Representatives on February 24, 1868.


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A list of Yeas and Nays of members of the U.S. House of Representatives who voted on the impeachment of PresidentAndrew Johnson on February 24, 1868.


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From a photograph by Brady in the United States Signal Corps, War Department, Washington, D.C. circa 1868. Members of the U.S. Housof Representatives in charge of the President Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings, left to right, Seated: Benjamin F. Butler (former U.S.Army general), Thaddeus Stevens, Thomas Williams, John A. Bingham. Standing: James F. Wilson, George S. Boutwell, John A. Logan.(Mathew Brady photo)

Scene from the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, held in the Senate Chamber in 1868.(Credit: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, March 28, 1868)(Photo:http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/Johnson_Impeachment_Trial.htm)
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/Johnson_Impeachment_Trial.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/Johnson_Impeachment_Trial.htmhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/image/Johnson_Impeachment_Trial.htm


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Skull & Bones Members & Political Reconstruction of America (1865-1877)

Orris S. FerryU.S. Senator

(R-Conn., 1867-1875)

William Barrett WashburnU.S. Senator

(R-Mass., 1874-1875)

Alphonso TaftSecretary of War (1876);

U.S. Attorney General(1876-1877)

Morrison R. WaiteChief Justice of the U.S.

Supreme Court(1874-1888)

William M. EvartsU.S. Attorney Gener

(1868-1869)

Henry C. Deming(S&B 1836)

U.S. Congressman(R-Conn., 1863-1867)

Augustus BrandegeeU.S. Congressman

(R-Conn., 1863-1867)

Roswell HartU.S. Congressman

(R-New York, 1865-1867) Richard D. HubbardU.S. Congressman

(D-Conn., 1867-1869)

John Andrew PeterU.S. Congressman

(R-Maine, 1867-187

Richard J. HaldemanU.S. Congressman

(D-Penn., 1869-1873)

Stephen W. KelloggU.S. Congressman

(R-Conn., 1869-1875)

John Edward SeeleyU.S. Congressman

(R-New York, 1871-1873)

Ellis Henry RobertsU.S. Congressman

(R-New York, 1871-1875)

Benjamin Tucker EamU.S. Congressman (

Rhode Island, 1871-18

Constantine C. EstyU.S. Congressman

(R-Mass., 1872-1873)

William Walter PhelpsU.S. Congressman

(R-New Jersey, 1873-1875, 1883-1889)

William Wallace CrapoU.S. Congressman

(R-Mass., 1875-1883)

Daniel H. ChamberlainGovernor of South

Carolina (1874-1876)

Dwight FosterJustice of Massachus

Supreme Court(1866-1869)


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Skull & Bones and Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Government Officials:Alphonso Taft (S&B 1833) Secretary of War (1876); U.S. Attorney General (1876-1877); Judge of Superior Court of Cincinnati (1865-187William M. Evarts (S&B 1837) U.S. Attorney General (July 17, 1868-March 4, 1869); U.S. Secretary of State (1877-1881)Morrison R. Waite (S&B 1837) Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1874-1888)Orris Sanford Ferry (S&B 1844) U.S. Senator (Republican Party-Connecticut, 1867-1875)William Barrett Washburn (S&B 1844) U.S. Senator (Republican Party-Massachusetts, 1874-1875); U.S. Congressman (Republican PartyMassachusetts, 1863-1871); Governor of Massachusetts (Republican, 1872-1874)Henry Champion Deming (S&B 1836) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Connecticut, 1863-1867); U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue(1869-1872)Augustus Brandegee (S&B 1849) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Connecticut, 1863-1867)Roswell Hart (S&B 1843) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-New York, 1865-1867)Richard Dudley Hubbard (S&B 1839) U.S. Congressman (Democratic Party-Connecticut, 1867-1869)John Andrew Peters (S&B 1842) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Maine, 1867-1873); Attorney General of Maine (1864-1866)Richard J. Haldeman (S&B 1851) U.S. Congressman (Democratic Party-Pennsylvania, 1869-1873)Stephen W. Kellogg (S&B 1846) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Connecticut, 1869-1875)John Edward Seeley (S&B 1835) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-New York, 1871-1873)Ellis Henry Roberts (S&B 1850) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-New York, 1871-1875); Member of New York State Assembly (186Benjamin Tucker Eames (S&B 1843) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Rhode Island, 1871-1879)Constantine C. Esty (S&B 1845) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Massachusetts, 1872-1873); Assessor of Internal Revenue (1862-1866; 1867-1872)William Walter Phelps (S&B 1860) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-New Jersey, 1873-1875, 1883-1889)William Wallace Crapo (S&B 1852) U.S. Congressman (Republican Party-Massachusetts, 1875-1883)

Daniel H. Chamberlain (S&B 1862) Governor of South Carolina (Republican, 1874-1876); Attorney General of South Carolina (1868-1872

Henry Champion Deming (S&B 1836) Provisional Mayor of New Orleans under Union Martial Law (October 1862-February 1863)Green Clay (S&B 1859) Member of Mississippi State Legislature during ReconstructionHenry Waterman Warren (S&B 1865) Member of Mississippi State Legislature (1870-1875)Hugh White Sheffey (S&B 1835) Judge of the Superior Court of Virginia (1865-1869)John Thomas Croxton (S&B 1857) Major General in the U.S. Army; Commander of the Military District of Southwest Georgia at Macon,Georgia (1865); U.S. Minister to Bolivia (1873-1874)William Law Learned (S&B 1841) Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court of New York (1875-1892)John Wallace Houston (S&B 1834) Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Delaware (1855-1893)Leonard Eugene Wales (S&B 1845) Justice of the Superior Court of Delaware (1864-1884)Dwight Foster (S&B 1848) Justice of Massachusetts Supreme Court (1866-1869)George G. Sill (S&B 1852) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (1873-1877)

College Administrators:Andrew D. White (S&B 1853) inaugural President of Cornell University (1866-1885)Daniel C. Gilman (S&B 1852) inaugural President of Johns Hopkins University (1875-1901); President of University of California at Berkel

(1872-1875); Secretary of Connecticut State Board of Education (1865-1866)Charles Janeway Stille (S&B 1839) Provost of University of Pennsylvania (1868-1880)Carroll Cutler (S&B 1854) President of [Case] Western Reserve University [Cleveland, Ohio] (1871-1886)William Chauvenet (S&B 1840) Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis (1862-1869)Henry Hitchcock (S&B 1848) Dean of the St. Louis Law School at Washington University in St. Louis (1867-1870, 1878-1881)Henry Coit Kingsley (S&B 1834) Treasurer of Yale University (1862-1886)William Preston Johnston (S&B 1852) Professor of English Literature, History, and Political Economy at Washington and Lee University(1867-1877); inaugural President of Tulane University (1884-1899)Benjamin Silliman Jr. (S&B 1837) Professor of Chemistry at Yale University (1854-1870)Timothy Dwight (S&B 1849) Professor of Sacred Literature at Yale University (1859-1886)Cyrus Northrop (S&B 1857) Professor of English at Yale University (1863-1884)Simeon Eben Baldwin (S&B 1861) Professor of Law at Yale Law School (1869-1919)

Church Leaders:Charles F. Robertson (S&B 1859) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri (1868-1886)

Joseph Parrish Thompson (S&B 1838) Pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City (1845-1871)Joseph Augustine Benton (S&B 1842) Pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in San Francisco (1863-1869)Edward D. Morris (S&B 1849) Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Columbus, Ohio (1855-1867)James Gardiner Vose (S&B 1851) Pastor of the Beneficent Church in Providence, Rhode Island (1866-1901)William Henry Fenn (S&B 1854) Pastor of High Street Congregational Church of Portland, Maine (1866-1904)Leander Trowbridge Chamberlain (S&B 1863) Pastor of New England Church in Chicago (1869-1876)Alexander S. Twombly (S&B 1854) Pastor of Winthrop (Congregational) Church in Boston (1872-1891)

Others:William C. Whitney (S&B 1863) Corporation Counsel of New York City (1875-1882)John William Sterling (S&B 1864) Co-Founder and Member of Shearman & Sterling [law firm in New York City] (1873-1918)Thomas Thacher (S&B 1871) Co-Founder and Member of Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett [law firm in New York City] (1875-1919)William M. Evarts (S&B 1837) President of the New York City Bar Association (1870-1879)Thomas Anthony Thacher (S&B 1835) Member of the Connecticut State Board of Education (1865-1877)Joseph Burbeen Walker (S&B 1844) Member of the Board of Education of Concord, New Hampshire (1859-1870)


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Supreme Court Justices of the United States in 1868. Left to right, D.W. Middleton (Clerk), David Davis, Noah Haynes Swayne, RobertCooper Grier, James Moore Wayne, Chief Justice Salmon Portland Chase, Samuel Nelson, Nathan Cliford, Samuel Freeman Miller, StepheJohnson Field. James Moore Wayne, who graduated from Princeton University, was a U.S. Congressman from Georgia and a Mayor ofSavannah, Georgia before serving as a U.S. Supreme Court Justice; Wayne remained on the Supreme Court bench throughout the Civil WNoah Haynes Swayne was the father of Scroll & Key members John Wager Swayne (B.A. Yale 1856, S&K 1856) and Francis Gerrard BondSwayne (B.A. Yale 1872, S&K 1872). (Photo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-1868.jpg)

Skull & Bones and the Reconstruction Amendments

The 13th Amendment was approved in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 31, 1865 by a margin of 119 Yeas, 5Nays and 8 Not Voting; U.S. Congressmen Henry Champion Deming (S&B 1836, R-Connecticut), William Barrett Washbu(S&B 1844, R-Massachusetts), and Augustus Brandegee (S&B 1849, R-Connecticut) voted Yea (Yes) on the 13thAmendment.

The 14th Amendment was approved in the U.S. House of Representatives on June 13, 1866 by a margin of 138 Yeas, 36Nays and 10 Not Voting. Congressmen Henry Champion Deming (S&B 1836, R-Connecticut), Roswell Hart (S&B 1843, R

New York), William Barrett Washburn (S&B 1844), and Augustus Brandegee (S&B 1849, R-Connecticut) voted Yea (Yes) othe 14th Amendment.

The 15th Amendment was approved in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 25, 1869 by a margin of 144 Yeas, 4Nays and 35 Not Voting. The 15th Amendment was approved in the U.S. Senate on February 26, 1869 by a margin of 39Yeas and 13 Nays. U.S. Congressman John Andrew Peters (S&B 1842, R-Maine) and U.S. Congressman William BarrettWashburn (S&B 1844) voted Yea (Yes) on the 15th Amendment; U.S. Congressman Richard Dudley Hubbard (S&B 1839, DConnecticut) voted Nay (No) on the 15th Amendment. U.S. Senator Orris S. Ferry (S&B 1844, R-Connecticut) voted Yea(Yes) on the 15th Amendment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-1868.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-1868.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-1868.jpg


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U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant takes the oath of office administered by U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase on the eastportico of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. on March 4, 1869, before a large crowd. (Library of Congress)

U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and his Cabinet receives credentials from Japanese diplomats in the East Room of the White House in 187

(Library of Congress)


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Presidential Election of 1876

Left to right: Samuel J. Tilden, Rutherford B. Hayes, Alphonso Taft, and William M. Evarts

Samuel J. Tilden Governor of New York (1875-1876); Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party in 1876Rutherford B. Hayes U.S. Congressman (1865-1867); Governor of Ohio (1868-1872, 1876-1877); President of the U.S. (1877-1881)Alphonso Taft (S&B 1833) Secretary of War (March 8, 1876-May 22, 1876); U.S. Attorney General (May 22, 1876-March 4, 1877)William M. Evarts (S&B 1837) U.S. Attorney General (July 17, 1868-March 4, 1869); U.S. Secretary of State (1877-1881); counsel for U.SPresident Rutherford Hayes, in behalf of the Republican Party, before the Electoral Commission in 1876

The presidential election of 1876 held on November 7, 1876 was one of the most controversial presidential elections in American history. T

election of Rutherford B. Hayes as President of the United States in 1876 despite the tainted votes in the North and the South was followedthe end of Reconstruction in the South. Although Tilden received more popular votes than Hayes, Hayes received 185 electoral votes whilTilden received 184 electoral votes.


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(Source: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog)


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Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Morrison R. Waite administers the oath of office to U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayin front of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. on March 4, 1877. Morrison R. Waite was a member of Skull & Bones at YUniversity. (Photo: Library of Congress)

An illustration of Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Morrison R. Waite administering the oath of office to U.S. PresideRutherford B. Hayes in front of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. on March 4, 1877.


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Order Out of Chaos, Part 2: Economic Reconstruction

View in Wall Street from Corner of Broadway, New York. Engraving from Thirty Years' Progress of the United States(Hartford, Connecticut, 1867). [Note: Although the original title says corner of Broadway, it is the corner of Broad Street. Athat time the Broad Street was called Broad Way Street.] (National Archives)

Skull & Bones, New York City, and the Rise of Corporate America

William C. Whitney(B.A. Yale 1863)

Corporation Counsel ofNew York City(1875-1882)

John William Sterling(B.A. Yale 1864)

Co-Founder and Memberof Shearman & Sterling

[law firm in New York City](1873-1918)

Chauncey M. Depew(B.A. Yale 1856)

President of the New YorkCentral & Hudson River

Railroad Co. (1885-1898)

Morrison R. Waite(B.A. Yale 1837)

Chief Justice of U.S.Supreme Court

(1874-1888)

William M. Evarts(B.A. Yale 1837)

President of New YoCity Bar Associatio

(1870-1879); U.S. SecState (1877-1881)

Note: Thomas Thacher (S&B 1871) was the Co-Founder and Member of Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett [law firm in New York City] (1875-191William Law Learned (S&B 1841) was the Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court of New York (1875-1892).

The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to theConstitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to thecorporations. We are all of opinion that it does. U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite, 1886, in Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company


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American Corporate Robber Barons of the late 19th Century

Left to right: Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919), John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (1837-1913), John D. Rockefeller Sr. (1839-1937), and Jay Gould(1836-1892).

Left to right: John Jacob Astor III, August Belmont Sr., Edward H. Harriman, and Cornelius Vanderbilt

Note: John Pierpont Morgan earned millions of dollar in profit selling malfunctioned rifles to the U.S. federal government during the Civil WaJohn Pierpont Morgan also paid a substitute $300 to serve as his replacement during the Civil War. Carnegie, Morgan, Rockefeller, andGould did not serve in the military during the Civil War.


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The Bosses of the Senate

American National Debt during and after Reconstruction (1865-1914)July 1, 1864 - $1,815,784,370.57July 1, 1865 - $2,680,647,869.74July 1, 1866 - $2,773,236,173.69July 1, 1867 - $2,678,126,103.87July 1, 1868 - $2,611,687,851.19July 1, 1869 - $2,588,452,213.94July 1, 1870 - $2,480,672,427.81July 1, 1871 - $2,353,211,332.32July 1, 1872 - $2,253,251,328.78July 1, 1873 - $2,234,482,993.20July 1, 1874 - $2,251,690,468.43July 1, 1875 - $2,232,284,531.95

July 1, 1876 - $2,180,395,067.15July 1, 1877 - $2,205,301,392.10July 1, 1878 - $2,256,205,892.53July 1, 1879 - $2,349,567,482.04July 1, 1880 - $2,120,415,370.63July 1, 1881 - $2,069,013,569.58

July 1, 1882 - $1,918,312,994.03July 1, 1883 - $1,884,171,728.07July 1, 1884 - $1,830,528,923.57July 1, 1885 - $1,863,964,873.14July 1, 1886 - $1,775,063,013.78July 1, 1887 - $1,657,602,592.63July 1, 1888 - $1,692,858,984.58July 1, 1889 - $1,619,052,922.23July 1, 1890 - $1,552,140,204.73July 1, 1891 - $1,545,996,591.61July 1, 1892 - $1,588,464,144.63July 1, 1893 - $1,545,985,686.13


July 1, 1900 - $2,136,961,091.67July 1, 1901 - $2,143,326,933.89July 1, 1902 - $2,158,610,445.89July 1, 1903 - $2,202,464,781.89July 1, 1904 - $2,264,003,585.14July 1, 1905 - $2,274,615,063.84July 1, 1906 - $2,337,161,839.04July 1, 1907 - $2,457,188,061.54July 1, 1908 - $2,626,806,271.54July 1, 1909 - $2,639,546,241.04July 1, 1910 - $2,652,665,838.04July 1, 1911 - $2,765,600,606.69


Source: http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htm
http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htmhttp://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo3.htm


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An illustration of a scene in the New York Gold Room in New York City during Black Friday, September 24, 1869. JayGould and his partner Jim Fisk were involved in cornering the gold market on September 24, 1869. Jim Fisk was shot and ki

in New York City on January 6, 1872. (Source: October 9, 1869 edition of Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper)

Left to right: Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, and William Marcy Boss Tweed

William Marcy Boss Tweed, who served as a Grand Sachem of Tammany Hall in New York City, U.S. Congressman (D-NYork, 1853-1855), Deputy Street Commissioner of New York City (1861-1870), and New York State Senator (1867-1871), warrested and convicted for embezzlement in 1874. Boss Tweed escaped from prison in December 1875, was captured in Spaiand died in prison in New York City on April 12, 1878.


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Cornelius Vanderbilt and the railroad monopoly of the late 1800s

Standard Oil Company refinery circa 1899


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American corporate executives and other robber barons in the late 1800s and early 1900s hired children, many of them whowere illiterate immigrants from Europe, to perform menial and hazardous jobs in the factories. (National Archives)

Left photo: A young girl works in a textile factory in the early 1900s.Right photo: A group of young boys is seen working in a coal mine in the early 1900s.


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Six years after work began in 1862, the railroad workers of the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from theast met at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869. It was there on May 10, 1869 that California Governor Leland Stanford (one of theBig Four owners of the Central Pacific) drove the Golden Spike on the special tie of polished California laurel.

The Denver Riot of 1880, where Americans, primarily railroad workers, attack Chinese immigrants in Denver, Colorado in November 1880.Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 on May 6, 1882, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese people initially for 10 years; theprohibition was extended until 1943 when Congress repealed the prohibition (at the request of Madame Chiang Kai-shek).


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The Great Chicago Fire in October 1871 (October 8-10, 1871)

The corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The Mayor of Chicago at the time of theGreat Chicago Fire was Roswell B. Mason. Roswell B. Masons sons Henry Burrall Mason (S&B 1870) and Alfred BishopMason (S&B 1871) were members ofSkull & Bones at Yale University.


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Czar Alexander II of Russia was assassinated in St. Petersburg, Russia on March 13, 1881. Czar Alexander II of Russia ruled Russfrom 1855 to 1881. Czar Alexander II of Russia was the Czar of Russia during the American Civil War.

The Political Assassinations of Garfield and McKinley: Lone Gunman or Patsy?

Left: Charles J. Guiteau shoots U.S. President James A. Garfield in the back at the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Passenger Termiin Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881; James A. Garfield was a supporter of a gold and silver standard.

Right: Anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley in the stomach at the Pan-American Exposition in BuffalNew York, U.S.A. on September 6, 1901. Both presidents died from their wounds.

If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North American Republic should become indurated down to afixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without a debt. It will hall the money necessary to carry on its commerce. It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of the civilizedgovernments of the world. The brains and wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyor it will destroy every monarchy on the globe. editorial in The London Times in 1862


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Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War in July 1898. America acquired Cuba, Philippines, and Puerto Rico fromSpain at the end of the Spanish-American War. (Photo:Latin American Studies)

Foreign armies, including the American, Japanese, British, and Russian armies make their presence in the Forbidden City in Peking during Boxer Rebellion in 1900. Prominent Wall Street banking firms, including J.P. Morgan & Co., invested heavily in China in the early 1900s. JHay was the U.S. Secretary of State from 1898 to 1905; John Hay was the U.S. Secretary of State during the Spanish-American War, BoxeRebellion, and the Russo-Japanese War. John Hays daughter married Helen Hay married Payne Whitney, a member of Skull & Bones atYale University, in 1902. (National Archives)
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar6.htm


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Yale University Graduates and Their Occupation during the Spanish-American War

Andrew D. WhiteB.A. Yale 1853

U.S. Minister to Germany(1897-1902)

John DalzellB.A. Yale 1865

U.S. Congressman(R-Penn., 1887-1913)

George P. WetmoreB.A. Yale 1867U.S. Senator

(R-Rhode Island, 1895-1907, 1908-1913)

Charles Newell FowlerB.A. Yale 1876

U.S. Congressman (R-New Jersey, 1895-1911)

Ellis Henry RobertsB.A. Yale 1850

Treasurer of the UnitStates (1897-1905

William K. TownsendB.A. Yale 1871

Judge of the U.S. DistrictCourt for the District of

Connecticut (1892-1902)

LeBaron Bradford ColtB.A. Yale 1868

Judge of the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the First

Circuit [Boston](1884-1913)

David Josiah BrewerB.A. Yale 1856

Justice of the U.S.Supreme Court

(1889-1910)

Henry Billings BrownB.A. Yale 1856


(1891-1906)

George Shiras Jr.B.A. Yale 1853

Justice of the U.SSupreme Court

(1892-1903)

Robert Weeks de ForestB.A. Yale 1870

General Counsel ofCentral Railroad of New

Jersey (1874-1924)

Lloyd Wheaton BowersB.A. Yale 1879

General Counsel ofChicago & NorthwesternRailway Co. (1893-1909)

John William SterlingB.A. Yale 1864

Co-Founder of Shearman& Sterling [law firm in New

York City] (1873-1918)

Edward Curtis SmithB.A. Yale 1875

Governor of Vermont(1898-1900)

Timothy L. WoodruB.A. Yale 1879

Lieutenant GovernorNew York (1897-190

William Preston JohnstonB.A. Yale 1852

President of TulaneUniversity (1884-1899)

Daniel C. GilmanB.A. Yale 1852

President of JohnsHopkins University

(1875-1901)

Rev. Timothy DwightB.A. Yale 1849

President of YaleUniversity (1886-1899)

Cyrus NorthropB.A. Yale 1857

President of University ofMinnesota (1884-1911)

William Torrey HarrB.A. Yale 1858

U.S. Commissioner Education (1889-190


29/98

Yale University Graduates and Their Occupation during the Russo-Japanese War

Ellis Henry RobertsB.A. Yale 1850

Treasurer of the UnitedStates (1897-1905)

Henry Waters TaftB.A. Yale 1880

Partner of Cadwalader,Wickersham & Taft [lawfirm in New York City]

(1899-1945)

William Howard TaftB.A. Yale 1878

U.S. Secretary of War(1904-1908)

George P. WetmoreB.A. Yale 1867U.S. Senator

(R-Rhode Island, 1895-1907, 1908-1913)

Chauncey M. DepeB.A. Yale 1856

U.S. Senator (R-NeYork, 1899-1911)

David Josiah BrewerB.A. Yale 1856


(1889-1910)

Frank B. BrandegeeB.A. Yale 1885

U.S. CongressmanR-Conn., 1902-1905)

Francis Burton HarrisonB.A. Yale 1895

U.S. Congressman(D-New York, 1903-1905,

1907-1913)

John DalzellB.A. Yale 1865

U.S. Congressman(R-Penn., 1887-1913)

Charles Newell FowB.A. Yale 1876

U.S. Congressman (New Jersey, 1895-19

Henry Billings BrownB.A. Yale 1856


(1891-1906)

LeBaron Bradford ColtB.A. Yale 1868

Judge of the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the First

Circuit [Boston](1884-1913)

William K. TownsendB.A. Yale 1871

Judge of the U.S. Court ofAppeals for the SecondCircuit [New York City]

(1902-1907)

Otto T. BannardB.A. Yale 1876

President of New YorkTrust Co. (1904-1916)

Robert Weeks de ForB.A. Yale 1870

General Counsel oCentral Railroad of N

Jersey (1874-1924

Lloyd Wheaton BowersB.A. Yale 1879

General Counsel ofChicago & NorthwesternRailway Co. (1893-1909)

James Mulford TownsendB.A. Yale 1874

General Counsel of E.I.du Pont de Nemours

Powder Co. (1903-1913)

John William SterlingB.A. Yale 1864

Co-Founder of Shearman& Sterling

[law firm in New York City](1873-1918)

Arthur Twining HadleyB.A. Yale 1876

President of YaleUniversity (1899-1921)

Cyrus NorthropB.A. Yale 1857

President of UniversitMinnesota (1884-191


30/98

Wall Street during the Panic of 1907


31/98

John Pierpont Morgan and King Edward VII attend a house party at the Harcourts Nuneham Park estate in 1907.

John Pierpont Morgan gazes ferociously at bystanders at the funeral of Senator John Fairfield Dryden in 1911.


32/98

The Federal Reserve headquarters in Washington, D.C. The Federal Reserve is Americas central bank; the Federal Reserve operates in manner similar to the former Second Bank of the United States.

The Federal Reserve Board as they took office on August 10, 1914. From left to right, standing: Paul M. Warburg, John Skelton Williams(Comptroller of the Currency), W.P.G. Harding, Adolph C. Miller; Seated: Charles S. Hamlin (Governor), William G. McAdoo (Chairman andSecretary of the Treasury), and Frederic A. Delano. McAdoo is wearing a mourning armband to commemorate the death, four days earlier, his mother-in-law, Ellen Axson Wilson, the former First Lady and wife of President Woodrow Wilson. William G. McAdoo had marriedWoodrow Wilsons daughter Eleanor Randolph Wilson in May 1914. Paul M. Warburg was a Jewish banker who was born and raised inHamburg, Germany; Paul M. Warburg immigrated to America in 1902. Paul M. Warburg, along with U.S. Senator Nelson Aldrich and fourother men, created the Federal Reserve during a secret meeting held at Jekyll Island near Savannah, Georgia in November 1910.(Photo:New York University)
http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/sternbusiness/spring_2007/triumphOf1914.htmlhttp://w4.stern.nyu.edu/sternbusiness/spring_2007/triumphOf1914.htmlhttp://w4.stern.nyu.edu/sternbusiness/spring_2007/triumphOf1914.htmlhttp://w4.stern.nyu.edu/sternbusiness/spring_2007/triumphOf1914.html


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American marines occupy a corner in Veracruz, Mexico in April 1914. President Woodrow Wilson ordered the U.S. Marinesintervene in Mexico to protect Wall Street bankers investments. (Photo:Latin American Studies)

Panama Canal under construction in the early 1900s. The construction of the Panama Canal was financed primarily by WallStreet and supervised primarily by the U.S. government. The Panama Canal was open to all commercial and passenger shipsbeginning on August 15, 1914.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/veracruz.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/veracruz.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/veracruz.htm


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The Ludlow Massacre at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914, where 20 people, 11 of them children, died violently during anattack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families. The coal miners livinand working in Ludlow, Colorado were striking against the Rockefeller family-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company.(Western History/Genealogy Department, Denver Public Library)

Rockefeller muscle men ride in an armored car, known to the striking miners as the Death Special, with a M1895 machingun mounted onto the vehicle, at a coal mine in Ludlow, Colorado. The Rockefeller family and other corporate executives atvarious coal mines used these armored cars to discipline workers and to restrict their movements.


35/98

The Wall Street Bombing occurred outside of the House of Morgan in New York City at 12:01 P.M. on September 16, 1920. Texplosion killed 38 people and seriously injured 143 people. The bombing incident was allegedly conducted by Italian Galleaanarchists; however, no person was convicted in court for their involvement in the Wall Street Bombing despite the fact thatJustice Department, led by U.S. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, made numerous arrests.


36/98

Order Out of Chaos, Part 3: Social Reconstruction (Indian Wars & Jim Crow)

The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors led by Lakota warrior Crazy Horse defeated the U.S. Army at the Battof the Little Bighorn in present-day Montana on June 25-26, 1876 in an attempt to preserve their land and their way of life. U

Army General George A. Custer was killed in action on June 25, 1876. The U.S. government required American Indians(Native Americans) to live in government-designated reservations during the 1800s.


37/98

Chief Joseph (1840-1904), Chief of the Nez Perce tribe who attempted to escape to Canada to avoid living on the reservatio

Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before, I have it in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs arekilled; Looking Glass is dead, Too-hul-hul-sote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. Hewho led on the young men is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, somof them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they areperhaps freezing to death.want to have time to look for my children, and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Heme, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.

Chief Joseph, upon surrendering to the U.S. Army in October 1877

My son, my body is returning to my mother earth, and my spirit is going very soon to see the Great Spirit Chief. When I amgone, think of your country. You are the chief of these people. They look to you to guide them. Always remember that yourfather never sold his country. You must stop your ears whenever you are asked to sign a treaty selling your home. A few yearmore and white men will be all around you. They have their eyes on this land. My son, never forget my dying words. Thiscountry holds your father's body. Never sell the bones of your father and your mother. Chief Joseph The Elder (Chief Josephs father), circa 1871


38/98

American soldiers bury dead native American Indians in January 1891 after murdering the natives at the Battle of Wounded Knee in SouthDakota on December 29, 1890. Many American Indian tribes, including the Sioux, Apache, and Navajo were forced to live on reservationscorporate robber barons used this opportunity to search for gold, oil, coal, lumber, and other natural resources and build new railroad routewhile various politicians, both Republicans and Democrats, in Congress used this opportunity to create a white nation.

Band of Apache Indian prisoners take a break at a rest stop beside Southern Pacific Railway near Nueces River, Texas on September 10,1886. Among those on their way to exile in Florida are Natchez (center front) and, to the right, Geronimo and his son.(Photo: National Archives)


39/98

Sioux Nation chief Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody pose for a portrait in Montreal, Quebec, British Canada during BuffalBills Wild West Show in August 1885. Sitting Bull was shot in the head by an Indian agency police officer on December 151890 during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.(Photo: Library of Congress)


40/98

Freedmans Bureau officer promotes racial peace in the postwar South. (Harper's Weekly, July 25, 1868)

The Radical Republicans imposed virtual martial law (Reconstruction) in the South in 1868 and divided the South into five military districresponse to the black codes and other restrictions imposed on freed slaves during the beginning of Reconstruction. Five U.S. Army geneadministered the South from different cities and appointed individuals who were close friends or loyal to the Republican Party while membeof the Democratic Party were marginalized or excluded. The State legislatures in the Southern states (i.e. South Carolina, Alabama, GeorgMississippi, Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina) in 1865-1867 promulgated various black codes and other laws restricting the rights of the frslaves and laws restricting political opposition. The primary purpose of Reconstruction and the virtual martial law in the South was to rebuithe South, restore law and order in the South, and assimilate the freed slaves into American society. Racial tensions remained high in theSouth during and after Reconstruction, despite the federal governments attempt to promote equality and peace between the former Rebelsoldiers and former slaves.

U.S. Army Major General Oliver Otis Howard (1830-1909) was a U.S. Army officer during the Civil War, founder and PresidenHoward University in Washington, D.C. (1869-1874), commissioner of the Freedman's Bureau (1865-1874), and Superintendof U.S. Military Academy at West Point (1881-1882). Major General Howard also fought against Chief Joseph and his NezPerce tribe in 1877.


41/98

A photo of a Freedmens School. (Photo:http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htm)

Caption: The First Colored Senator and Representatives in the 41st and 42nd Congress of the United States. Americans of African descensupported the Republican Party and were elected to federal and state offices during Reconstruction. Americans of African descents weredeprived of their liberty and suffrage after Reconstruction ended in 1877. Jim Crow laws enacted in the former Confederate-occupied Statereduced Americans of African descent (both full and partial) to a state of peonage.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/freedmans-bureau.htm


42/98

The "Invisible Empire of the South", better known as the Ku Klux Klan, was a terrorist organization founded by former Rebel soldiers inPulaski County, Tennessee in May 1866. The Ku Klux Klan engaged in acts of lynching, murder, arson, and terrorism against Americans oAfrican descent, Americans who supported the Republican Party, and Americans who moved to the South after the Civil War(carpetbaggers). Both Congress and President Ulysses S. Grant attempted to outlaw the Ku Klux Klan by passing the Civil Rights Act of1871, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act.

Ku Klux Klan terrorists: Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest (left) and Confederate Brigadier General and U.S. Senator John TylerMorgan (Democrat, Alabama, 1877-1907)


43/98

A Ku Klux Klan ceremony. Was Skull & Bones involved in developing the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil War?

There were six members of Skull & Bones in the U.S. House of Representatives and one member of Skull & Bones in the U.S. Senate in 18Congressmen John Edward Seeley (S&B 1835, R-New York), Benjamin Tucker Eames (S&B 1843, R-Rhode Island), and Ellis Henry Robe(S&B 1850, R-New York) voted Yea (Yes) on the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (Ku Klux Klan Act). John Andrew Peters (S&B 1842, R-Maine),Stephen W. Kellogg (S&B 1846, R-Connecticut), and Richard J. Haldeman (S&B 1851, D-Pennsylvania) did not vote on the Civil Rights Act1871. U.S. Senator Orris Sanford Ferry (S&B 1844) did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1871.


44/98

Members of the Ku Klux Klan burn a cross.

Members of the Ku Klux Klan display a stiff-arm salute similar to the Nazi German salute under Adolf Hitler.


45/98

Former Rebel (Confederate) army General Albert Pike, a 33rd Degree Freemason


46/98

Front cover of a book on the Knights of the Golden Circle. The Ku Klux Klan is reportedly an extension of the Knights of thGolden Circle, a secret society.


47/98

Three men lynched in Duluth, Minnesota, circa 1920. (Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society)


48/98

Race riot erupts in Tulsa, Oklahoma from May 31-June 1, 1921. An estimated 300 people were killed; most of the victims were Americans African descent. The race riot erupted after 19-year-old African-American shoeshine man named Dick Rowland tripped and fell on an elevaand fell on 17-year-old white girl named Sarah Page, an elevator operator; Dick Rowland was arrested by Tulsa city police for assault andater released. Whites in Tulsa responded by forming a lynch mob and roaming the streets of Tulsa.(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)

Dedicated only weeks before the riot, the Mount Zion Baptist Church was a great source of pride for many black Tulsans. But after a prolongbattle, the white rioters burned it-as well as more than a half dozen other African American churches-to the ground (Courtesy Department oSpecial Collections, McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa).(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)
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49/98

Street by street, block by block, the white invaders moved northward across Tulsa's African-American district, looting homes and setting theon fire. Several rioters also flew airplanes and used their airplanes to drop bombs on various homes and businesses. (Courtesy Departmeof Special Collections, McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa)(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)

White rioters began setting black homes and businesses on fire around midnight, largely along Archer Street. There were atrocities as well.One elderly African-American couple, it was later reported, was shot in the back of the head by whites as they knelt in prayer inside their ho(Courtesy Oklahoma Historical Society).(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)


50/98

Shortly after the outbreak of violence, the Tulsa police presented the local National Guardsmen with a machine gun-only it proved to bedefective. A second machine gun that was in the hands of white civilians, however, was used to considerable effect during the attack onGreenwood. Martial law was declared in Tulsa, Oklahoma during the race riot.(Courtesy Department of Special Collections, McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa)(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)

As the riot wore on, African-American families frequently became separated, as black men were often the first to be led away at gunpoint. Fmany black Tulsans, it was hours-and, in some cases, much longer-before they learned the fate of their loved ones.(Department of Special Collections, McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa)(Photo:http://www.tulsareparations.org/TulsaRiot.htm)


51/98

Race riot in East St. Louis on July 2, 1917

Race riot in East St. Louis on July 2, 1917


52/98

Silent Protest parade is held on Fifth Avenue in New York City on July 28, 1917, in response to the East St. Louis race riot. In front row areJames Weldon Johnson [far right], W. E. B. DuBois [2nd from right], Rev. Hutchens Chew Bishop, rector of St. Philip's Episcopal Church[Harlem] and realtor John E. Nail. (Photo:New York Public Library)

Left photo: Mob Stopping Street Car in East St. Louis during a bloody Race Riot on July 2, 1917.Right photo: Race riot in Chicago in 1919.(Both photos: http://www.blackpast.org/?q=tree/Race+Riots/Race+Riots)
http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://www.blackpast.org/?q=tree/Race+Riots/Race+Riotshttp://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=569258&imageID=1228870&k=0&print=smallhttp://www.blackpast.org/?q=tree/Race+Riots/Race+Riots


53/98

Homer Plessy, an American citizen of Creole descent, brought the case ofPlessy v. Ferguson before the U.S. Supreme Cour1896. Homer Plessy, who was 7/8 white (European) and 1/8 black (African), was arrested for sitting in the white section of asegregated train. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld racist segregation laws, better known as Jim Crow laws, that stateegislatures in the South promulgated. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously declared racial segregation laws unconstitutionn Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in 1954.

But in view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, dominant, ruling class of citizens.There is no caste here. Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of crights, all citizens are equal before the law. U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, May 1896, in his dissenting opinion inPlessy v. Ferguson


54/98


55/98

States Rights in Florida: A Colored Entrance for Americans of African descent is displayed at the Saenger Theater inPensacola, Florida, United States of America in circa 1938.(Photo: http://www.pensapedia.com/wiki/Segregation)
http://www.pensapedia.com/wiki/Segregationhttp://www.pensapedia.com/wiki/Segregation


56/98

American travelers of African descent throughout the South were directed to "colored only" waiting areas at bus stations, such as this one iDurham, North Carolina, U.S.A. in 1940.(Source: Jack Delano, May 1940, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.)http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html

An American man of African descent drinks at a water cooler reserved for "Colored" in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.A. in 1939. Separatwater fountains for blacks and whites, providing such basic a human need as water, highlighted how far-reaching racial discrimination wasduring the Jim Crow era. (Source: Russell Lee, July 1939, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.)http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html
http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html


57/98

A cafe in the warehouse district of Durham, North Carolina with separate entrances for "White" and "Colored," in 1940, typical of eatingestablishments throughout the South during the Jim Crow era.(Source: Jack Delano, May 1940, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.)http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html

Sign on restaurant indicating "We Cater to White Trade Only," Lancaster, Ohio, 1938. During Jim Crow segregation, some businessestablishments did not service black patrons at all. This sign on a restaurant in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1938, is clear about serving whites only.(Source: Ben Shahn, August 1938, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.)http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html
http://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.htmlhttp://www.amistadresource.org/plantation_to_ghetto/archives/image_archive.html


58/98

Kansas State Free Fair in Topeka, Kansas. Fitter Families Contest examining staff and sweepstakes winning family.Archival Information: AES,Am3,575.06,55 (Photo:http://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.htm

A woman points to a degrading sign regarding Japanese immigrants living in California.
http://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.htmlhttp://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.htmlhttp://blog.lib.umn.edu/perry032/impossible/cat_policy_and_politics.html


59/98

A group of Klansmen participates in a Klan rally near Montgomery, Alabama on December 16, 1956.(Photo: George Tames/The New York Times)(Source: The Tumultuous Fifties: A View from The New York Times Photo Archives by Douglas Dreishpoon and Alan Trachtenberg)

A group of American students of European descent confront two American students of African descent as the two American students of Afrdescent tried to enter North Little Rock High School in Little Rock, Arkansas on September 15, 1957.(Photo: William P. Straeter/Associated Press)(Source: The Tumultuous Fifties: A View from The New York Times Photo Archives by Douglas Dreishpoon and Alan Trachtenberg)


60/98

Left photo: Protests erupt in front of Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas on September 4, 1957 as Arkansas NationalGuardsmen stand in the background. (Photo: Bettmann/CORBIS)

Right photo: A paratrooper from the U.S. Army 101st Airborne Division stands guard outside Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas oSeptember 25, 1957, as students chat during a fire drill. The troops integrated Central with bare bayonets on September 25th, ending a moof open defiance of federal authority. (Photo: Bettmann/CORBIS)

American U.S. Army soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division escort the Little Rock Nine students into the former all-white Central HighSchool in Little Rock, Arkansas on September 25, 1957.


61/98

Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey fingerprints Rosa Parks on February 22, 1956. (Associated Press photo by Gene Harrick)

Police officers in Birmingham, Alabama terrorize an American boy with dogs.


62/98

A Greyhound bus with 14 members of an interracial group that was part of the Freedom Ride was firebombed outside AnnistoAlabama on May 14, 1961. (United Press International) (Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/us/20civil.html)

Woolworth Sit-In in Jackson, Mississippi on May 28, 1963
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/us/20civil.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/us/20civil.html


63/98

Racial segregation (Jim Crow) side effects from the Civil War and Reconstruction


64/98

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers a speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963.

The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963


65/98

President Lyndon B. Johnson, a lifelong resident of Texas, signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law in the East Room of the White House July 2, 1964. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is standing directly behind the President.(Photo: Cecil Stoughton/Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated around 6:00 p.m. at Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A. on April 4, 1968.
http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/av.hom/images/276-10-64.JPGhttp://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/av.hom/images/276-10-64.JPGhttp://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/av.hom/images/276-10-64.JPG


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Civil Rights Leaders in the early 1900s

Booker T. Washington (left) and W.E.B. Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph

Ida B. Wells (left), Mary McLeod Bethune, and Susan B. Anthony

Eleanor Roosevelt


67/98

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt meets with Tuskegee Institute founder Booker Washington and at Tuskegee Institute inTuskegee, Alabama in 1905. (Photo: Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)


68/98

Andrew Carnegie (front row, center) and Robert C. Ogden (front row, far left) visiting faculty members of the Tuskegee Instiin Tuskegee, Alabama in 1906. Booker T. Washington and his wife Margaret James Murray are sitting between Carnegie andOgden. (Photo: Library of Congress)

Booker T. Washingtons work to improve education of Americans of African descent led to his association with some of thenations most powerful and wealthy figures. Here, he poses with education reformer R.C. Ogden (left), future U.S. presidentWilliam Howard Taft (second from left), and industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie (right).(Photo: Library of Congress/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-5153)
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Order Out of Chaos, Part 4: Intellectual and Spiritual Reconstruction

Cornell University, located in Ithaca, New York, U.S.A., was established in 1866. (Photo:Cornell University)

Left to right: Andrew D. White, Daniel C. Gilman, Timothy Dwight, Charles J. Stille, Carroll Cutler, William Preston Johnst

Skull & Bones and College Education:Andrew D. White (S&B 1853) inaugural President of Cornell University [Ithaca, New York] (1866-1885)Daniel C. Gilman (S&B 1852) inaugural President of Johns Hopkins University [Baltimore, Maryland] (1875-1901); President of UniversityCalifornia at Berkeley (1872-1875); Secretary of Connecticut State Board of Education (1865-1866)Timothy Dwight (S&B 1849) President of Yale University (1886-1899); Professor of Sacred Literature at Yale University (1859-1886)Charles Janeway Stille (S&B 1839) Provost of University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia] (1868-1880)Carroll Cutler (S&B 1854) President of [Case] Western Reserve University [Cleveland, Ohio] (1871-1886)William Chauvenet (S&B 1840) Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis [St. Louis, Missouri] (1862-1869)William Preston Johnston (S&B 1852) inaugural President of Tulane University [New Orleans] (1884-1899); President of Louisiana StateUniversity (1880-1883); Professor of English Literature, History, and Political Economy at Washington and Lee University (1867-1877)Cyrus Northrop (S&B 1857) President of University of Minnesota (1884-1911); Professor of English at Yale University (1863-1884)Henry Hitchcock (S&B 1848) Dean of the St. Louis Law School at Washington University in St. Louis (1867-1870, 1878-1881)Benjamin Silliman Jr. (S&B 1837) Professor of Chemistry at Yale University (1854-1870)Simeon Eben Baldwin (S&B 1861) Professor of Law at Yale Law School (1869-1919)
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Members of Skull and Bones class of 1861

Seated (left to right): Sextus Shearer and William H. Fuller. Standing (left to right): Robert L. Chamberlain, Simeon E. Baldwi(Governor of Connecticut, 1911-1915), Hubert S. Brown, Francis E. Kernochan, William E. Park, Ralph O. Williams, Franklin

Dexter(Secretary of Yale University, 1869-1899), John Mitchell, Edward R. Sill, Alexander P. Root, Stanford Newel (U.S.Minister to the Netherlands, 1897-1905), Tracy Peck Jr., Anthony Higgins (U.S. Senator, 1889-1895).

A painting of Columbia University, looking north from Forty-Ninth Street in New York City, in 1894. Several members of SkullBones attended Columbia Law School at Columbia University during the Civil War and Reconstruction, including formerSecretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh (S&B 1862, LL.B. Columbia 1864) and former U.S. Senator LeBaron Bradford (S&B 1868, LL.B. Columbia 1870).


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Members of Skull and Bones class of 1868

Seated (left to right): Anson Phelps Tinker and LeBaron Bradford Colt (U.S. Senator, 1913-1924).Standing (left to right): [First two are not identified on the verso of the picture.] Thomas Chalmers Sloane, Henry P. Wright (Dean of YaleUniversity, 1884-1909), James Kingsley Thacher, Coburn Dewees Berry, Samuel Tweedy, James Coffin, Chauncey Bunce Brewster

(Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut (1899-1928), William Allison McKinney, Charles Henry FarnamEdward Jefferson Tytus, [Last individual not identified on the verso of the picture.] Remaining unidentified members were William P. DixonJohn Lewis, and William Curtis Wood.

Native American schoolchildren pose for a group portrait at a boarding school. The U.S. federal government required children of NativeAmerican tribes to attend boarding schools (usually separating the children from their parents) and required children to assimilate to EuropeAmerican culture and renounce their Native American culture.


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Wolf in Sheeps Clothing? Skull & Bones and Their Participation in American Churches during Reconstruction

Left photo: Broadway Tabernacle (present-day Broadway United Church of Christ) was located at 34th Street and Sixth Avenin New York City from 1859 to 1905.Right photo: Joseph Parrish Thompson (S&B 1838), the Pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City (1845-1871)

Left: Joseph Augustine Benton (S&B 1842), Pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in San Francisco (1863-1869)Right: Charles F. Robertson (S&B 1859), the Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri (1868-1886)


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Supporters of the Prussian-inspired compulsory school system: Horace Mann (left, 1796-1859) and John Dewey (right, 1859-1952). HoracMann (A.B. Brown University 1819) served as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education (1837-1848) and a U.S. Congressm(Whig-Massachusetts, 1848-1853). John Dewey was a Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University from 1904 to 1930.

Faith in the prayer-hearing God is an unproved and outmoded faith. There is no God and there is no soul. Hencethere are no needs for the props of traditional religion. With dogma and creed excluded, then immutable truth is deaand buried. There is no room for fixed, natural law or moral absolutes. John Dewey, Soul-searching, Teacher Magazine, September 1933, p. 33

An illustration of State Street in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. in circa 1840. Massachusetts was the first State to adopt thePrussian school system (including mandatory attendance and compulsory education) in 1852.


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A group of American schoolchildren of African descent perform the Bellamy salute to the American flag in Hampton, Virginia,U.S.A. in circa 1899. Francis Bellamy (1855-1931), a Baptist minister and a Christian socialist who wrote the original Pledge ofAllegiance in 1892, adopted a stiff-armed salute with the right arm; the stiff-armed salute later became known as the Bellamy saluThe Bellamy salute was discontinued in 1942 and replaced with the hand-over-heart salute. (Photo:Library of Congress)

A group of schoolchildren salute the American flag using the military salute in Hempstead, New York in circa 1915.(Source: New York State Education Department, Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education)
http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b13292/http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b13292/http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b13292/


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Johns Hopkins University, located in Baltimore, Maryland, was established in 1875.

University of California at Berkeley, located in Berkeley, California, was established in 1869.


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A statue of Daniel Coit Gilman, the inaugural President of Johns Hopkins University (1875-1901), appears at Johns Hopkins Universn Baltimore, Maryland. Educator and humanist John Dewey earned a Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1884. Former U.S.President Woodrow Wilson earned a Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1886. (Photo:Flickr)
http://flickr.com/photos/eridony/2529041830/http://flickr.com/photos/eridony/2529041830/http://flickr.com/photos/eridony/2529041830/


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A statue of Andrew Dickson White, the inaugural President of Cornell University (1866-1885), appears in front of Goldwin Smith HallCornell University in Ithaca, New York. Political powerbroker Colonel Edward Mandell House attended Cornell University from 187to 1880. (Photo:Flickr)
http://flickr.com/photos/caelestis/133033120/http://flickr.com/photos/caelestis/133033120/http://flickr.com/photos/caelestis/133033120/http://flickr.com/photos/caelestis/133033120/


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YALE UNIVERSITY & EARLY 19TH CENTURY AMERICA

Jeremiah Day (left), Yale President Theodore Dwight Woolsey (center), and Benjamin Silliman on Commencement Day at Yale University oJuly 26, 1860. Theodore Dwight Woolsey served as President of Yale University from 1846 to 1871. Theodore Dwight Woolsey was thePresident of Yale during the Mexican War and the American Civil War. Theodore Dwight Woolseys son Theodore Salisbury Woolsey wasnitiated into Skull & Bones in 1872. (Picture: Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University Library)


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Prominent Antebellum Yale Graduates

Horatio SeymourB.A. Yale 1797U.S. Senator

(D-Vermont, 1821-1833)

Henry BaldwinB.A. Yale 1797


(1830-1844)

John C. CalhounB.A. Yale 1804U.S. Senator

(D-South Carolina,1832-1843, 1845-1850)

John M. ClaytonB.A. Yale 1815

U.S. Secretary of State(1849-1850)

Trusten PolkB.A. Yale 1831U.S. Senator

(D-Missouri, 1857-18

Asher RobbinsB.A. Yale 1782U.S. Senator

(W-Rhode Is., 1825-1839)

Jabez W. HuntingtonB.A. Yale 1806U.S. Senator

(W-Conn., 1840-1847)

Isaac Chapman BatesB.A. Yale 1802U.S. Senator

(Whig-Mass., 1841-1845)

Samuel S. PhelpsB.A. Yale 1811U.S. Senator

(Whig-Vermont, 1839-1851, 1853-1854)

Roger Sherman BaldB.A. Yale 1811U.S. Senator

(W-Conn., 1847-185

Stephen R. BradleyB.A. Yale 1775U.S. Senator

(DR-Vermont, 1791-1795;1801-1813)

Samuel W. DanaB.A. Yale 1775U.S. Senator

(F-Conn., 1810-1821)

Chauncey GoodrichB.A. Yale 1776

Mayor of Hartford,Connecticut (1812-1815);

attended HartfordConvention in 1814

James HillhouseB.A. Yale 1773

Treasurer of YaleUniversity (1782-1832);

attended HartfordConvention in 1814

Benjamin TallmadgB.A. Yale 1773

U.S. Congressman(F-Conn., 1801-181

Edward Dorr GriffinB.A. Yale 1790

President of WilliamsCollege (1821-1836)

Bennet TylerB.A. Yale 1804

President of DartmouthCollege (1822-1828)

Heman HumphreyB.A. Yale 1805

President of AmherstCollege (1823-1845)

William MaxwellB.A. Yale 1802

President of Hampden-Sydney College [Virginia]

(1838-1845)

Augustus B. LongstreB.A. Yale 1813

President of Univ. oMississippi (1849-185


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Yale University Graduates & American Civil War (1861-1865)

Union:Cassius Marcellus Clay (B.A. 1832) U.S. Minister to Russia (1861-1862, 1863-1869)William T. Minor (B.A. 1834) U.S. Consul General at Havana, Cuba [Spain] (1864-1867)William M. Evarts (B.A. 1837, S&B 1837) Special Diplomatic Envoy to Great Britain and FranceBenjamin Gratz Brown (B.A. 1847) U.S. Senator (R-Missouri, 1863-1867)Henry L. Dawes (B.A. 1839) U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1857-1875)John Law (B.A. 1814) U.S. Congressman (D-Indiana, 1861-1865)William Barrett Washburn (B.A. 1844, S&B 1844) U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1863-1871)Henry Champion Deming (B.A. 1836, S&B 1836) U.S. Congressman (R-Connecticut, 1863-1867)Augustus Brandegee (B.A. 1849, S&B 1849) U.S. Congressman (R-Connecticut, 1863-1867)

George C. Woodruff (B.A. 1825) U.S. Congressman (D-Connecticut, 1861-1863)Rufus Paine Spalding (B.A. 1817) U.S. Congressman (R-Ohio, 1863-1869)

Willard P. Hall (B.A. 1839) Governor of Missouri (1864-1865); Lieutenant Governor of Missouri (1861-1864)John Andrew Peters (B.A. 1842; S&B 1842) Attorney General of Maine (1864-1866)Dwight Foster (B.A. 1848; S&B 1848) Attorney General of Massachusetts (1861-1864)Chauncey M. Depew (B.A. 1856, S&B 1856) Secretary of State of New York (1864-1865)William Strong (B.A. 1828) Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania (1857-1868)saac Atwater (B.A. 1844) Judge of the Supreme Court of Minnesota (1857-1864)Charles Allen (B.A. 1815) Chief Justice of the Suffolk County Superior Court [Boston, Massachusetts] (1859-1867)Frederick A. Tallmadge (B.A. 1811) Superintendent of the New York City Metropolitan Police [NYPD] (1857-1862); Clerk of the New YorkCourt of Appeals (1862-1865)Michael Waller Robinson (B.A. 1857) Member of the Missouri State Legislature (1861-1863)

William Huntington Russell (B.A. 1833, S&B 1833) Major-General in the Militia of the State of Connecticut (1862-1870)

Orris Sanford Ferry (B.A. 1844, S&B 1844) Brigadier General in the U.S. Volunteers (1862-1865); U.S. Congressman (R-Conn., 1859-186Joseph Cooke Jackson (B.A. 1857, S&B 1857) brevetted Brigadier General in the 6th New Jersey VolunteersJohn Thomas Croxton (B.A. 1857, S&B 1857) Major Gen., Union Army; Commander of Military District of SW Georgia at Macon, Georgia(1865)Channing Richards (B.A. 1858) Military Mayor of Memphis, Tennessee (November 1864-July 1865)

Rebel:Richard Taylor (B.A. 1845, S&B 1845) Commander of the [Confederate] Army of Tennessee (1865)Henry Rootes Jackson (B.A. 1839, S&B 1839) Major General in the Confederate ArmyJohn Perkins Jr. (B.A. 1840, S&B 1840) Member of the Confederate House of Representatives (Louisiana, 1864-1865)William T.S. Barry (B.A. 1841, S&B 1841) Chairman of the Mississippi Secession Convention in 1861; Signer of the Confederate ConstituWilliam Preston Johnston (B.A. 1852, S&B 1852) Confederate President Jefferson Daviss aide-de-campBurton Norvell Harrison (B.A. 1859, S&B 1859) Private Secretary to Confederate President Jefferson DavisAllen Taylor Caperton (B.A. 1832) Confederate Senator (Virginia, 1861-1865)William Nathan Harrell Smith (B.A. 1834) Member of the Confederate House of Representatives (North Carolina, 1862-1865)Frederick W.M. Holliday (B.A. 1847) Member of the Confederate House of Representatives (Virginia, February 1864-April 1865)William Bennett Fleming (B.A. 1825) Judge of the Superior Court of Chatham County, Georgia [Savannah] (1847-1849, 1853-1868, 1879

College Presidents and Church Leaders:Rev. Theodore Dwight Woolsey (B.A. 1820) President of Yale University (1846-1871)Frederick A.P. Barnard (B.A. 1828) President of Columbia University (1864-1889)Samuel Ware Fisher (B.A. 1835) President of Hamilton College (1858-1866)Aaron Lucius Chapin (B.A. 1837) inaugural President of Beloit College [Wisconsin] (1849-1886)Francis Gillette (B.A. 1829) Chairman of Connecticut State Board of Education (1849-1865)

William Heathcote DeLancey (B.A. 1817) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Western New York (1839-1865)Francis Huger Rutledge (B.A. 1820) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Florida (1851-1866)Thomas March Clark (B.A. 1831) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island (1854-1903)William Ingraham Kip (B.A. 1831) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of California (1857-1890)

Richard Hooker Wilmer (B.A. 1836) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama and Louisiana (1860-1900)Joseph Parrish Thompson (B.A. 1838, S&B 1838) Pastor of Broadway Tabernacle in New York City (1845-1871)George Washington Blagden (B.A. 1823) Pastor of Old South Church in Boston (1836-1872)John Chester Backus (B.A. 1830) Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland (1836-1875)Samuel Wolcott (B.A. 1833) Pastor of High Street Congregational Church in Providence, Rhode Island (1853-1859); Pastor of New EnglaChurch in Chicago (1859-1862); Pastor of Plymouth Church in Cleveland, Ohio (1862-1874)Charles Henry Hall (B.A. 1842) Rector of the Church of the Epiphany in Washington, D.C. (1856-1869); Rector of the Holy Trinity Church Brooklyn, New York (1869-1895)

Others:James Darrach (B.A. 1827) Superintendent of the New York Hospital in New York City [on Broadway opposite Pearl Street] (1854-1864)Charles F. Pond (B.A. 1830) President of the New Haven, Hartford and Springfield Railroad Company (1842-1867)Josiah Dwight Whitney (B.A. 1839) State Geologist of California (1860-1874); Sturgis-Hooper Professor of Geology at Harvard School ofMines (1875-1896)Frederick Adolphus Porcher (B.A. 1828) President of South Carolina Historical Society (1856-1888)


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Yale University Graduates and Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Federal Government Officials:William M. Evarts (B.A. 1837, S&B 1837) U.S. Attorney General (1868-1869); U.S. Secretary of State (1877-1881)Edwards Pierrepont (B.A. 1837) U.S. Attorney General (1875-1876)Alphonso Taft (B.A. 1833, S&B 1833) U.S. Secretary of War (1876); U.S. Attorney General (1876-1877); Judge of the Superior Court ofCincinnati (1865-1872)Cassius Marcellus Clay (B.A. 1832) U.S. Minister to Russia (1861-1862, 1863-1869)John Thomas Croxton (B.A. 1857, S&B 1857) U.S. Minister to Bolivia (1873-1874)William T. Minor (B.A. 1834) U.S. Consul General at Havana, Cuba [Spain] (1864-1867)Anthony Higgins (B.A. 1861, S&B 1861) U.S. Attorney for the District of Delaware (1869-1876)Channing Richards (B.A. 1858) Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio [Cincinnati] (1871-1877); U.S. Attorney for the

Southern District of Ohio (1877-1883)William Hemphill Jones (B.A. 1831) Deputy First Comptroller of the Treasury (1875-1876)

Benjamin Gratz Brown (B.A. 1847) U.S. Senator (R-Missouri, 1863-1867); Governor of Missouri (1871-1873)Orris Sanford Ferry (B.A. 1844, S&B 1844) U.S. Senator (R-Connecticut, 1867-1875)Henry L. Dawes (B.A. 1839) U.S. Senator (R-Massachusetts, 1875-1893); U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1857-1875)Allen Taylor Caperton (B.A. 1832) U.S. Senator (D-West Virginia, 1875-1876)William Barrett Washburn (B.A. 1844, S&B 1844) U.S. Senator (R-Massachusetts, 1874-1875); Governor of Massachusetts (1872-1874);U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1863-1871)

Augustus Brandegee (B.A. 1849, S&B 1849) U.S. Congressman (R-Connecticut, 1863-1867)Henry C. Deming (B.A. 1836, S&B 1836) U.S. Congressman (R-Connecticut, 1863-1867); U.S. Collector of Internal Revenue (1869-1872Richard Dudley Hubbard (B.A. 1839, S&B 1839) U.S. Congressman (D-Connecticut, 1867-1869)Stephen W. Kellogg (B.A. 1846, S&B 1846) U.S. Congressman (R-Connecticut, 1869-1875)Roswell Hart (B.A. 1843, S&B 1843) U.S. Congressman (R-New York, 1865-1867)

William E. Robinson (B.A. 1841) U.S. Congressman (D-New York, 1867-1869)John Edward Seeley (B.A. 1835, S&B 1835) U.S. Congressman (R-New York, 1871-1873)Ellis Henry Roberts (B.A. 1850, S&B 1850) U.S. Congressman (R-New York, 1871-1875)Constantine C. Esty (B.A. 1845, S&B 1845) U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1872-1873)William Wallace Crapo (B.A. 1852, S&B 1852) U.S. Congressman (R-Massachusetts, 1875-1883)John Andrew Peters (B.A. 1842, S&B 1842) U.S. Congressman (R-Maine, 1867-1873)Benjamin Tucker Eames (B.A. 1843, S&B 1843) U.S. Congressman (R-Rhode Island, 1871-1879)Richard J. Haldeman (B.A. 1851, S&B 1851) U.S. Congressman (D-Pennsylvania, 1869-1873)William Walter Phelps (B.A. 1860, S&B 1860) U.S. Congressman (R-New Jersey, 1873-1875, 1883-1889)Carter Henry Harrison (B.A. 1845, S&K 1845) U.S. Congressman (D-Illinois, 1875-1879)Randall Lee Gibson (B.A. 1853, S&K 1853) U.S. Congressman (D-Louisiana, 1875-1883)Rufus Paine Spalding (B.A. 1817) U.S. Congressman (R-Ohio, 1863-1869)Lazarus D. Shoemaker (B.A. 1840) U.S. Congressman (R-Pennsylvania, 1871-1875)Elias W. Leavenworth (B.A. 1824) U.S. Congressman (R-New York, 1875-1877)Alpheus S. Williams (B.A. 1831) U.S. Congressman (D-Michigan, 1875-1878)

Morrison R. Waite (B.A. 1837, S&B 1837) Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1874-1888)William Strong (B.A. 1831) Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1870-1880)Lewis B. Woodruff (B.A. 1830) Judge of the U.S. Circuit Courts for the Second Circuit [New York City] (1869-1875)Alexander Smith Johnson (B.A. 1835) Judge of the U.S. Circuit Courts for the Second Circuit [New York City] (1875-1878)William Burnham Woods (B.A. 1845) Judge of the U.S. Circuit Courts for the Fifth Circuit [New Orleans] (1869-1880)Rensselaer Russell Nelson (B.A. 1846, S&B 1846) Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota (1858-1896)Nathaniel Shipman (B.A. 1848) Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut (1873-1892)Henry Billings Brown (B.A. 1856) Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan [Detroit] (1875-1890)Edward C. Billings (B.A. 1853) Judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana [New Orleans] (1876-1893)

State and Local Government Officials:Daniel H. Chamberlain (B.A. 1862, S&B 1862) Governor of South Carolina (1874-1876); Attorney General of South Carolina (1868-1872)Henry Huntly Haight (B.A. 1844) Governor of California (1867-1871)

Charles R. Ingersoll (B.A. 1840) Governor of Connecticut (1873-1877)Christopher C. Cox (B.A. 1835) Lieutenant Governor of Maryland (1865-1868)George G. Sill (B.A. 1852; S&B 1852) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (1873-1877)Henry C. Robinson (B.A. 1853) Mayor of Hartford, Connecticut (1872-1874)William C. Whitney (B.A. 1863, S&B 1863) Corporation Counsel of New York City (1875-1882)Samuel Lathrop Bronson (B.A. 1855) Corporation Counsel of New Haven, Connecticut (1873-1878)William Law Learned (B.A. 1841, S&B 1841) Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court of New York (1875-1892)Origen Storrs Seymour (B.A. 1824) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Connecticut (1873-1874)Charles Johnson McCurdy (B.A. 1817) Judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (1863-1867)Dwight Foster (B.A. 1848, S&B 1848) Justice of Massachusetts Supreme Court (1866-1869)Charles Frederick Sanford (B.A. 1847) Judge of the Superior Court of New York City (1875-1881)David J. Brewer (B.A. 1856) Judge of Kansas State Supreme Court (1870-1884)John Wallace Houston (B.A. 1834, S&B 1834) Justice of the Superior Court of Delaware (1855-1893)Leonard Eugene Wales (B.A. 1845, S&B 1845) Justice of the Superior Court of Delaware (1864-1884)Hugh White Sheffey (B.A. 1835, S&B 1835) Judge of the Superior Court of Virginia (1865-1869)

Albert Pierson Condit (B.A. 1850, S&B 1850) Member (1866-1867, 1871) and Speaker (1871) of the New Jersey State Legislature


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George Morris Woodruff (B.A. 1857) Connecticut State Railroad Commissioner (1874-1897); President of the board of the Connecticut StRailroad Commission (1875-1897); Member of Connecticut State Board of Education (1865-1877)

College Presidents:Rev. Theodore Dwight Woolsey (B.A. 1820) President of Yale University (1846-1871)Rev. Noah Porter (B.A. 1831) President of Yale University (1871-1886)Frederick A.P. Barnard (B.A. 1828) President of Columbia University (1864-1889)Samuel Ware Fisher (B.A. 1835) President of Hamilton College [New York] (1858-1866)George Thacher (B.A. 1840) President of the University of Iowa (1871-1877)John H. Lathrop (B.A. 1819) inaugural President of University of Missouri (1841-1849, 1865-1866)Andrew D. White (B.A. 1853, S&B 1853) inaugural President of Cornell University [Ithaca, New York] (1866-1885)Daniel C. Gilman (B.A. 1852, S&B 1852) inaugural President of Johns Hopkins University [Baltimore, Maryland] (1875-1901); President o

University of California at Berkeley (1872-1875)Henry Durant (B.A. 1827) inaugural President of University of California at Berkeley (1870-1872); Mayor of Oakland, California (1873-187John Wesley Johnson (B.A. 1862) inaugural President of University of Oregon (1876-1893)Edmund Asa Ware (B.A. 1863) inaugural President of [Clark] Atlanta University [Atlanta, Georgia] (1867-1885)Henry Lawrence Hitchcock (B.A. 1832) President of [Case] Western Reserve University [Cleveland, Ohio] (1855-1871)Carroll Cutler (B.A. 1854, S&B 1854) President of [Case] Western Reserve University [Cleveland, Ohio] (1871-1886)George Wilson McPhail (B.A. 1835) President of Davidson College (1866-1871); former President of Lafayette CollegeJulian M. Sturtevant (B.A. 1826) President of Illinois College [Jacksonville, Illinois] (1844-1876)Charles Janeway Stille (B.A. 1839, S&B 1839) Provost of University of Pennsylvania (1868-1880)William Chauvenet (B.A. 1840, S&B 1840) Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis (1862-1869)Henry Barnard (B.A. 1830) President of St. Johns College [Annapolis, Maryland] (1866-1867); U.S. Commissioner of Education (1867-18

State and Local Educators:William Torrey Harris (B.A. 1858) Superintendent of Schools of St. Louis, Missouri (1868-1880)Charles Daniel Hine (B.A. 1871, S&B 1871) Superintendent of Schools of Saginaw, Michigan (1871-1874)

Thomas Anthony Thacher (B.A. 1835, S&B 1835) Member of Connecticut State Board of Education (1865-1877)Constantine C. Esty (B.A. 1845, S&B 1845) Member of Massachusetts State Board of Education (1871-1879); U.S. CongressmanJoseph Burbeen Walker (B.A. 1844, S&B 1844) Member of the Board of Education of Concord, New Hampshire (1859-1870)Horace Day (B.A. 1836) Secretary of Board of Education of New Haven, Connecticut (1868-1902)[John] Wager Swayne (B.A. 1856, S&K 1856) Member of the Board of Education of Toledo, Ohio (1872-1876)saac Atwater (B.A. 1844) Member of the Board of Education of Minneapolis, Minnesota (1868-1878)Samuel Chester Gale (B.A. 1854) Member of the Board of Education of Minneapolis, Minnesota (1871-1880)

Church Leaders:Thomas March Clark (B.A. 1831) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island (1854-1903)William Ingraham Kip (B.A. 1831) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of California (1857-1890)Richard Hooker Wilmer (B.A. 1836) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama and Louisiana (1860-1900)Charles F. Robertson (B.A. 1859, S&B 1859) Protestant Episcopal Bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri (1868-1886)Joseph Parrish Thompson (B.A. 1838, S&B 1838) Pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City (1845-1871)Joseph Augustine Benton (B.A. 1842, S&B 1842) Pastor of Plymouth Congregational Church in San Francisco (1863-1869)Edward D. Morris (B.A. 1849, S&B 1849) Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Columbus, Ohio (1855-1867)William Eves Moore (B.A. 1847, S&B 1847) Pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Columbus, Ohio (1872-1894)James Gardiner Vose (B.A. 1851, S&B 1851) Pastor of the Beneficent Church in Providence, Rhode Island (1866-1901)William Henry Fenn (B.A. 1854, S&B 1854) Pastor of High Street Congregational Church of Portland, Maine (1866-1904)Alexander S. Twombly (B.A. 1854, S&B 1854) Pastor of Winthrop (Congregational) Church in Boston (1872-1891)Samuel W. Duffield (B.A. 1863) Pastor of 8 th Presbyterian Church in Chicago (1874-1876); Pastor of the Kenderton Presbyterian Church iPhiladelphia (1867-1870)Charles Henry Hall (B.A. 1842) Rector of the Church of the Epiphany in Washington, D.C. (1856-1869); Rector of the Holy Trinity Church Brooklyn, New York (1869-1895)Samuel Wolcott (B.A. 1833) Pastor of High Street Congregational Church in Providence, Rhode Island (1853-1859); Pastor of New EnglaChurch in Chicago (1859-1862); Pastor of Plymouth Church in Cleveland, Ohio (1862-1874)George Washington Blagden (B.A. 1823) Pastor of Old South Church in Boston (1836-1872)Henry Augustus Boardman (B.A. 1829) Pastor of Tenth Presbyterian Church of Philadelphia (1833-1876)John Chester Backus (B.A. 1830) Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland (1836-1875); Trustee of Princeton

University (1860-1872)Hiram Phelps Arms (B.A. 1824) Pastor of First (Congregational) Church of Norwich, Connecticut (1836-1873)William Ives Budington (B.A. 1834) Pastor of Clinton Avenue Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York (1855-1878)

Documents

American Civil War - Part 2 Reconstruction