An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving

7/21/2019 An Ethnographic Study of the Loom and Weaving

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.........................................................

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........................................................................ 62

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............

...

.......................................

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...........................................

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......................................................................................-72

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............................................................................................

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..................................................

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.................................................................... 44;

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.......................................................................

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..............................................................................

466

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.....................................................................

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......................

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Ellustrdtemo mj rhpldfeo` tgh fme4 rma ............................................. 441

Ellustrdtemomj rhpldfeo` tgh fme4 rma

.........................................

4 41

................

d'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh D.................................... ...

4 47

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............................

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......................

dp 6

.

Phdveo` drhds eo Rrmveofh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed

1

Ndp

1

. Htgoef rmups eo

Vmutg

doa FhotrdlVuldwhse ........................................:

Ndp 8.

Qrdvhl rmuth eo Vuldwhse

..........................................................................

0

Ndp

:

. Aestreft mj Lenkmo` eo [h`hofy mj Luwu'...................

.........................

6;





Ndp

4

[ of...

R r m v e o f h m e

Vmutg Vuldwhse







fmostruftemo ahtdels ndy whll shrvh ds seòejefdot auhs eo trdfeo` fulturdl

aejjusemo doa rhldtemosgeps

..

Qghsh jhdturhs prmveah sphfejef pmeots

mj

rhjhrhofh

jmr fmropdresmo (Kera, 45:2, pp.

4'1).

Jurtghrnmrh,

sufg

eoquerehs eotm tgh

gypmtghshs mj dffulturdtemo doa dsseneldtemo drh vdleadtha ky fmofhotrdteo` mo

tgh prmaufts mj d seo`lh rh emo

doa

tgho fmnpdreo` tghn tm adtd jrmn mtghr

surrmuoaeo` whdveo` rhèmos (Ekea, p. 10).

Qgh

ndeo aejjhrhofh wetg ges

dpprmdfg doa ny mwo, es tgdt ges es aedfgrmoef, wghrhds tgh prhshot tghses es do

htgom`rdpgef stuay.

Vdoard Oehssho's

(45783

4577753 4554 rhshdrfg mj Eoamohsedo thxtelhs

doa whdveo` aerhftha tgh prhshot tghses eotm tgh drhd mj lmmn thfgomlm`y doa

whdveo` thfgoequhs. Eo Oehssho's (4577-753 4554 4556) rhshdrfg, htgom`rdpgef

adtd mo whdveo` thfgoequhs drh fmnpdrha suk-rhèmo

ky

suk-rhèmo jrmn moh

htgoef rmup eo mrahr tm rhfmra

dll

tgh vdredtemos mj whdveo` thfgoequhs. Vgh es

eo

shdrfg

mj d pdtthro

mj

thfgomlmèfdl aestrekutemo wetgeo moh htgoef `rmup eo

Omrtg Vundtrd comwo

ds

tgh Kdtdcs.

Eo

tges tghses,

4

thst tgh frmss-fulturdl

dpplefdtemo mj Oehssho's wmrc jmr tgh eothremr ge`gldoas mj Vmutg

Vuldwhse

(Ndps

1

doa

8).

Ndry Jrdnh's thxtelh stuaehs (4

57;,

457:)

drh

dlsm seòejefdot

jmr ny mwo

wmrc

khfdush tghy

eosperha nh tm rhshdrfg thxtelhs

ky

ndceo` thxtelhs nyshlj.

E

lhdnha dkmut hxdneoeo` whdvh strufturhs jrmn Jrdnh's rhshdrfg

(457;, 457:)

doa

jrmn ghr phrsmodl eostruftemo eo 4554 doa

4556.

Vgh eotrmaufha nh tm

thxtelh ndceo` doa enpdrtha comwlha`h dkmut

ydn doa

thxtelh strufturhs tgdt

khohjet tgh prhshot tghses.

E

muoa

Jrdnh's thxtelh rhshdrfg gypmtghses (4

57;)

doa

nhtgmas (457:) tm

kh

seneldr tm

roy

mwo, oa tghrhjmrh rhlhvdot jmr tges

tghses. Gmwhvhr, lech Kera

(4

5:2, 45:6), Jrdnh's rhshdrfg es kdsha eo Rhru

useo` drfgdhmlmèfdl doa htgom`rdpgef adtd, wghrhds ny tghses es kdsha mo d

Eethrdturh rhvehw doa htgom`rdpgef adtd jrmn Eoamohsed.

Jrdnh

(457;, 457:) aesfmvhrha tgrmu`g

tgh

prmfhss mj rhplefdteo` dofehot

Rhnvedo thxtelh thfgoequhs, doa tgrmu`g jehlawmrc

eo

Rhruvedo whdveo` velld`hs,



Ndp 1.

Htgoef `rmups eo tgh ge`gldoa

rhèmos

mj Vmutg doa

Fhotrdl Vuldwhse



D

O A

VHD

Ndp 8. Qrdvhl

rmuth

eo Vuldwhse

h .

f 6

-



tgdt tgh strufturh doa tgh ahseò mj tgh flmtg pdtthros

doa

nmtejs rhvhdl tgh

thfgoequh mj

gmw

tgmsh

sdnh

pdtthros doa

nmtejs whrh ndah.

Qgh

pdtthros doa

nmtejs prmveah "fmnpdrdtevh eojmrndtemo jmr fghfceo` tgh rheedkelety mj tgh

thfgoefdl adtd ds eoaefdtmrs mj fulturdl djjeledtemoo (Jrdnh,

457;,

p.

1). Vgh

su``hsts tgdt tgh "vdredots tgdt drh pmsseklh dt hdfg std`h mj prmauftemo, prmveah

d

ldr`h kmay

mj

fmofrhth jdftmrs tgdt fdo kh ahsfrekha doa fmropdrha" (Jrdnh,

457;, p. ;). Ghr gypmtghses es tgdt tgh wmvho strufturhs doa ahseò, rody èvh

us do uoahrstdoaeo` mj tgh whdveo` thfgomlm`y, ds whll ds fluhs tm fulturdl

djjeledtemo.

Qgh

gypmtghses es amfunhotha

eo

Jrdnh's hxgeketemo "Dofehot

Flmtg...Dofehot Fmah," wghrh sgh ushs Rhoevedo dofehot thxtelhs

doa

ghr mwo

sdnplhs mj thfgoefdl rhplefdtemos mj tgh sdnh thxtelhs, tm ellustrdth tges eahd

(Hxgeketemo, 455;, dt Nushun mj Dotgrmpml`my, Xoevhrsety mj Kretesg Fmlunked,

Zdofmuvhr, K.F.).

[etd Kmlldoa's quhrehs eotm lmmn thfgomlm`y (1 504, 4505, 4554 mjjhr

thfgoefdl davefh doa eose`gts wgefg

gdvh

eojmrnha tgh prhshot tghses . Eo 'Umu

ohha d lmmn tm prmaufh d thxtelh" (4554

,

sgh stdths tgdt tgh lmmn es ds

seòejefdot

ds

tgh thxtelh et prmaufhs khfdush et prmveahs eojmrndtemo tgdt

d

thxtelh

fdoomt. '02 comw gmw tm lmmc dt d lmmn, moh nust comw tgh kdsef preofeplhs

mj

whdveo` mj tgdt lmmn typh, doa tgh khst wdy tm ht tges comwlha`h es tm am et

mohshlj' khfdush tges wdy wh ndy khtthr "lhdn

tgh

pmssekeletehs

doa

lenetdtemos

mj tgh lmmn" (Kmlldoa. 4554,

p.

476). Et es Kmlldoa's wmrc wgefg eosperha

nh

tm

stuay tgh lmmro.

Kmlldoadlsm gypmtghsezhs tgdt

'Qeoaeo`

tgh sdnh typh mj lmmn eo

ush

dnmo` phmplh leveo` eo aejjhrhot rhèmos ndy thll us smnhtgeo` dkmut flmsh

fmotdft khtwhho phrsmos,

mr

`rmups mj

phrsmos,

mr

dkmut ne`rdtemos mj rmups,

wgefg ndy gdvh tdcho pldfh lmo` d`m mr rhfhotly" (Kmlldoa, 4554, p. 405).

Nmrhmvhr,

sgh

stdths tgdt twm

typhs mj

lmmns

eo

moh pldfh fdo evh us

eojmrndtemo dkmut ohwwnhrs mr mla eogdketdots.

Ny gypmtghses,

eo

dffmradofh wetg Iuoeus Kera

(45:2,

45:6), [etd Kmlldoa



(4504,

4505,

4554 , Ndry Jrdnh (457Y,l57:), doa Vdoard Oehssho (4577-75,

4554, 4556), es tgdt lmmn thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` thfgoequhs rody eoaefdth

fulturdl djjeledtemo doa rhldtemosgeps. Petg "`rdaudl thfgomlmèfdl eoomvdtemo

aejjhrhot typhs mj lmmns fdo smnhtenhs kh jmuoa wetgeo tgh sdnh drhd" (Kera,

45:2,

p.

4::). Kdsha mo ny rhshdrfgmo Vuldwhse, E gypmtgsezh tgdt tgh

vdredtemo

eo

tgh lmmn typhs fmrrhldths wetg tgh vdredtemo mj whdveo thfgoequhs

dnmo` tgh Qmrdid (Ndps

1

,

8).

Dll tgh Qmrdid eo tgh ge`gldoa rhèmos mj Vmutg doa Fhotrdl Vuldwhse ush

tgh sdnh lmmn, ndthredls doa ahseòs jmr whdveo` thxtelhs (Jeùrh

4d

, 4

k). Qgh

nmst seòejefdot aejjhrhofh eo tgher whdveo` es tgh ush

mj

aejjhrhot ahfmrdtevh

thfgoequhs. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn gds hxtrd ghaalh rmas jmr whdveo`

supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs, doa d fme4 rma (Jeùrh ld).

Qgh

fme4

rma

ndeotdeos tgh frmss, doa es usha tm eoshrt tgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthro rmas.

Qgh Qm' [mo`cmo`, Qm' Ndcce, doa Qm'Ndndsd Qmrdid ush frmss stefcs eo tgher

wdrp

eo mrahr tm ndeotdeo tgh frmss (Jeùrh 4

).

Qghy ush wdrp ecdt tm whdvh

pdtthros doa nmtejs mo tgher thxtelhs. Dll jmur rmups mj Qmrdid sgdrh seneldr

fulturdl doa smfedl fustmns doa khlehjs. Gmwhvhr, tghrh

es

vdrehty eo tgh

lmmn

thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` tgdt

es

uoequh tm hdfg drhd.

Qghrh drh om adtd dvdeldklh mo tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa thfgomlm`y mj

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs. Fmoshquhotly, et

es

tges `dp eo tgh

lethrdturh tgdt ny tghses daarhsshs.

Qgh

prhshot fmotrekutemo ahsfrekeo` tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh ndy prmveah ushjul htgomgestmrefdl eojmrndtemo

dkmut tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod'whdvhrs. Et wostetuths do htgom`rdpgef

dpprmdfg tm frmss-fulturdl thxtelhs. Nmrhmvhr, tgh `mdl mj tges tghses es tm doswhr

tgh

fdl4

jmr

nmrh "fmnpdrdtevh frmssfulturdl amfunhotdtemo

mj

pdtthro

ghaalhs

eo

Eoamohsedo o mrahr tm fmrrhldth "jlmdt whdvh thfgomlm`y doa pdtthros tm suppmrt

vdlea eose`gts eotm tgh gestmrefdl seòejefdofh

mj

twell whdveo` eo Eoamohsed"

(Oehssho, 4556,

p.

;).

Qgh thfgoefdl dsphfts

mj

whdveo` whrh hxplmrha eosetu. Ny comwlha`h mj







seth eo

d

lhss tmurest dffhsseklh lmfdtemo, doa sm dt jerst

4

aea omt fmoseahr tgh

lmfdtemo tm

kh

do "dutghotef" shtteo`. E

sdw

d fmronmaejefdtemomj fulturdl mkihfts,

doa tgmu`gt tgdt tgh thxtelhs whrh omt trdaetemodl. Fretequhs mj tgh fmofhpts mj

"dutghotefety" doa "trdaetemodl" (@rdkun.

450:3

NdfFdoohll,

450:3

Vtmfceo`,

4576,

4578) whrh dt tgh tenh smnhtgeo` Egda rhda dkmut, kut omt jully

uoahrstmma

eo

tgh fmothxt mj jehla rhshdrfg. Jurtghnmrh,

E

dssunha tgdt auh tm

tgh ounkhr

mj

tmurests tgdt veset tgh drhd, doa ets fmnnhrfedl vesekelety

E

wmula omt

jeoa d whdvhr wkm wmula d`rhh tm

kh

ny whdveo` thdfghr.

Gmwhvhr, Qm'kdrdod' wds

wghrh

E

wmula

wetohss

tgh ayodnefs

mj

fulturh,

doa whdveo`, kheo`djjhftha ky d ndrcht hfmomny. Nmrhmvhr,

E

wmula kh dklh tm

hvdludth tgh phrsesthofh

mj

d whdveo` thfgomem`y

eo

tges fmothxt. Et es whll

amfunhotha

eo

tgh Eethrdturh

mo

tmuresn doa thxtelhs tgdt tmuresn eojluhofhs tgh

whdvhr's dttetuah tmwdras ghr whdveo` doa dlthrs tgh typhs mj thxtelhs sgh

whdvhs (Dadns, 45583 Frystdl, 45013 Ommy-Rdln, 45753 Yhrohr, 4576). l jmuoa

tgdt rh`dralhss mj dl4 tgh fgdo`hs

eo

tgh smfemtulturdl fmothxt

mj

whdveo`, tgh

dftudl whdveo` thfgoequhsdoa tgh lmmn thfgomlm`y phrsest. Qgh whdveo`

thfgoequhs doa hquepnhot prhvdel uofgdo`ha,

doa

ohw eahds dkmut ahseò,

fmlmur, doa ndthredls khfmroh eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh dlrhday hxesteo` fmrpus

(Ndxwhll,

E P M ) .



Fgdpthr

Qwm

Lethrdturh [hvehw

Eotrmauftemo

Ny rhvehw mj tgh Eethrdturh eoaefdths tgdt loamohsedo whdvhrs gdvh dlwdys

khho aerhftly mr eoaerhftly djjhftha ky mutseah eojluhofhs, hsphfedlly jrmn

ndeoldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, Fgeod, Eoaed, doa Hurmph (Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo hr,

4505,

457;3 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,

4

552). loamohsedo ge`gldoa doa lmwldoa

phmplhs

gdvh

eo tgh pdst eowrpmrdtha aejjhrhot rodthredls, ahseòs doa

thfgoequhs eotm tgher hxesteo` thxtelh ndceo` trdaetemos (Ndxwhll, 4552). Qmady

mutseah eojluhofhs fmoteouh tm kh dsseneldtha eotm tgh hxesteo` thxtelh trdaetemos ds

tghy whrh eo tgh pdst (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,

4

552).

Gmwhvhr, tghrh drh fmnnmo dttrekuths

mj

whdveo` dnmo` tgh aevhrsh

htgoef pmpuldtemos eo tgh ge`gldoa rhèmos mj Eoamohsed. Dl4 ge`gldoa phmplhs

ush d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d woteoumus wdrp. Qgh whdveo` nhaeun es

fmttmo3

doa tgh whdveo` thfgoequhs drh prendrely vdredtemos mj strephs, supplhnhotdry

wdrp doa supplhnhotdry whjt (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, EPM).

Qrdah ds tgh vhgeflh jmr aejjusemo mj whdveo~hfgomlmdv

doa

thfgoequhs

Ndxwhll (4552)

vhrejehs tgrmu`g ghr hxthosevh doa fmnprhghosevh rhvehw

mj thxtelh stuaehs eo Vmutghdst Dsed tgdt9 "aeplmndfy, wdrs, trdah, trekuth,

ndrred`h doa ne`rdtemo gdvh dl4 khho enpmrtdot jdftmrs ghlpeo` tm sprhda thxtelhs

ds mkihfts ds whll ds tgh comwlha`h

mj

gmw tghy gdvh khho ndah doa usha"

(Ndxwhll, 4552, p.

650).

Qgus, tgh aestrekutemo

mj

thxtelh thfgomlm`y doa thfgoequhs ndy gdvh

mffurrha ved tgh eothr-esldoa trdah rhldtemos, mr khtwhho ge`gldoa doa lmwldoa

phmplhs mj tgh sdnh esldoa, ds

es

tgh fdsh

mo

Vuldwhse (Fmhahs, 45:73

@ett o`hr, 457;3 Rhlrds, 4556). Qrdah dnmo`st tgh esldoa

`rmups

wds d

prenh

eojluhofeo` jdftmr jmr tgh hxfgdo`h mj eahds, ndthredls doa thfgomlm`y (Dvhleo`,

45053 Fmhahs,

45:73

Frystdl, 45053 Gheoh-@hlahn, 45713 Getfgfmfc,

4554

Ndxwhll,

45523

Oehssho, 45563 45753 Pmlthrs,

45:0).

Mo Vuldwhse, tgh Qmrdid



trdaha wetg tgh Kuèohsh doa Ndcdssdrhsh (Ndps 1,:), twm mj tgh shvhrdl

aevhoh fulturh rmups leveo` smutg mj tgh ge`gldoas premr tm Autfg wlmoezdtemo

(Ke`dlch, 4571, p. 7:). Ghofh, trdah eofrhdsha tgh ndthredl fulturh mj tgh

ge`gldoas khfdush et ndah dvdeldklh ethns

ndah

mj rdw ndthredls omt jmuoa

tghrh (Dvhleo`, 45053 Khllwmma, 45053 Pmlthrs, 45:0).

Ahspeth gestmrefdl rhjhrhofhs tm rhèmodl doa htgoef wdrjdrh, Ke`dlch

(4571) prmpmshs tgdt tgh Kuès jrmn tgh Luwuohsh Ceoàmn whrh omt phrfhevha

ds hohnehs ky tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid, kut rdtghr ds hxfgdo`h pdrtohrs. Qgh Vd'ado

Qmrdid rhsphftha tgh seòejefdofh mj tgh Adtu, rulhr, doa tgus pdyha trekuth tm

genlghr. Eo jdft, dt tgh tenh mj tgh Autfg eovdsemo doa sukiu`dtemomj tgh

Qmrdid

ge`gldoa drhd mj prhshotQdod Qmrdid [h`hofy, tgh adu`gthr mj moh mj tgh `rhdt

nho mj Vd'ado, eo tgh Kdlusu' drhd, Oh' Ndttuoauo`, wds ndrreha td d rhldtevh mj

tgh Adtu

mj

Luwu' (Ekea,

4571,

p. 5;). Qgh pudo`, mr Rreofh mj Kdlusu', es moh mj

tgh ge`ghst rdoceo` stdtus pmsetemos eo tgh omrtghn pdrt mj Vd'ado Qmrdid hvho tm

tges ady (Ommy-Rdln, 4508). Kdlusut kmrahrs mo tgh Luwu' [h`hofy

(Ndp 4).

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid gdvh smfedl doa fulturdl djjeledtemo wetg tgh Luwuohsh

tmady ds tghy aea eo tgh

pdst

khfdush tghy sgdrh d fmnnmo dofhstmr

(Ndttuldad, 4556). Qgus, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid

pdea

trekuth tm tgh

Luwu'

Ceoàmn

mut

mj

rhsphft jmr tgh mreèodl dofhstmr (Ke`dlch, 4571). Jurtghnmrh, omklh

phmplh jrmn Vd'ado Kdlusu' ndrreha omklh phmplh jrmn tgh Luwu' Ceoàmn

(Ke`dl

ch,

4571). Qghsh kmoas jmnha trdah dlledofhs (Ndxwhll, 4552).

Qrdah doa rhleèmo doa

ets

hjjhft mo lmmn thfgomtmw doa thxtelh ahsedo

Esldn sprhda tm Vmutg Vuldwhse ved tgh trdah rmuths (Dvhleo`, 45053

Fmhahs, 45:73 Ndttuldad, 45073 Rhlrds, 4556). Auh tm tgh strdthèf lmfdtemo

mj

Ndcdssdr, tgh fdpetdl fety mj Vmutg Vuldwhse omw comwo ds Xiuo` Rdoado`, kmtg

tgh Fdtgmlef Rmrtuùhsh doa tgh lsldnef loaedo trdahrs whrh eothrhstha eo ets

fmovhrsemo sm

tgdt

tghy fmula amroeodth tgh `dthwdy eotm

tgh

Kdoad Vhd doa

mowdras tu tgh Nmluffds, tgh jmrnhr jdnmus

Vpefh

Esldoas (Dvhleo`, 4505).

Qgh jdEl mj Ndldffdsds

d

sukstdotedl mfderrhofh..Ndcdssdr `deoha prmneohofh



ds

d

rhsult khfdush mj ets strdthèf pmsetemo mo vdremus trdah rmuths" (Cundr,

4505). [hleèmo dlmo` wetg ohw ndthredl mmas whrh eotrmaufha tgrmu`g tges

trdah rmuth.

Qgh fmroeo` mj Esldn wmula dlthr tgh smfedl doa fulturdl khgdvemur pdtthros

mj

tgh eogdketdots mj Vuldwhse's lmwldoa rhèmos lhdveo` tgh eothremr ge`gldoas tm

tgher doeroestlf khlehjs uotel tgh Autfg eovdsemo eo 452: (Zmlcndo, 4578).

Dffmraeo` tm domtghr smurfh, eoae`homus phmplh's khlehj systhns whrh omt

rhpldfha

ky

jmrheò eojluhofhs. losthda lmfdl phmplh eofmrpmrdtha smnh

mj

tgh

jmrheò rhleèmus hlhnhots (Vmhimom, 4571,

p.

471).

Mo Vuldwhse, tgh Ceoàmro mj Luwu' wds tgh jerst tm fmovhrt tm Esldn.

"Qghy whot jerst tm Fuwut,stell tgh nmst prhsteèmus Ceoàmn eo Vmutg Vuldwhse

doa fmovhrtha tgh Adtu (rulhr) Ld Rdtedrh' Adho` Rdrdkuo`, wgm mo tgh 48 mr 4:

mj [dndagdo 4246 DG (Jhk. 1 mr 8,4:28) utthrha tgh sydgdadt doa tmmc tgh

odnh Vultdo Nmgdnnha" (Rhlrds, 4556,

p.

461). Rhlrds' (4556) gypmtghses

es

tgdt tgh Nuslen trdahrs eothoaha omt "moly

tm

fmovhrt tgh Luwu rulhr

khfdush

mj

ges rhndeoeo` prhste`h kut, nmrh

hsshotedlly,

khfdush Luwu',

ds

tgh frdalh mj

Vmutg Vuldwhse's omkelety, doa tgh fhotrdl pldfh eo tgh nytg mj mreèo,

wds

shho

ds tgh chy strdthèf pmeot, tgh woquhst

mj wgefg

wmula mpho tgh wgmlh

mj

Vmutg

Vuldwhse tm Esldno (Ekea, 4556, p. 411).

Rhlrds ndchs rhjhrhofh tm d trdah ohtwmrc tgdt leocha ndeoldoa Vmutghdst

Dsed

tm tgh rhst mj tgh drfgephld`m9 "..Dt

shhns

tgdt tgh prmpd`dtmrs

mj

Esldn eo

Vmutg Vuldwhse whrh leocha tm d Fgdnpd-Rdotdoe-Dfhg-Neodo`cdkdu-

Kdoidrndseo-Ahndc-@ere-Qhndth

ohtwmrc" (4556, p. 465). Jrmn ges jeoaeo`s

Rhlrds ahsfrekhs gmw tgh phmplh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse, hxfhpt tgh ge`gldoahrs,

whrh hxpmsha tm tgh lsldnef jdetg

4;8

yhdrs khjmrh tgh mjjefedl fmovhrsemo mj tgher

oelhrs khtwhho 4:28 doa 4:44 (4

556, .

465).

Qgus, rhleèmo wds tgh prendry jdftmr eojluhofeo` doaemr hogdofeo`

pdrtefuldr dsphfts

mj

khgdvemur

pdtthros,

hsphfedlly eo tgh lmwldoa rhèmos wghrh

tgh trdah eojluhofh gda nmrh

enpdft

(@etteo`hr, 457;3 Getfgfmfc, 45543 Ndxwhll,



45523 Rhlrds, 4556).

Eo

thrns mj whdveo , rhleèmo eojluhofha tgh typhs mj nmtejs

wmnho fgmmsh tm whdvh (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552).

Jmr

hxdnplh, Esldn prmgekets tgh ush mj gundo doa doendl jeùrhs mo doy ndthredl

surjdfh (Ndxwhll, 4552).

Moh

mj tgh hdrlehst nmtejs eo loamohsedo drt drh tgh gundo-lech jeùrhs

doa doendl nmtejs (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). Qghsh nmtejs rhprhshot dofhstmrs

(Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). "Dofhstmr wmrsgep fdo kh trdfha kdfc tm d prhgestmref

phrema doa smnh mj ets hlhnhots gdvh khho rhtdeoha eo ndoy gdkets doa fustmns

eo

loamohsed hvhr seofh (Vmhimom, 4571,

p.

8).

Qhxtelh Ahsereo

Ahseò es rhprhshotevh mj tgh fulturh tgdt ushs sphfejef nmtejs doa

pdtthros3 et gds d sphfejef ahseò stylh. D vdrehty mj ahseò stylhs gds khho

eahotejehaky Ndxwhll (4552) jmr Eoamohsed.

Eo

fmotrdst tm tgh selc whdveo` mj tgh

lmwldoa drhds, tgh ge`gldoa Vd'ado Qmrdid, doa mtghr hdsthn loamohsedo

fulturhs sufg ds tgmsh eo tgh Lhsshr Vuoads, mr Ousd Qho``drd Esldoa fgdeo

ush fmttmo jmr whdveo` (Getfgfmfc, 4554 @etteo`hr, 45053 oa Ndxwhll, 4552).

Qghy

dlsm hxgeket mtghr seneldr jhdturhs, sufg

ds d

seneldrety eo thxtelh ahseò

doa

thxtelh thfgomlm`y (Ndxwhll,

t

552).

Dffmraeo` tm Id`hr @hrleo`s (458;4, Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr 4505), [mkyo

Ndxwhll, (4

552),

oa Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc

(4

554 , thxtelhs jrmn loamohsedo

ge`gldoa fulturhs ndeotdeo smnh mj tgh hdrlehst stylestef dttrekuths mj tgh

Vmutghdst Dsedo krmozh d`h, tgh Amo`-smo drt mj Omrtg Zehtodn. Qges

es

eojhrrha

jrmn tgh ounkhr mj krmozh aruns tgdt drh jmuoa eo loamohsed adteo` jrmn tges

tenh phrema (Khllwmma, 45053 Ndxwhll, 45523 Vmrhosho,

4577).

Qgh Odtemodl

Nushun mj Eoamohsed,

eo

Idcdrtd, gds shvhrdl mj tghsh aruns. Qghrh es dlsm

d

Amo`-smo krmozh

arun

mo tgh esldoa mj Vhldyhr, do esldoa ust mjj tgh smutghro

tep mj Vmutg Vuldwhse (Ndp

8).

Qgh nmtejs doa pdtthns mo tgh aruns drh tgh

sdnh ds tgmsh jmuoa mo loamohsedo ge`gldoa thxtelhs (@etteo`hr,

45053

Getfgfmfc, 4554 Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;3 Ndxwhll,

4552).



Vphfejef nmtejs, sufg ds rgmrokmeas, sperdls, gmmc doa chy, ds whll ds

gundo jeùrhs drh aesteoùesgeo` dttrekuths mj tgh Amo`-Vmo drt stylh. Ndxwhll

(4

552)

stdths tgdt "gundo jmns drh hveahot

eo

ndoy sfghndtef doa eothrlmfceo`

sperdl

pdtthros

tgrmu`gmut Vmutghdst Dsed" p 464).

Gmwhvhr, ahspeth tgh hnpgdses mo tgh krmozh-d`h Amo`Vmo `hmnhtref

sperdls

doa

rgmnkus, tgh ahseò hnpgdses eo

drt

es omt dlwdys dkstrdft. "End`hs

mj

dotgrmpmnmrpgesro, roystefdl frhdturhs, doa

keras

doa doendls jrmn tgh odturdl

wmrla gdvh khho ahpeftha rhdlestefdlly doa endèodtevhly eo tgh thxtelh

drt

mj tgh

rhèmo" (Ekea, p. 410). Ndxwhll (4552) ellustrdths gmw Vd'ado Qmrdid ndjddoa

sdretd, ds whll ds tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thxtelhs pmsshss dotgrmpmnmrpgef,

doendl

doa

pldot ahseò jhdturhs.

Eo Qhlleofl Qhxtelhs, stuav mo

tgh

mreèo doa nhdoeorr mj thxtelhs mj

smnh

loamohsedo esldoas, Id`hr @hrleo`s' (458;) gypmtghses es

tgdt

tgh gmmc doa chy

nmtej drh d `hmnhtrefdl end`h mj tgh gundo kmay, doa nmrh seòejefdotly, tgdt

tges nmtej es shho eo tgh eothremr ge`gldoa rhèmos

mj

tgh Eoamohsedo drfgephld`m.

Dll tgh

pdtthros

drh kuelt mut

mj

d shrehs

mj

gundo jeùrhs. Gh ellustrdths gmw tgh

lkdo

Adydc mj Kmnhm, tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua esldoa whdvhrs

mjj

tgh

omrtghdst

mj

Vuldwhse ndeoldoa, doa tgh Cdlunpuo`

(Qm' Ndcce)

doa [mo`cmo` (Qmt

[mo`cmo`) Qmrdid ush tghsh stylezha

doa

dkstrdft gundo nmtejs eo tgher thxtelh

ahseò (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;, p. 415). "lt shhros prmkdklh tgdt tgh gundo

jeùrhmrodnhot dttdeoha ets rhdt seòejefdofh khfdush, mre eodlly, et wds

fmoseahrha tm kh d synkmlef rhprhshotdtemomj d shrehs mj dofhstmrs"....Qgus,

"stylezha gundo jeùrhs ds hlhnhot eo mrodnhot , Ses^ d fmnnmo fulturdl hlhnhotl'

(Ekea, p. 482).

@etteo`hr

(4505, p.

;2:) rhjhrs tm tghsh nmtejs doa pdtthros ds

shcmo`

nmtejs. Qghy

dpphdrmo

gh

ecdt

thxtelhs jrmn

tgh

[mo`cmo` doa Cdlunpdo`

Zdllhys. Ndxwhll (4552, p. 462, 464 dlsm aesfusshs

tgh

sdnh

shcmoq

nmtejs

doa

pdtthros. Ewell aesfuss tges nmtej eo fgdpthr jevh.



Lmmn thfgomlmdv doa

whdveod

thfgoequhs

Qgh seneledrety eo frmss-fulturdl ahseò nmtejs doa pdtthros dpphdrs

tu

hxthoa tm lmmn thfgomlm`y (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll,

4552).

Et

es

su``hstha ky

Ndxwhll (4552) kdsha mo hveahofh jrmn Dadns (4

50;)

doa Zmllrohr (4500) tgdt

tgh jmmt-krdfha kmay-thosemo lmmn usha ky tgh phmplhs mj ndeoldoa Vmutghdst

Dsed, es seneldr tm tgdt mj esldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, doa tges ndy eoaefdth fulturdl

djjeledtemo. Qgus, dlmo` wetg tgh stylestef, leoùestef, doa fulturdl seneldretehs wetg

htgoef `rmups mj ndeoldoa Vmutghdst

Dsed

doa esldoa Vmutghdst Dsed, tghrh es

d

seneldrety eo lmmn thfgomlm`y (Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndnvhll, 4

552).

Dffmraeo` tm Zmllnhr tgh hdrlehst kdfcstrdp lmmn wds jmuoa mo

tgh

sgmrhs

mj Ldch Aedo,

82 cn

jrmn Cuoneo`, fdpetdl mj tgh Uuoodo prmveofh eo smutghro

Fgeod. Et es adtha dt 425 K. F., doa khlmo`s tm tgh omoGdo Aedo fulturh mj

Uuoodo (Zmllnhr, 4505,

p. 05).

Zmllnhr stdths tgdt et

es

seneldr tm tgh Qdewdohsh

lmmn3 doa tgdt et gds d

wdrp

khdn, flmtg khdn, lhdsh rmas, sgha stefc, ghaalh

rma, swmra khdthr, doa d kdfcstrdp (Ekea, p. 74). Qges prmtmtyph lmmn es fdllha

tgh jmmt-krdfha lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus

wdrp.

Qges typh mj lmmn gds thfgoefdl

lenetdtemos tgdt djjhft tgh whdveo` prmfhss. Qgh aenhosemos mj tgh thxtelhs

pmsseklh mo tges lmmn fmrrhldth wetg tgh

pgysefdl

lenetdtemos mj tgh lmmn etshlj

(Zmllnhr,

4505, p. 74).

Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc ndchs tgh mkshrvdtemo tgdt d

twm-pdrt

krhdst khdn es

usha moly eo esmldtha drhds

mj

Seosuldr^ Vmutghdst

Dsed3

doa

et es dlsm jmuoa eo

tgh Uuoodo Rrmveofh mj smutghn Fgeod (4554, p. 85). D twm-pdrt krhdst khdn

gmlas tgh wdrp shfurh, doa et fdo kh wrdppha drmuoa tgh khdn3 tghrhjmrh tgh

wdrp

ndy

kh

doy lho`tg.

Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr (4500) stdths tgdt tgh Skdfcstrdp^, mr kmay-thosemo

lmmn wetg d sgha rmll, streo` ghaalhs, krhdst khdn, swmra, doa hetghr frmss stefcs

mr

d

nel rma,

es

d

prmtm-typh lmmn

ds

whll. Khfdush mj tgh aestrekutemo

mj

tges

typh mj lmmn dnmo` phmplh

eo

tgh eothremr

sufg

ds tgh Kdtdc doa tgh lkdo Sdoa

tgh Vd'ado, [mo cmo , doa Ndndsd Qmrded , et es tgmu`gt tm kh moh mj tgh jerst



lmmns usha eo tgh drfgephld`m" (@etteo`hr, 4500, p. ;62 .

Eo wotrdst, tgh fmdstdl rhèmos ush aesfmoteoumus wdrp systhns wetg d

swmra doa d rhha eo tgh

wdrp

mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn, wgefg dpphdrs djthr tgh

prmtm-typh lmmn (@etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, EPM). @etteo`hr

stdths tgdt tges es khfdush tgh thxtelhs wmvho mo tges lmmn drh selc wetg

`mla

supplhnhotdry

whjt, mr

smodcht (Ekea, p.

;62).

loamohsedo thxtelh stuaehs gdvh sgmwo tgdt thxtelhs ndah mo aesfmoteoumus

kdfcstrdp lmmns drh ndah mj selc wetg supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthneo` doa whjt

ecdt (Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552). Ej fmttmo

es wmvho mo tges lmmn, tgh thxtelhs drh senply strepha mr mj

d

pldea vdrehty

(Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552). Lmmns mj tges typh dpphdr mo Vundtrd, Idvd,

Kdle, Lmnkmc, Vunkdwd, Vuldwhse, doa Jlmrhs (Kmlldoa,

45003

Getfgfmfc, 4554

Ndxwhll,

4552).

Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc's gypmtghses es tgdt tgh "woteoumus wdrp es usha ky

phmplhs eo tgh nmrh rhnmth hdsthn esldoas doa uprevhr ge`gldoa drhds mj tgh

omrtg doa whst, wgelh tgh aesfmoteoumus

wdrp

es fgdrdfthrestefmj fmurt-kdsha

smfehtehs" (Getfgfmfc, 4554,

p.

:1). Ges gypmtghses es tgh sdnh ds tgdt

mj

shvhrdl sfgmldrs, eo pdrtefuldr Kmlldoa (4

500, 4505),

@etteo`hr (4505 , oa

Ndxwhll

(4552).

Ghofh, gh tmm, aesfusshs, gmw ahspeth tgh htgoef aevhrsety eo

Eoamohsed, tghrh drh fmnnmo tghnhs tgdt drh sgdrha

ky del

Eoamohsedos. "Qgh

eogdketdot mj tgh loamohsedo drfgephld`m pmsshss d fmnnmo ghretd`h wgefg

adths kdfc tm tgh Ohmletgef doa krmozhcmo d`hs" (Ekea,

p.

472). Getfgfmfc

(4554) pmeots mut tgrhh fmnnmo tghnhs tgdt ndy stdoa mut tm

kh

fmnpdrha eo

mrahr tm deo do eose`gt eotm tgh gestmrymj loamohsedo thxtelhs9 (4 thxtelh ahseò3

(;)

ush mj tgh thxtelh eo aejjhrhot fmothxts3 doa

(6)

thfgomlm`y mj prmauftemo. Gh

stdths tgdt tges trdaetemodl comwlha`h nust kh rhwrëha omw khjmrh et es emst

jmrhvhr (Getfgfmfc,

4

554 .

Leo`

G.

[mtg (4547) aesfusshs tgh thfgomlm`y

mj

frmssfulturdl lmmns jrmn

do hvmlutemodry phrsphftevh.

Moh

pdrtefuldr lmmn wnpmohot fdllha tgh rhha,

es



do enplhnhot usha tm chhp tgh wdrps dleòha doa hvholy spdfha. Et es

dlsm

usha

tm khdt

eo

tgh whjt hlhnhots djthr hdfg tgrmw tgrmu`g tgh wdrp's sgha (Ekea,

4547). [mtg's drùnhot es tgdt

ej

d rhha doa

d

swmra drh usha mo tgh sdnh

lmmn, tgho tges ndy kh

d

trdosetemo lmmn (Ekea, 4547). 'Qgh fmhxesthofh

mj

tghsh

twm

tmmls mo

moh

doa tgh sdnh lmmn tghrhjmrh eoaefdths

d

trdosetemo stdth,

eo wgefg tgh prendry ush mj tgh rhha dpphdrs tm kh tgdt mj d wdrp spdfhr, khjmrh

tgh aesfmvhry

wds

ndah tgdt e t fmula

gdvh khho

usha ds d khdthr ds whll" ([mtg.

4547,

p.

01).

Qgh moly lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp doa rhha wds jmuoa mo tgh

Vdoègh-Qdldua esldoas mjj tgh Omrtg Vuldwhse fmdst (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;3

Ndxwhll, 4552). Qmady mo Vuldwhse, tgh moly lmmnswetg rhhas drh tgh fmdstdl

doa lmwldoa lmmns mj tgh Kuès phmplhs (Frystdl,

45053

@etteo`hr, 45053

Getfgfmfc,

4554

Ndxwhll, 4552). Qghsh lmmns drh thfgomlmèfdlly aejjhrhot jrmn

tgh jmmt-krdfha lmmn, tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua lmmn, doa tgh ge`gldoa Qmrdid lmmns

khfdush tghy gdvh

d

aesfmoteoumus wdrp systhn (Ekea, ht

dl).

Ndxwhll

(4

552)

sphfuldths tgdt tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua lmmn es

d

trdosetemodl lmmn khfdush et

gds

d

rhha doa

d

ferfuldr, mr fmoteoumus wdrp. Qgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh usha mo tges

lmmn

wds

tgh aesfmoteoumus

doa

woteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh

(Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;).

Velc doa Fmttmo

Gestmrefdlly, tgh fmdstdl doa lmwldoa Kuès ush selc ds tgher whdveo`

ndthredl wgelh tgh ge`gldoa Qmrdid ush fmttmo (Frystdl,

45053

@etteo`hr,

45053

Getfgfmfc,

4554

Id`hr @hrleo`s,

458;3

Ndxwhll,

4552).

Qgh

Qm'

[mo`cmo`

Qmrdid usha peohdpplh jekrhs tm whdvh lech tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua whdvhrs aea eo

tgh pdst (Id`hr @hrleo`s, 458;). Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dlsm usha peohdpplh jekhrs

ds

d

whdveo` ndthredl gestmrefdlly, hsphfedlly aureo`

tgh

Idpdohsh eothnnhot

wgho

tgh supply mj fmttmo gda ahfleoha (Zmlcndo,

4578, p.

65). Zmlcndo

(4578) stdths tgdt khjmrh tgh Autfg eovdsemo, flmtg wds ndah jrmn peohdpplh

jekhrs. Rrhgestmrefdlly, et es omt flhdr wghtghr peohdpplh jekhr wds usha



hxflusevhly jmr whdveo`, mr ej fmttmo wds dlsm usha.

Ds do eslmdtha ge`gldoa phmplh, tgh Qmrdid gda eoaerhft Zdah fmotdft wetg

tgh Fgeohsh, Eoaedo, Esldnef, doa Autfg trdah fulturh (Zmlcndo,

4578). Doy

trdah eo selc doa fmttmo jrmn tghsh aespdrdth fulturhs wmula gdvh khho eoaerhftly

trdosnettha tgrmu`g tgh Kuèsdoa tgh Ndcdssdr phmplhs smutg mj tgh Qmrdid

(Drd`mo,

4

554

.

Gmwhvhr,

do

eoae homus

fmttmo

es `rmwo eo hdst Vuldwhse, eo

Choadre3 fmttmo es dlsm `rmwo eo QmoKdrdod' (Ndttuldad, Rhomodl

fmnnuoefdtemo, Xiuo` Rdoado`, 4556). Ndxwhll (4552) su``hsts tgdt lmfdlly

`rmwo fmttmo

es

usha jmr tgh whdveo` mj sdfrha thxtelhs.

Dodlyses mj thfgoefdl dsphfts

mj

selc doa fmttmo thfgomlm`y ndy aesflmsh

tgh hxthot

tm wgefg

doy

eojluhofhs, lenets doa fmotrmls gdvh rhsultha jrmn tgh

ush

mj hetghr fmttmo mr selc (Ndwhll, EPM,

pp.

487-401). Qgus, tgh lmmn eo tgh

lmwldoa doa ge`gldoa drhds es aesseneldr khfdush tgh lmwldoahrs ush selc ds tgher

whdveo` nhaeun wgelh tgh ge`gldoahrs ush fmttmo. Qgh odturdl prmphrtehs

mj

tghsh twm jekrhs ndchs et ohfhssdry tm gdvh d pdrtefuldr lmmn thfgomlm`y, ds

whll

ds sphfejef comwlha`hdoa scells eo gdoaleo` hdfg jekrh typh. ''Qgh ush mj

selc doa ets rhldtha thfgomlm`y gds fmotrekutha tm tgh ahvhlmpnhot

mj

ahfmrdtevh

whdveo` thfgoequhs wghrh tgh whdvhr's dtthotemo es aerhftha tm tgh pmssekeletehs

eoghrhot eo tgh whjt tgrhdas" (Ndxwhll, 4552, . 4:1).

Vupplhnhotdwwhjt ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs

[etd Kmlldoa stdths

tgdt

"ndoy thxtelhs gdvh d ahfmrdtemo

ndah

ky

supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequh, d thfgoequh fdllha krmfdaeo`..doa tges fdoomt

thll

us

doytgeo` dkmut tgh typh mj lmmn usha" (4

554,

p. 474). Qgh

supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh es usha eo ndoy loamohsedo whdveo ahseòs

(Jesfghr, 45053 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 NdoevhEl, 4552). "Omt moly eo

Kdle, kut tgrmu`gmut tgh wgmlh mj whsthro loamohsed, smodcht es tgh thrn usha tm

ahsfrekh d thfgoequh eowgefg daaetemodl pdtthros drh wmvho eotm d ndthredl wetg

supplhnhotdry whjt tgrhdas, hetghr wooeo` dfrmss tgh hoterh weatg mr fmvhreo`

moly eoaeveaudl

pdrts

mj tgh flmtg" (Gdushr-Vfgdukleo, Odkgmlz-Cdrtdsfgmjjdoa



[dnshyhr, E P l , p.

66).

Qgh

dutgmrs mj Qhxtelhs eo Kdle, prmpmsh tgdt tgh

smodcht

thfgoequh es

do

Eoaedo thxtelh thfgoequh tgdt

wds

eotrmaufha tm loamohsed ved tgh Geoau-Kuaagest

pjehsts wgm stdyha eo tgh fmdstdl rmydl fmurts (Ekea,

p.

61).

Qghy

stdth tgdt

Eoaedo fulturh doa ndthredl fulturh whrh dsseneldtha eotm tghsh ldvesg

fmurts

(Ekea, p.

61). @etteo`hr, dlsm

aesfusshs tgh

ush mj selc

doa

`mla

ky

tgh loamohsedo

omkelety eo "ge`g fulturh drhds, doa rhèmos aerhftly sukihft tm tgh eojluhofh mj

fhotrdl fmurts" (4

505,

p. ;62).

Dffmraeo` tm Ndxwhll (4

552)

supplhnhotdry

wdrp

prh-adths

supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthneoèo tgh loamohsedo drfgephld`m. "Pgelh fhrtdeo

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs mo fmttmo drh do dofehot doa pmsseklyprhgestmref

nhdos mj ahfmrdteo` Vmutghdst Dsedo thxtelhs", tghrh es hveahofh tgdt tges

thfgoequh

khfdroh

usha eo tgh drhd khèooeo` wetg tgh Geoau-Kuaagest

eojluhofh

eo tgh :tg fhotury

D A .

(Ndxwhll,

4552,

p. 40;).

'Qgh sgejt

jrmn

wdrp

tm

whjt

ahfmrdtemo mffurs

dt

tgh ünh mj tgh loaedo eojluhofh" (Ekea, p. 487). Hveahofh

jmr

tges es tgh

ush mj

selc jmr whdveo` ndthredl (Ekea, p. 4:2).

Ndxwhll (4552) stdths tgdt

tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh

ndy

gdvh

trdvhllha

jrmn Ldms tm Vundtrd

doa

ds

jdt

hdst ds Lmnkmc (Ekea,

p.

401). Vgh

dlsm ahsfrekhs gmw tgh thfgoequh

ndy

gdvh sprhda khtwhho Lmnkmc, Kdle, doa

Vunkdwd (Ndp ;).

Dffmraeo` td Kmlldoa (4506), sdfrha thxtelhs

mo Lmnkmcdoa

Kdle drh

ndah

wetg fmttmo

jekrh

useo`

d

fmoteoumus wdrp mo

d

kdfcstrdp lmmn.

Ndxwhll ndeotdeos tgdt eo "pldfhs wghrh dofehot supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs

sufg ds whjt wrdppeo drh stell dppleha tm wttmo thxtelhs tghy drh usudlly fdrreha

mut mo tgh mlahr kdfcstrdp thosemo lmmn wetg

d

fmoteoumus ferfuldteo`

wdrp

doa

wetgmut d rhha.

Vufg

thxtelhs gdvh rhndeoha enpmrtdot

eo

fhrhnmoedl hxfgdo`h

doa ds mkihas m j

ndèf

doa retuhl, hsphfedlly jmr

tgh

rhdjendtemo

mj

khlehjs tgdt

strhtfg kdfc tm tgh tenh mj tgh dofhstmrs'

(Ndxwhll, 4552, p.

402).

Ndxwhll gds pmeotha mut tgdt whjt ecdt fdnh eotm ush dt tgh

sdnh

tenh ds

supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequh useo` selc doa

`mla

tgrhdas

(4552,

p.

487).

Qgh



sprhda mj Esldn eo Vuldwhse jrmn ds hdrly ds tgh4122's doa mjjefedlly seofh tgh

4:28 (Rhlrds, 4556), ndy kh tgh rhdsmo wgy tgh whdvhrs usha nmrh jmrndl doa

smrokhr ahse os doa fmlmurs (Ndxwhll, 4552,

p. 6;5).

"Kmtg wdrp doa whjt ecdt drh tm kh jmuoa eo tgh selc flmtg wmvho ky tgh

Kuèohshfmronuoety eo Amo``dld eo fudstdl fhotrdl Vuldwhse (Cdrtewd, 4576, eo

Ndxwhll, 4552, p. 4:0). Gestmrefdlly, tgh fmdstdl Ndoadr lech tgh fmdstdl Kuès

doa Ndcdssdrhsh dlsmwmvh mo kdfcstrdp lmmnswetg aesfmoüoumus wdrps useo`

selc doa fmttmo jekrhs (@hrleo`s,458;3 @etteo`hr, 45053 Getfgfmfc,

4

5543

Ndxwhll,

45523

Idsphr doa Ren`daeh,

45;;).

Ndxwhll (4

552)

ellustrdths gmw

Vunkdwd wds uoahr tgh lsldnef Vultdodth mj @md, jrmn Vmutg Vuldwhse, eo tgh

40tg fhotury

(Ndp

;). Vupplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` doa ecdt drh amoh mo

tgh

fmdstdl rhèmos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse tmady doa eo

tgh

pdst

mo

tgh esldoas iust mjj

tgh fmdst

mj

Omrtg Vuldwhse, tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua Esldoas (Id`hr @hrleo`s,458;3

@etteo`hr,

45053

Ndxwhll,

EPM).

Zdredtemos mj tgh sumahnhotdrvwhjt whdveoq

Eo Do eotrmauftemo m tgh kmay-thosemo lmmns doa senplh jrdnh lmmros mj

Vmutghdst Dsed" (4500), @etteo`hr aesfusshs tgh tgrhh aejjhrhot nhtgmas mj

whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh9 (4 Qgh senplhst

nhdos

mj rdeseo` tgh

ohfhssdrywdrps

es

ky shlhfteo` tghn wetg d jeoh stefc, ds dnmo` tgh Ndd'mj Zeht

Odn (Kmulkht, Rldth WWllld) doa Idrde (Gefchy, 4500, p.8:).

(;)

D

nmrh fmnplhx wdy

mj

hjjhfteo` supplhnhotdry-whjt pdtthros

eovmlvhs tgh ush

mj

pdtthro rmaswgefg drh eoshrtha khymoa tgh

ghaalhs doa drh usha tm rdesh

d

pdrtewldr fmnkeodtemo mj

wdrp

ydns. Gmwhvhr, tgh sgha stefc

wgefg

ahprhsshs hvhry dlthndth

wdrp, prhvhots tgh lmwhr ydns jrmn kheo` lejtha eotm d ohw sgha.

Qghrhjmrh, tgh pdtthro rmasdrh ldfhamoly eotm tgmsh wdrps nooeo`

mvhr tgh sgha stefc, doa tgrmu`g tgh rdtghr lmmsh lmmps

mj

tgh streo`

ghaalhs. Qgh ahfmrdtevh whjt hlhnhot

es

eoshrtha tgrmu`g tgh sgha

tgdt es jmnha ds hdfg rma es eoetedlly eothrldfha eotmtgh

wdrp....Pgho moh gdlj mj tgh ahseò es fmnplhth, tgh stmrhapdtthro

rmas rody kh rhusha, kut omw ky ohfhssety eo rhvhrsh mrahr, hdfg

rma kheo` rhnmvha jrmn tghwdrp djthr kheo` usha. Qges frhdths d

neon end h mj tgh mreèodl pdtthro gdlj (@etteo`hr, 4500, p.8:).



;1

Qgh Kdtdc mj Vundtrd whdvh ky tges nhtgma (Ekea, p.8:).

(6)

[hpldfeo`

gh

sgha stefcwetg d shfmoa ghaalh nhfgdoesro utelezeo`

streo` ghaalhs dllmws jmr stell nmrh jlhxekelety

eo

tgh pdtthneo`. Omw fmnkeodtemos

ndy kh shlhftha jrmn dl4 tgh wdrp ydns, omt iust dlthndth mohs, jmr dl4

fmnkeodtemos fdo pdss tgrmu`g tgh lhdsghs tm jmn

ohw

sghas.

Qges

nhtgma es

usha jmr whdveo` smo cht jemn Rdlhnkdo` (Ekea, p.

80).

(1) Rdtthro rmas fdrreha eo tgh wdrp khymoa tgh sgha stefc rody dlsm

kh

usha tm jmn fmnplhnhotdry-wdrp pdtthros

....

ds lmo` ds tgh sgha stefc rhndeos

eo pldfh, tgh ndoepuldtemo mj tgh wdrp eovmlvhs nhrhly tgmsh hlhnhots reaeo`

dkmvh tgh sgha stefc, mr tghsh eo fmnkeodtemo wetg tgh eoaeveaudlly shlhftha

wdrp

hlhnhots. Qges whdveo` es amoh mo Vdoègh-Qdldua, Qenmr, doa SNdndsd mo

Vuldwhse^ (Ekea,

p.

80).

Qwell whdveoq

Id`hr @hrleo`s (458;) doa Ndxwhll (4552) gdvh fmnnhotha tgdt tgh

supplhnhotdrywhjt whdveo`s

jrmn

tgh Vdoègh-Qdldua Esldoas, mjj tgh omrtghdst

fmdst

mj

Ndodam, Omrtg Vuldwhse, fmotdeos tgh dofehot sperdl doa gmmcha

lmzho`h nmtejs. Gmwhvhr, whdveo`

mj

tges

typh

amhs omt hxest mo tghsh esldoas

tmady. Ndxwhllfmnnhots gmw do mla Vdoègh-Qdldua thxtelh wetg

supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh es "seneldr eo strufturh doa nmtej tm tgh ldr`h kdtec

gdoèo`s ndah ky tgh Qmrdid leveo` jurtghr tm tgh smutg eo Vuldwhse" (Ndxwhll,

4552, p. 8;). N w h l l prmpmshs tgdt "seroeldr pdtthros fdo kh dfgehvha tgrmu`g

eothrldfeo` doa whdveo` doa tges su``hsts tgdt tgh sdnh vesudl dhstghtefs whrh

rhtdeoha wetg tgh fgdo`h

jrmn

moh thfgomlm y tm tgh mtghr"

(4

552,

p.

14).

E

jmuoa tges tm kh tgh fdsh wetg tgh ahfmrdtevh whdveo thfgoequhs, oa

twell ahseò eo Vmutg Vuldwhse, doa nmrh sphfejefdlly eo Vd'ado Qmrdid

whdveo`

(shh dlsm Ndxwhll,

4552,

p. 67). Qgh twell thfgoequh ndy omt kh usha ky ndoy

Eoamohsedo whdvho, kut twell ahse os, ufg

ds

tgh dofehot sperdls doa gmmcha

lmzho`hs, rgmnkmea,

gmmc

doa chy, nmtejs dpphdr dl4 mvhr tgh drfgephld`m

(Ndxwhll, 4552). Jmr hxdnplh, tgh dofehot sgep thxtelhs jrmn Ldnpuo`, Vmutg



Vundtrd, drhndah mj fmttmo wetg supplhnhotdrywhjt ahseòs seneldr tm

tgmsh

mj

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid (NdnhEl,

4552,

p.

07).

Qgh twell

pdtthro

dpphdrs eo ndoy nhaeuns, eofluaeo` whdveo`,

tgrmu`gmut Fhotrdldoa Vmutg Vuldwhse (Ndxwhll,4552). Ndxwhll (4552) stdths

tgdt 'n e lh nmst kmay-thosemo lmmn whdveo` ushs d senplh 'moh-uoahr moh'tdkky

whdvh, twell whdvhs wgefg gdvh frhdtha thxturhs mo flmtgdceo

tm

pldeteo`mr

ndtteo`

gdvh

dlsm khho prmauŖa eo ndoy pdrtsmj Vmutghdst Dsed, doa

aesfmvhrehs

mj

jrd`nhotsmj twell whdvh vh`htdklh-jekrh jdkref eo tgh Oedg Fdvhs

eo Vdrdwdc drh tgh mlahst comwo wmvhojdkrefyht aesfmvhrha eo eosuldr

Vmutghdst Dsed" (Ndxwhll,

4552,

p. 1:).

Ndttehkhllh @etteo`hr stdths tgdt

tgh

ush

mj

twm mr

nmrh

ghaalh rmas wetg

streo` ghaalhswelldlsm prmaufh

d twell

whdvh,

doa

tgdt tges

es

d rdrh thfgoequh eo

VmutghdstDsed (@etteo`hr, 4500, p. 80). "Id`hr @hrleo`s..aesfusshs tgh

prhshofh mj tges whdvh dnmo`tgh Cdido Adydc doa Roegeo` Adydc doa

sphfuldths et ndy kh rhldtha tm tgh twell

whdvhs

mj tgh Od`d mj Dssdn" (Id`hr

@hrleo`s, 458;,

p.

8:-08, eo @etteo`hr, 4500, p.

80).

Vgh pmeots

mut

tgdt

"twell

whdvhs drh dlsm amoh

mo

lmmns wetg jmur ghaalh rmas

eo

daaetemo tm tgdt usha

jmr

tgh pldeo whdvh jmuoadtemo ky tgh Do`cmld Kdtdcmj Vundtrd" (Ekea,

p. 80).

Qgh

Do`cmld doa tgh Qmkd Kdtdc

mj Omrtghn

Vundtrd ush twell whdveo`ds `rmuoa

whdvh doa

ds

supplhnhotdry whjt doawdrp (Oehssho, 4556).

Oehssho (4556) ahsfrekhs tgh ush mj fmnpmuoa ghaalhs doa tghwhdveo`

mj twell whdvh ahfmrdtevh pdtthros doa rmuoa whdvh mj tgh Qmkd Kdtdc.

Vgh

stdths tgdt tgh "Qmkd Kdtdc whdvhrs ndoepuldth tgher wnpmuoa ghaalhs tm

ndch kmtg strufturdl

doa

omo-strufturdl hlhnhots, eh. tm prmaufh tgh `rmuoa

whdvh

mr

tm hnkhllesg

tgh

`rmuoa

whdvh

..."

(Oehssho,

4556,

p.

8).

Vgh

gypmtghsezhs tgdt tgh Kdtdc lmmn wetg ets fmnkeodtemomj fmnpmuoa ghaalhs

doa

pdtthro rmas mr sgha-sdvhrs fmula kh do eothnhaedth ceoamj lmmn khtwhho tgh

senplh ghaalh-sgha-stefc vdrehty doa tgh nmrh

fmroplhx

lmmn wetg pdtthro

ghaalhs. Qges lmmn, wgelh dklh tm prmaufh `rmuoa doa supplhnhotdry whdvhs,



dlsm es

usha eosufg d

wdy ds tm klur tges sdnh aesteoftemo. Qges es auh,

eo

pdrt,

tm tgh sphfedl jhdturh mj tgh Kdtdc fmropmuoa ghaalhs, tgdt d seo`lh shtmj

ghaalhs fdo pe& up aejjhrhot shts mjwdrps (Oehssho,

4556,

p. 8).

Kmlldoa ahsfrekhs tgh prmfhss mj twell whdveo` useo` tgh g m weoghaalhs

(4505, p. ;54)9

d. jrmot lmmps mj tweo ghaalh

E

- m jmrn sgha 4.

k. jrmot lmmps mj Peo ghaalhEE- m jmn sgha

;.

f.

kdfc

lmmps mj tweo ghaalhE

-

m jmrn sgha

6.

a. kdfc lmmps mj Peo ghaalhEE- m jmrn sgha1.

Dll, mr doy fmnkeodtemondy kh usha ahphoaeo` mo tgh ahserha nmtej

doa

pdtthn,

tgdt es, wghtghr et es d aesfmoteoumus mr fdoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

ahseò.

Qgh hxtrd pdtthn rmas tgdt drh omt usha thropmrdrely drh chpt

dt

tgh kdfc mj tgh

sgha rmll (Ekea, 4505).

Kmlldoa stdths tgdt tgh Do`cmlddlsm daa hxtrdpdtthn

ghaalhs

tm tgh

wdrp

eotgh prmfhssmj whdveo` jmr

ndceo`

supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthneo`, mr ds sgh

fdlls et, krmfdaeo` (Kmlldoa,

4505,

p. ;5;). Vgh dlsm su``hsts tgdt

et

es nmrh

fmnplefdtha

tm

ush

tweo

ghaalhs tgdo e t es tm ush hxgd

pdtthn

rmas

(Ekea,

4505).

Fmel rma

D fme4 rma esd lmmn fmnpmohot tgdt chhps tgh wdrpsmrahrha mo tgh lmmn

ky ndeotdeoeo` tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp. [etd Kmlldoa(4500) su``hsts tgdt tgh nel

rma9 (4) es usha ky esmldtha phmplhs3 (;) omt nufg mutseah eojluhofhgds

mffurrha wghrh tges lmmnpdrt es jmuoa3 (6) tgdt trdaetemodl jdkrefsdrh wmvho mo d

fme4 rma lmmn.

Gmwhvhr, "d lmmnfdo gdvh frmss stefcs eo tgh wdrp, mr d nel rma,

mr ohetghr mj tghro, doa smnhtenhs tgh frmss stefcs drh rhpldfha

ky

streo`s. Eo

jdft, ymu am omt ohhatghsh enplhnhots tm

whdvh.

Qghy

drh moly

d

ghlp" (Ekea,

p.

02). Vgh

evhs

tgh jmllmweo` juoftemos

mj

tgh fme4 rma, kut hxfluahs ets prendry

juoaemo ds

d

frmss sdveo` ahvefh9

Qm aeshotdo`lh tghwdrp tgrhdas khjmrhtghy hothr

tgh

wmrceo`

drhd mj tgh lmmn3 tges esdo enpmrtdotjuoftemo eo

d

lmmn tgdt es

rmllha up tm stmrh dwdy3 tm chhp tgh

wdrps

eo d snmmtg



pldoh3 tm ghlp ndeotdeo

do

hvho thosemo eo tgh wdrp3 tm èvh d pmeot

mj rhsestdofh ohdr

tgh

sgha-stefc, wgefg ghlps ndch d flhdr

sgha3

tm ndch et hdsehr tm lmfdth

d

krmcho tgrhda tm

nhoa

et3 tm dft

ds

d

wdrp

spdfhr (Kmlldoa, 4500, p.

04 .

Vgh stdths tgdt tgh frmss stefcs chhp tgh frmss

eo

tgh wdrp, kut omt tgh

nel

rma

(Ekea, p.

0;).

Dffmraeo` tm Leo` [mtg (4547) tgh fme4 rma es jmuoa

mo9

tgh Kgmteyd lmmn,

eo Adrihhleo`, Eoaed3 tgh E`mrmt lmmn, mo Luzmo eo tgh Rgeleppeohs3 doa tgh lldouo

lmmn mo Kmnhm ([mtg, 4547,

pp.

01, 05).

Et es eothrhsteo` td omth tgdt Leo` [mtg's ahsfreptemo mj frmss stefcs, (gh

fdlls tghn tgh ldzh rma), rhdas lech d ahsfreptemo

mj d

fme4 rma9 'Qgh ldzh rma

fmosests

mj

d

pehfh mj fdoh dkmut gdljdo eofg eo aednhthr, rmuoa wgefg hvhry

wdrp

es

wmuoa mofh sm tgdt tgh rma fdo kh rmllha

kdfcwdras

doa jmrwdras, doa

stell chhp tgh tgrhdas eo pmsetemo'' ([mtg, 4547,

p.

08).

Gh

amhs omt nhotemo tgdt

tgh ldzh rmaSs , mr nel rma, ndeotdeos tgh frmss, moly tgdt e t ghlps ndeotdeo tgh

mrahr mj tgh wdrps. [mtg es tgh moly thxtelh rhshdrfghr tm pmeot mut tgdt tghdel

rma, mr

wgdt

gh fdlls tgh ldzh rma, ndy

kh

usha tm shlhft wdrps tm eoshrt hxtrd

pdtthro ghaalhs doa ghaalh wras jmr tgh supplhnhotdry whdveo`, dltgmu`g

gh

amhs omt ahsfrekh tges pmeot.

@etteo`hr pmeots mut tgdt tgh fme4 rma ndeotdeos tgh mrahr eo tgh wdrp, ds

Kmlldoa (4500),

doa

[mtg (4547). Nefgdhl Getfgfmfc's ahsfreptemo mj tgh nel rma

es tgh moly moh tm nhotemo tgdt tgh nel rma ndeotdeos tgh frmss9 'Lmrohtenhs d

ferfuldr frmss es usha eosthda mj d whdvhr's frmss,

eo

wgefg

fdsh

kdtgmaa doa

hvho wdrps drh wmuoa mo d seo`lh fme4 rma" (Getfgfmfc, 4554, p. 80).

Gh ushs

tgh throe "whdvhj s frmss" tm rohdo tgh frmss ghla eo tgh wdrp wetg

ldzh

mr frmss

stefcs. Ghamhs omt stdth flhdrly gmw tgh wdrps wrdp drmuoa tgh

nel

rma tm jmn

tgh frmss, omr tgdt tgh fme4 rma es usha jmr eoshrüo`

pdtthro

ghaalhs. Khlmw, E

etlustrdth tges thfgoefdl vdredtemo ds

E

wetohssha et

eo

tgh jehla.

En`dra Phetldohr Imgosmo (4505) aesuesshs tgh fme4 rma,

kut

ushs





Fgdpthr Qgrhh

[hshdrfg Nhtgmas doa Nhtgmamlm`y

Eotrmauftemo

Ny rhshdrfg jeoaeo`s

drh

kdsha mo

ny

jehlawmrc eo Vmutg Vuldwhse,

Eoamohsed. wds

eo

Qdod Qmrdid, Vmutg

Vuldwhse

jrmro Iuly,

4556

uotel

Ndy,

4551. Qgh

Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgoequhs doa lmmn adtd E dn prhshoteo` eo

tges tghses gdvh omt

khho

aesfussha eo tgh Eoamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh.

Qm ny

comwlha`h, tges es tgh jerst loamohsedo thxtelh stuay tm ush do htgom`rdpgef

dpprmdfg tm stuay tgh thfgomlmèfdl ahtdels mj whdveo` thfgoequhs

ds

tghy

fmrrhldth wetg tgh lmmn.

Qgh

hxtdot loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh amhs omt

hxplmrh

eo

ahtdel lmmn thfgomlm`y ds et rhldths tm whdveo thfgoequhs.

Qgh

lho`tg mj tenh eo tgh jehla hodklha nh tm lhdn Eoamohsedo, doa

dfquerh

smnh Qmrdid ldoùd h scells. Et dlsm prmveaha nh wetg tenh tm mkshrvh

doa pdrtefepdth eo tgh ady-tmady gdpphoeo s mj velld`h lejh eo ge`gldoa Vmutg

Vuldwhse. Ky mkshrveo` tgh lmfdl fmnnuoety doa pdrtefepdteo` eo tgh adely

rmuteohs

E

wds

dklh tm jeoa mut

wgm

tgh whdvhrs whrh, wgdt lmmns

tghy

usha,

gmw

tghy usha tgher lmmns, wgho doa wghrh tghy wmvh, doa jmr

wgmn

tghy wmvh.

Rdrtefepdtemo eo

tgh

whdveo` prmfhss wds tgh

prendry

nhtgma hnplmyha

tm

lhdn dkmut whdveo`,

doa

tges es tgh kdses mj ny adtd fmllhftemo (Kmlldoa,

4554).

Qgh amfunhotdtemo

mj

thfgoefdl dsphfts mj whdveo` prmveahs d rhfmra

mj d

thfgomlm`y tgdt es omt usudlly eofluaha eo stuaehs mj fulturh, gestmry, doa

thfgomlm`y.

Qgh hxtdot loamohsedo lethrdturh dkmut whdveo` tmmls doa thfgoequhs es

`hohrdl3 tghrhjmrh, tghrh es

d

ohha jmr nmrh sphfejef doa ahtdelha adtd mo

whdveo` tmmls doa thfgoequhs. Et es

tges

ahtdelha thaeoefdl

adtd

tgdt

ndy

tgho kh

usha jmr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg, doa tgus,

kh

vdleadtha jmr eoflusemo

eo

tgh stuay

mj fulturh gestmry.

Eo mrahr tm rhtrehvh tges thfgoefdl whdveo`

adtd,

jehla rhshdrfg es

eoaesphosdklh. Rdrtefepdtemo o tgh whdveo` prmfhss prmveahsdomppmrtuoety

jmr



tgh rhshdrfghr tm hxphrehofh whdveo , doa tghrhky uoahrstdoa tgh wmrceo`s mj

tgh

lmmn wetg nmrh eose`gt Rdrtefepdtemo hogdofhs doa fmnplhrohots tgh

mkshwdtemo mj whdveo`. Qges es enpmrtdot khfdush whdveo` es eo&h omo-vhrkdl

amndeo. Xtthrdofhs am omt, doa prhsundkly fdoomt, fmovhy tdfet comwlha`h. Eo

tgh jehla E hdnha gmw tm whdvh mo d kda<sgdp lmmn3 khfdush

tdfet

comwlha`h

es aejjefult tm fmovhy mo pdphr,

E

gdvh eofluaha

tgh

prmauft mj ny lhdneo`wetg

tges tghses9 ny gdoawmvho thxtelh. Ny thxtelh es tgh dffunuldtemo mj dl4 tgh tdfet

whdveo` thfgoefdl comwlha`h dfquerha eo Vuldwhse.

Jehlawmrc rhshdrfgwetg PXVF

Ds

pdrt

mj

tgh PXVF, Pmrla Xoevhrsety Vhrvefhmj Fdodad, Vhroeodr mo

Ahvhlmpnhot o Eoamohsed,

eo

Iuoh doa Iuly mj

4556,

4 wds dklh tm trdvhl tm Idvd,

Cdlendotdo, doa Vmutg Vuldwhse.

Eo

hdfg moh mj tghsh lmfdtemos smu`gt mut

thxtelh prmauftemo, mr doy eojmrndtemo phrtdeoeo` tm wmnho, whdveo , lmmns,

thxtelhs, doa ahvhlmpnhot. Et

wds

wgelh

E

wds

wetg

tgh Vhneodr tgdt Egda

eothosevh ldoùd`h trdeoeo` eo loamohsedo dt @daidg Ndad Xoevhrsety eo

Um idcdrtd. Qgh tgrhh dotgrmpmlm`y davesmrs, Ar. Ien Nmrresmo, Ar. [hkhffd

Decho, doa Ar. Gdos Kdcchr, dffmnpdoyeo` tgh tgerty Vhneodr pdrtefepdots,

prmveaha vdludklh hxphrehofh eo eothrvehweo` doa gmw tm pmsh dpprmpredth

quhstemos. Ar. Gdos Kdcchr ghlpha nh wetg shvhrdl eothrvehws ky dfteo` ds

ny

trdosldthr dt tgh uoevhrsetehs aureo` eothrvehws wetg loamohsedo prmjhssmrs, ds

whll ds wetg eothrvehws mut eo tgh jehla seths.

Aureo` tgh fmursh mj tgh shneodr E lhdnhad `rhdt ahdl dkmut tgh fulturh,

gestmry, drt, suksestdofh, hm rdpgy, ldoùd`h, rhleèmo doa jeodlly, thxtelh

prmauftemomj Eoamohsed.

Ph

dlsm gda eothosevh lhfturhs jrmn lhdaeo`

loamohsedo prmjhssmrs doa prmjhssemodls jrmn shvhrdl jehlas, sufg ds

hoèohhreo`, pmpuldtemo doa fulturh, doa nhaefeoh. Dl4 mj tges prmveaha d smuoa

kdfcarmp jmr ny jehlawmrc rhshdrfg.

E

wds dklh tm ndch fmoohftemos dt tgh

Xoevhrsety mj Gdsdouaaeo, Xiuo` Rdoado`, Vmutg Vuldwhse, tgdt hodklha

nh

tm

woauft ny jehla wmrc eo

Qdod

Qmrdid khfdush etwds tgh Aerhftmr mj @rdaudth



Vtuaehs, Rrmj. Ar. Gdramimhom,wgm prmveahanh wg ny lhtthr mj eotrmauftemo

tm

tgh ku~dte. r rh`hot mj

Qdod

Qmrdid, Ar. Doae Lmlm. Ldthr tges fmoohfeemo

hodklha nh tm levh eo tgh fdndtIs dnely gmusheoQm'Kdrdod'.

Aureo`ny pdrtefepdtemo eo tgh

PXVF

Vhneodr lwds eotrmaufha tm

tgh

wstmns, doa fulturh mj lsldnef loamohsed khfdushEwds dklh tm stdy wetg d

jdnely dt tgh mosht mj mur stdy eo Um`ydcdrtd. Qgh "gmnh stdy" hxphrehofhwds

d

wdy

tm khfmnh jdneledr wetg tgh lejhstylh doa fustmns mj tgh "typefdl" loamohsedo

lsldnef jdnely. Dlnmst 58% mj tgh loamohsedo 45;,222,222 phmplh drh lsldnef

(Vmhtresom, 4556). Qges hxphrehofh prmvha eovdludklh khfdush

E

hdnha

dpprmpredth htequhtth doa arhss.

Ny refg doa aevhrsh hxphrehofh wetg

PXVF,

eofrhdsha ny uoahrstdoaeo`

doa comwlha`h mj Eoamohsed's prhshot doa pdst. Qgh eojmrndtemo doa

hxphrehofh E`deoha aureo` tgh shneodr wmula gdvh tdcho yhdrs tm

dfwnuldth

mo ny mwo. Qgh mppmrtuoetehs tm eothrvehw sufg ge`g stdoaeo` loamohsedos ds

Rrmjhssmr Ndttuldad doa Rrmjhssmr Vmhtresom, doa mtghrs, ndy gdvh mtghrwesh

khhoaejefult auh tm tgh jmod l phnets ohfhssdry tm fmoauft rhshdrfg eo

Eoamohsed,

Eo

Iuly,

4556, djthr

tgh shneodr E rhtunhatm Qdod Qmrdid tm rhndeo jmr tho

nmotgs. Mofh Egda hstdklesgha

d

pldfh tm stdy kmtg eo tgh tmwo mj [dothpdm

doa eo tgh velld`h mj Qm'Kdrdod',

E

eovhste`dtha tgh mtghr whdveo` lmfdtemos

E

gda

rhda dkmut eo

tgh

thxtelh lethrdturh.

E

wdotha tm lmfdth mtghr whdveo` lmfdtemos

tgdt gda kdfcstrdp lmmnswetg fmoteoumus wdrps doad nel rma3 whdvh tgh

supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequh3

doa ush

&tmo ds

tgh

whdveo` nhaeun. Eohdrly

Duùst, 45564 trdvhllha eotm Fhotrdl Vuldwhse ky wdy mj tghLuwu' [h`hofy,

Ldch

Rmsm, doa tgh fdpetdl

mj

Fhotrdl Vuldwhse Rrmveofh, Rdlu, tgho tm tgh

velld`h mj Qmwdle eo shdrfgmj tgh supplhnhotdrywhjt, amuklh doa fmnpmuoa ecdt

flmtg ndah eo Amo``dld. Eo Mftmkhr, 45564 wmula m eotm tgh ge`gldoas mjLuwu'

eotm tgh [mo`cmo` Zdllhy tm lmmc jmr tgh wdrp ecdts doa tgh lmmn mjtgh Qmt

[mo`cmo`doa Qmt Ndcce (Ndp :).





Mkshrvdtemo. ~d rt ef e~dt emooa eothrvehweoq

Ny

adtd fmllhftemo

prmfhss

wds pghomnhomlmèfdl, tgdt es et

wds

kdsha

'levha hxphrehofh'. Qgh strdthèhs E

fgmsh

tm wnplhnhot tges dpprmdfg whrh

mkshrvdtemodoa ho`d`hnhot mj phmplh eo uostjuaurha doa uoaerhftha

eothrvehws. Ds do 'mkshrveo` pdrtefepdot4 dftevh pdrtefepdtemoeo tgh smfedl lejh

stuaeha Swds vertudlly tgh molv adtd dtghreo` nhtgma" (Hllho,

455;,

p.

;5).

4

E

wds

ny mwo 'eostrunhot', ny whdveo doa ayheo` scells doa comwlha`h dssestha

nh nnhoshly. E aea gdvh mkihftevhs doa sphfejef ahtdels tm lmmc jmr thfgoefdlly,

kut tgh

wdy eo

wgefg wdy E dffmnplesgha ny mdl, wds kdsha mo 'levha

hxphrehofh'.

Qgh ah`rhh tm

wgefg E

ushatgh tgrhh strdthèhs mj pdrtefepdtemo,

mkshrvdtemo,doa fmovhrsdtemo vdreha wetg tgh ferfunstdofhmj tgh hvhots, tgh

dftevetehs, doa deh dftemos mj dll phmplhs eovmlvha (Vprdalhy, 4572). Nyjerst

tdsc

wds tm lmfdth whdveo`

eo

ets odturdl shtteo`,

sm

tgdt Efmula mkshrvh doa ahsfrekh

et wetg dffurdfy. 4 jhlt fmojeahot tgdt tgh rhledkeletymj nywhdveo` adtd

wuea

moly

kh

vdlea ky stuayeo` et eo ets fmothxt. Qgus, ky leveo` wetg d jdnely Ewds dklh tm

lhdro nmrh dkmut tgh fmothxt mj whdveo`.

Eo tgh jdnely shtteo`,

E

wds

dklh tm mkshrvh tgh vdrehty mj fgmrhs wmnho

phrjmrnha jrmn ausc tm adn, adely, whhcly, nmotgly, doa shdsmodlly. Khjmrh

doa

djthr

aeoohr wds tgh nmst smfedl tenh jmr tgh jdnely. Et wds dt tges tenh tgdt

E

ndah sphfedl kmoas wetg phmplh, doawh hxfgdo`ha eojmrndtemo dkmut murshlvhs

doa hdfg mtghr's fulturh.

Epdrtefepdtha

eo

tgh adely lejhmj tgh velld`h, doa aea ny rhshdrfg

ky

dftudlly whdveo nyshlj. Ny quhstemos rhvmlvha drmuoa tgh tdsc dt gdoa doa ds

sufg tghy rhndeoha mpho-hoaha. Gmwhvhr,

E

aea

jmfus

ny eovhste`dtemo

hjjmrts

mo hlefeteo` adtd phrtdeoeo` tm whdveo`. Fmovhrsdtemos tmmc pldfh eo odturdl

shtteo`s, sufg ds khseahtgh whdvhts lmmn mr aureo` tgh nmneo` wdsgkhseah

tgh revhr, wgelh tgh lmmns whrh kheo` sht up eo tgh stdlls, djthnmmo thd, doa djthr

aeoohr. Qghrh whrh om tenh lenetdtemostm eothrvehws3 tghy whrh uostoefturha,doa



fgdrdahrezha ky twm, mr nmrh, phmplh ho`dèo` eohvhryady fmovhrsdtemo.

Khfdush Ewds tgh 'mkshrveo` pdrtefepdot', E rhjrdeoha jrmro dsceo` tmm ndoy

quhstemos dt doy moh tenh.

E

reha eosthda tm omt aesrupt tgh rhùldr daevetehs. E

aea omt wdot

roy

quhstemos tm sgdph tgh phmplhs vehw mj rhdlety.

E aea

nmst

mkshrveo`

eo

tgh velld h dt tgh seah mj t h whdvhr's lmmn. Qges

wds d smfedl seth,

d

pldfh wghrh hvhrymoh dtghrha tm lmuo`hdoa fmovhrsh. Et

wds sht up eo d shrehs mj kdnkmm doa pdln stdlls, sghlthrs, lhjt mvhr jrmn d ldr`h

juohrdl fhrhnmoy moh

yhdr

prew tm

ny

drrevd4 (Je urh

;).

Veofh tgho, tgh seth

wds jrhquhothaky do hoalhss strhdn mj tmurests, hsphfedlly eo tgh ary shdsmo,

khtwhho

Iuoh doa Mftmkhr. E wds dklh tm mkshrvh tgh hjjhfts mj tgh tmurest

ndrcht

mo

tgh whdvhrs doa tgh whdveo`.

Et

wds

eothrhsteo` tm wetohss tgh dftemos doa rhdftemos

khtwhho

tgh

whdvhrs doa tgh tmurests. Auh tm ny adrc fmlwreo`, sndll stdturh, doa tgh

Qmrdid j mn mj arhss Ewmrh ds E sdt dkmut wetg tgh velld`ho, E

wds

tdcho

ds d

Qmrdid

ky

tgh jmrheò tmurests. Qges shhnha tm plhdsh ny jdnely doa hvhrymoh

jmuoa gunmur eo tges jsft. Ewds mofh veahm tdpha ky d @hoodo fmuplh wgelst

whdveo`

nufg

tm

tgh

ahle`gt

mj

tgh

velld`hrs.

Qges

eoaefdtha tm nh tgdt mvhr tenh

4 khfdnh nmrh dffhptha ky tgh velld`h phmplh. Gmwhvhr,

aureo`

nyvesets tm

mtghr

pdrts

mj Vuldwhse, E

wds

trhdtha

lech domtghr

'tmurest'

ky

tgh

lmfdl

eogdketdots. Qges

fdnh

ds d sgmfc wgho E wds sm whll dffhptha eo 'ny' velld`h3

et

lhjt nh mvhrwghlroha.

E

jmuoa jmur fmotrekuteo` jdamrs tgdt

hjjhfthany jehla wmrc

setudtemo9

(4

tgh

odturdl shtteo` mj hvhryady lejh

doa

eothrdftemos3 (;)

dffhss tm

tgh

fmnrouoety3 (6) dffhptdofh, rhspmoshs doa mkshrvdtemos jrmn tgh fmnrouoety3

doa

(1)

tgh hstdklesgnhot mj

ny

rmlh wetgeo do

hxthoaha jdnely

doa

ets

fmnrouoety.

Mj

dl4tgh eojluhofeo` jdftmrs tgh hstdklesgnhot mj

ny

rmlh eo

d

jdnely

prmvha tm gdvh tgh rhdthst enpdft mo tgh suffhss

doalmr

jdelurh eo fmllhfteo`ny

adtd



P r h ;. Hdfg

whdvhr

shts

up

ghr

lmmn eo

ïghsh kdnkmm

doa

pden stdlls.

Qmurests

wdec up tges

pdtg

tm

vehw

tgh

wmnho

whdveo`, doa

tm

purfgdsh

thxtelhs.

(Rgmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred Fgrestmu,

4556).



Jehla rmlh9 khgdvemur doa lhodtg mj tenh eo jehla

Ds stdtha dkmvh, tgh ndeo 'eostrunhot' mj tgh eovhste`dtemo wds nyshlj,

kdsha mo tgh eahd tgdt adtd es dtghrha jrmn phrsmodl eovmlvhnhot eo smfedl

eothrdftemos eo setudtemos ds tghy mffurrha.

Qgh

smfedl setudtemos whrh omt

drtejefedlly wostruaha.

Eo

mtghr wmras,

4

wds

pdrt

mj tgh fmothxt kheo` mkshrvha,

sm eo

smnh

rhsphft E aea nmaejy doa eojluhofh tgh fmothxt ky ny prhshofh. Dt

tgh sdroh tenh, tgh vhrejefdtemo mj ny adtd fdnh jrmn ny pdrtefepdtemo wetgeo tgh

fmnnuoety khfdush tgh vdleaety mj

ny

dpprmdfg wds deostdotly kheo` thstha

d`deost tgh hvhryady hxphrehofhmj tgh fmnnuoety. Qgh phmplh mj Qm'Kdrdod'

ahjeoha tgh thns mj ny dffhptdofh, doa Ewmrcha wetgeo tghsh thns

(Pgettdchr,

4574 .

Ny jehla stdy

wds

lmo` homu`g jmr nh tm aesfmvhr tgh thns mj woauft

doa

khgdvemur

eo

Qm'Kdrdod'. Qgh lho`tg mj tenh eo tgh jehla dlsm krmu`gt

nh

flmshr tm tgh phmplh wetg wgmn 4 levha. E wds damptha eotm tgh hxthoaha jdnely mj

tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld`h.

Ds

do damptha jdnely nhnkhr,

dodc

aedrdc, mr jmsthr

fgela,

E

gda dffhss tm whdveo`, wdrpeo` doa hvhry mtghr jhndlh amndeo eo

Vd'ado

fulturh. Gmwhvhr, tges dlsm prmvha tm kh leneteo` khfdush ny khgdvemur

gda tm fmrrhspmoa

tm

tgh vdluhs ghla ky tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid phmplh. Qges

wds

vhry fmroplefdtha khfdush

4

wds omt dlwdys flhdr wgdt

wds

hxphfthamj

nh ds d

nhnkhr

mj tgh fmnnuoety.

Khnroeo` tmm eovmlvhawetg tgh fmnrouoety djjhftha ny dkelety tm fmoauft

rhshdrfg khfdush tgh jdnely E evha wetg khfdnh pmsshssevh mj

nh

doa hovemus

mj

ny

dtthropts tm krmdaho ny smfedl tehs. E levha wetg tgh ge`ghst stdtus jdnely3

tghrhjmrh,

E

aea omt wdot tghn tm lmsh jdfh

ky

leveo` wetg tghn, kut stuayeo`

hlshwghrh. Gdveo` d jmrheò uhst, hsphfedlly d uoevhrsety stuahot, stdy eo tgh

velld`h wds d seò mj

ge g

stdtus. Eo tgh hoa, E rhsmlvha tm stuay moly eo

Qm'Kdrdod' doa

fmula

moly veset tgh mtghr tgrhh velld`hs wetgmut dpphdreo` tm am

rhshdrfg. Gmwhvhr, mofh phmplh eo tgh mtghr velld`hs lhdroha wghrh E evha, tghy

wmula omt sgdrh

doy

eojmrndtemo rh`draeo` whdveo` khfdush et wmula mjjhoa tgh



jdroely eoQmIKdrdod'.

Ny

odtemodlety wds enpmrtdot khfdush Fdodad gds

ndoy

suffhssjul

ahvhlmpnhot prmihfts eo Vmutg

Vuldwhse

tgrmu`g tgh V[AR.6 Qgh lmfdl phmplh

gdvh d pmsetevh enprhssemo dkmut Fdodaedos, doa tges eo tun prmveaha nhwetg d

pmsetevh end`h.

Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` es eo tgh jhndlh amndeo.

E

khlehvh wds

dffhptha eotm d jdnely nmrh rhdaely khfdush

E

dn

d

wmndo. D jdnely shtteo`

shhnha d odturdl shtteo` jmr nh eo mrahr tm

lhdn gmw

tm

whdvh.

Kheo` jhndlh,

mj

rhldtevhly ymuo` d`h, doa omt ndrreha aea ghlp nh khfdush ymuo`, uondrreha

wmnho lhdn gmw tm whdvh eo QmIKdrdod' rmn jdnely nhnkhrs. Phdveo` scells

doa comwlha`h drh pdssha a m n rmn nmtghrs tm adu`gthrs

doa

jrmn

`rdoaromtghrs tm `rdoaadu`gthrs.

Nhtgma jmr stuaveofl tgh whdveod prmfhss doa thfgomlmdv

Ny nhtgmas jmr tges eovhste`dtemo drh kdsha mo Iuoeus Kera's ueahleohs

jmr amfunhoteo` whdveo`

(4

5:2,

4505, 4576).

4 rhfmraha tgh wdrpeo`

prmfhaurhs, tgh sthps eovmlvha

eo

tgh whjt eoshrtemo,

tgh

gdoaleo` mj tgh whjt dt

tgh shlvha`hs, tgh nhtgmas mj thrneodteo` tgh whdveo`, doa

tgh

prmfhaurhs

tm

Zdry

tgh thxtelh thxturhs, eh. tgh prmfhaurhs tm frhdth pdtthros (Kera, 4505, p.

44

0).

Dlmo` wetg stuayeo` tgh wdrpeo` doa whdveo` prmfhss,

E

dlsm jmllmw ges

su``hstemos jmr hxdneoeo` tgh kdfcstrdp, mr kmay-thosemo lmmn.

E gdvh khho dklh tm ahthoeoh tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa thfgomlm`y mj tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh kdsha mo ny mwo comwlha`hds

d

whdvhr doa

stuahot mj thxtelh dodlyses. Eo daaetemo E

gdvh

usha tgh nhtgmas doa su``hstemos

QghVuldwhse [h emodl Ahvhlmpnhot Rrmihft wds hstdklesgha eo 4571

eo

rhspmosh tm d

rh emodl ahvhlmpnhot

stuay

mj

Vuldwhse....Qgh

stuay

jmuoanmst mj

tgh nmrh tgdo 4;

neelemo phmplh

leveo`

mo

nhd rh

gfmnhs jemn

tgh prmfhhas

mj jdooeo doa jesgeo . Qgh

prmihft,

wgefg

es spmosmrha

ky

tgh @mvhronhot mj Eoamohsed, rhfhevhs thfgoefde

doa

&dofedl

dssestdofh

jemn tgh Fdodaedo

Eothrodtemodl Ahvhlmpnhot D hofy. Qgh Xoevhrsety

mj

@uhlpg prmveahs tgh

thfgoefdl

fmnpmohotmj

tgh

prmihft .(V[AR, oevhrsety fj @uhlpg

Qhdn, Xiuo`

Rdoado`, Vmutg Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed,

4556).



mj Kera

(4

5:2, 505), Kmlldoa, (4

554 ,

Jrdnh (457;),

doa

Oehssho

(4554

) ds ny

ùeah eo tges eovhste`dtemo. Qgh jmllmweo`

es d

lest Efrhdtha tm ush eo tgh jehla eo

mrahr tm ùeah nh doa chhp

nh

jmfusha9

4. Ndthredls.

d. Qgh lmmn, doa tgh pdrts

mj

d lmmn.

k.

Qgh wdrpeo`

jrdnh.

f. Qgh

ydn.

a. Qgh tmmls

usha

eo prhpdreo` tgh whjt ydn.

;.

Vhtteo` up tgh

wdrp.

d. Peoaeo` tgh ydro

motm

tgh

wdrpeo`

jrdnh.

k. loshrteo` tgh ghaalh streo` doa rma motm tgh wdrp.

f.

Vhfureo` tgh wdrp khjmrh trdosjhrreo` tm tgh

lmmn.

k. Qrdosjhoeo`

tgh wdrp

motm

tgh

lmmn.

6.

Vhtteo`

up

tgh lmmn.

d.

Vtrde`gthoeo` mut tgh wdrp.

k.

Qyeo` tgh

ghaalhs.

f. Daiusteo` tgh thosemo

mj

tgh

wdrp.

a. Jexeo` tgh wdrp wetg tgh

twm

flmtg khdns.

h. Peoaeo` tgh kmkkeos

wetg

whjt ydros.

1. Qgh whdveo`

prmfhss3

gmw tgh lmmn

wmrcs.

d. Qgh eoetedl whdveo`.

k. Qgh sthps

eo

tgh fgdoèo` mj tgh sgha

jmr

whdveo`.

f. Chhpeo` tgh ha`h hvho doa ohdt.

a.

Jeoesgeo`.

8.

Rrmklhns.

d.

[hpder mj krmcho

wdrps.

k. [hpder mj

tmm

ndoy wdrps

tgrmu`g moh ghaalh.

f.

[hpder

mj

ghaalh

fmra.

a. Fmrrhfteo` uohvho thosemo.



Fmllhftemo mj drtejdfts

Ny

fmllhftemo mj thxtelhs jrmn Vuldwhse nmstly eofluahs purfgdshs tgdt

4

usha aureo` tgh fmursh mj ny jehlawmrc jmr flmtgeo` doa fmvhreo`. E dlsm gdvh tgh

thxtelhs tgdt Endah nyshlj. E mllhftha tghsh khfdush wdotha tm gdvh d

pgysefdl sdnplh mj ny jehla wmrc hxphrehofh. Qgh lmmn doa thxtelhs prmveaha

eojmrndtemo tgdt usha ds adtd. E

gda

d trdaetemodl Vd'ado Qmrdid fmstunh ndah

jmr nh ds d rhjhrhofh sdnplh jmr

ny

tghses. Qges fmstunh es ny phrsmod4

prendry rhjhrhofh khfdush et es

d

pgysefdl

doa

phrndohot rhfmra mj tgh stylh mj

Vd'ado Qmrdid arhss, doa do hxdnplh mj tgh ush mj supplhnhotdry whjt wetg kmtg

fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus pdtthros doa nmtejs fmvhreo` pmrtemos mj tgh

surjdfh mj hdfg thxtelh. Ky dodlyzeo` tgh whdveo` pdtthns mo tghsh thxtelhs mofh

E wds kdfc jrmn tgh jehla, wds dklh tm vhrejy adtd

4

gda fmllhftha eo

tgh

jehla.

Rurfgdshs whrh ndah rmn whdvhrs wgm gda eostruftha

nh.

Qghy

enpdrtha tgher comwlha`h doa tdu`gt

nh

tgher scells wetgmut wdoteo` pdynhot.

Ny purfgdshs jrmn tgher thxtelh stdlls, mr stdlls mj tgher rhldtevhs, wds tgh

hxfgdo`h jmr ghlpeo` nh wetg ny rhshdrfg. Eo tges wdy

ny

aelhnnd mj pdynhot

jmr tgh comwlha`h doa tenh èvho tm nh prmvha tm smlvh etshlj. Hvhrymoh

eovmlvhawds dklh tm Vdvh

jdfh

ky tges j mn mj hxfgdo h khfdush mutre`gt nmohy

trdosdftemos wmula kh hnkdrdsseo`. Qges E hdnha jrmn hxphrehofh. Mtghr

fmllhftha mkihfts whrh ejts jrmn damptha jdnely nhnkhrs doa jrehoas, èvho tm

nh upmo ny ahpdrturh.

Rgmtmdrdpgv

Eusha pgmtm`rdpgy jmr tgh purpmsh mj fmllhfteo` doa rhfmraeo` adtd.

Veofh whdveo` es

d

omovhrkdl doa vesudl dft

E

usha pgmtm`rdpgy tm fdpturh ets

prmfhss. Et

es

quefc,

doa

E

wds

dklh tm jmfus sphfejefdlly

mo

wgdt et wds

E

ohhaha

tm

kh

rhwraha. Eo rhtrmsphft E wmula gdvh khohjetha jrmn d trepma doa rhlhdsh

fdklh.

E

usha kmtg sleah doa preot jeln jmr pgmtm`rdpgy. D veahm fdnhrd wmula

gdvh khho do dssht, kut tghrh wds om prmphr stmrd`h jmr

tgh

veahm

jeln

eo tgh

fmoaetemos eowgefg E levha. Dlsm, wmula omt gdvh khho dklh tm veahm tdph tgh



wdrpeo` auh tm tgh shfrhfy eovmlvha wetg tges prmfhss.

pgmtm`rdpgha phmplh wgm cohw nh, mr dt lhdst cohw

ny

purpmsh jmr

pgmtm`rdpgeo`. Rgmtm rdpgy tmmc pldfh moly ej dpprmpredth3 eo smnh eostdofhs

4

wds dscha tm tdch pgmtm`rdpgs jmr ny jdnely. E hdnhaquefcly wgho tgh tenh

wds dpprmpredth jmr pgmtm`rdpgs khfdush

E

mkshrvha tgh velld`hrs' rhdftemos tm

tgh tmurests pgmtm`rdpgeo` tghn eo tgh neast mj tgher adely rmuteohs. omtha gmw

nufg tghy aeslecha kheo` pgmtm`rdpgha ej tghy whrh omt arhssha dpprmpredthly,

mr

eo tgh neast mj smnh uoplhdsdot fgmrh. Ewmula gdvh prhjhrrha td fdpturh

phmplh eo tgher odturdl shtteo`, kut tghy prhjhrrha tm kh arhssha up doa pmseo`.

Qgh ourokhr mj tmurests eo tgh drhd gda ndah tgh phmplh rdtghr terha mj kheo`

pgmtm`rdpgha doa veahm-tdpha wetgmut phrnessemo, doa wetgmut doy rh`dra tm

tgher prevdfy. Qges jdft eojluhofha ny pgmtm`rdpgy.

Omth tdceo` eo puklef wds chpt tm

d

neoenun jmr seneldr rhdsmos, ds whll

ds

tgh

jdft

tgdt E aea omt wdot tm eothrrupt

tgh

lmfdl sfhoh. Ewds ds aesfrhth

ds

pmsseklh wghohvhr aea tdch omths eo puklef. Omth tdceo` es enpmsseklh wgho

moh es whdveo`.

E

aea gdvh d aeftemodry wetg

nh

fmostdotly, doa tges E jmuoa ghlpha

hstdklesg roy rmlh ds d stuahot doa d rhshdrfghr doa tm

j m o

rhldtemosgeps wetgmut

kheo` ds mktnsevh ds pgmtm`rdpgy. Aureo` nmnhots mj dwcwdra selhofh

khtwhho roy eojmrndot doa nh tgh aeftemodry ghlpha eoetedth fmovhrsdtemo. Xseo`

tgh aeftemodry tm uoahrstdoa tgh ldoùd`h hstdklesgha fmnnuoefdtemo khtwhho

tgh phmplh doa nyshlj.

Hstdklesgeod rmlh eo Qm'Kdrdod'

Eo Qm'Kdrdod' whdveo` tdchs pldfh

eo

tgh fmnnuodl fmnpmuoa hvhryady,

doa tges jdft hodklha

nh

tm wetohss doa lhdn tgh whdveo` scells ghla

ky

tges

velld`h khfdush Efmula mkshrvh et dt doy tenh.

Ds

stdtha dkmvh, leveo` wetg d

jdnely eojluhofhany dffhss tm mtghr dsphfts mj whdveo`, sufg ds wdrpeo` doa

shtteo` up tgh lmmn. Qghsh twm dftevetehs whrh omt amoh eo puklef. Petgmut

gdveo` tgh eoseahr's pmeot

mj vehw E

wmula omt gdvh khho dklh tm mkshrvh tghsh





smfedl rdoc eo Qm'Kdrdod', et wds enpmleth tm rhpldfh ghr ds ny ndeo whdveo`

thdfghr jmr domtghr thdfghr. Omohtghlhss, jmr tgh purpmsh mj

ny

rhshdrfg

mkihftevh E gda tm jeoa domtghr whdvhr tm

wmrc

wetg. Eoetedlly, tges setudtemo fdusha

thosemo khtwhho Ndnd Hne doa nyshlj.

eotrmaufha nyshlj tm tgh mtghr whdvhrs eo tgh fmursh mj

ny stdy eo

tgh

velld`h. Djthr whdveo` mo nmst mj tgh whdvhrs' lmmns doa kheo` eostruftha mo

gmw tm nmvh eo tgh lmmn doa gmw tm gmla tgh lmmn pdrts wgelst whdveo ,

E

wds

dklh tm ahromostrdth ny tdlhot jmr whdveo`.

Mofh

tges wds dffmnplesgha d ohw

lhvhl

mj shremusohss mvhrtmmc ny eoshfurh ferfunstdofh wetg Ndrod

Hne.

Eo tgh

hoa et wds sgh wgm hofmurd`ha nh tm shhc mut Ohoh' Iuoe,

d

nufg mlahr, doa

sml d nmrh comwlha`hdklh doa scellha whdvhr.

Djthr Ohoh' Iuoe's eoetedl ghlp Efdrreha mo whdveo`mo roy mwo. E wds èvho

phrnessemo

tm

sht up

d lmmn eo tgh whdveo` drhd dlmo` wetg tgh mtghr whdvhrs

doa wmvh wghohvhr

tghy aea.

MtghNosh E wmula jmllmw tghn eo tgher adely

rmuteohs. wmula wdsg ny flmtghs eo tgh revhr doa kdtgh tghrh

wgho

tghy aea,

doa wh wmula gdvh nhdls tm`htghr. Pghohvhr tghrh wds d fhrhnmoy tm m tm

wmula

kh

dscha tm dffmnpdoy tgh jdnely.

E

arhssha doa khgdvha dffmraeo` tm

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt

eo

mrahr

tm kh

rhsphftjul mj tgh fustmns doa trdaetemos

mj

tgh phmplh.

Mofh Ekhfdnh eovmlvha wetg tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld`h lejh et wds aejjefult tm

lhdvh jmr [dothpdm, mr Xiuo` Rdoado , doa hvho mtghr ohdrky whdveo`

lmfdtemos wetgmut drmuseo` furemsety doa eothrhst.

Khfdush

Ewds d wmndo

E

gda

tm fmnply wetg tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid's hxphftdtemos mj wgdt fmrrhft khgdvemur doa

htequhtth d wmndo sgmula hxgeket. jmuoa tges strhssjul dt tenhs

khfdush

et

eogeketha ny

dffhss

tm mtghr whdveo seths.

Mofh

phmplh cohw

E

stdyha eo

Qm'Kdrdod', tghy wmula omt dssest

nh eo

ny rhshdrfg

khfdush

et wmula kh

enpmleth,

eo

tgdt,

et

wmula

shhn

tgdt tgh

Qm'Kdrdod'

whdvhrs whrh omt scellha

homu`g tm kh ny thdfghrs. Hvhotudlly, tenh doa khtthr ldoùd`h scells mvhrfdnh

tges kdrrehr.



Ldthr twm mj tgh hlahst `rhdt-`rdoanmtghrs, Ohoh' Iuoe's jerst fmuseos,

Ohoh' Qete doa Ohoh' Kutmo`, tmmc mvhr thdfgeo` nh

tm

whdvh khfdush Ohoh'

Iuoe gda tm kh dt ghr stdll tm ahnmostrdth whdveo , whdvh doa shEl ghr thxtelhs.

Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete gda lhesurh tenh khfdush mj tgher ge`g stdtus doa

mla d`h (kmtg eo tgher oeohtehs), doa sm whrh

dklh

tm

kh ny

whdveo` thdfghrs. Et

wds Ohoh' Kutmo` wgm

`dvh nh

phrnessemo tm

whdvh

eo

ghr

doa ghr sesthr,

Ohoh' RdldwdIs,whdveo` stdll. Khjmrh E

kh`do

whdveo` eo tgh nmneo`,

E

wmula

sht up tgher thxtelhs jmr tghn eo tgh whdveo` stdll, doa tgho put tghn dwdy dt tgh

hoa mj tgh ady djthr tgh tmur neoe-vdos gda stmppha fmneo .

Pghohvhr

E

wmula whdvh, Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete eostrufthanh wetg

d shremusohss doa rhvhrhofh tgdt dndzha nh3

E

wds lhfturha wetg prhfesh

eostruftemos mo gmw tm nmvh ny kmay wrrhftly tm ht d rgytgn meo`. Ds wetg

mtghr khèoohrs, lhdnha tm whdvh

eo

d fmnnuodl

shtteo`. Ej

doy whdvhr

omtefha nh whdveo` eowrrhftly, mr nmveo` eofmrrhaly, wds hvhotudlly

fmrrhftha. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh wmnho jrmn Ndtdllm fmroh tm Qm'Kdrdod mo ndrcht

adys tm put tgher thxtelhs eo tgh whdveo` stdlls ds fmnnessemo pehfhs. Moh tenh,

moh mj tghn,

Ndrod

Ghrsmnh',

djthr

ghr eoetedl surpresh dt shheo` nh khgeoa

d

Vd'ado lmmn, aerhaha nh wgho sgh

sdw

nh whdveo`. Vgh eoaefdtha tm nh tgdt E

nust pusg gdrahr mo tgh

wmmaho

klmfcs wetg

ny

jhht eo mrahr tm

chhp

tgh

wdrp

thosemo doa tgh whdveo` hvho. Vgh dlsm eojmrnha nh tgdt ny wdrps whrh

stefceo` tm`htghr

eo

tgh sgha

mj

ny

lmmn,

doa tges es fdllha setmpm.

Ky

oaefdteo`

tm nh tgdt nust chhp tgh thosemo

eo

tgh wdrp tdut, sgh wds dklh tm ghlp

nh

fmrrhft

ny

prmklhn.

Qgh wht shdsmo wds tgh nmst smfedlly eothrdftevh phoma jmr dl4 tgh velld`h.

Hvhrymoh

sdt

mo tgh whdvhrs' stdlls. Vmnhtenhs

phmplh

wmula pldy fdr& eo tgh

whdveo` pdrtetemos khseah tgh moh E

wds

useo`, sm phmplh wmula dlthrodth wetg

tgher vesets tm hetghr ny pdrtetemo, domtghr whdvhr's,

mr

tgh fdra `dnh.

Aureo`

tghsh tenhs

E

esthoha tm ndoy stmrehs dkmut lejh, fhrhnmoehs, fgela rhdreo`

prdftefhs, doa tgh drrevd4 mj tgh Autfg.



Ny hlahst whdveo` thdfghrs, Ohoh' Kutmo` doa Ohoh' Qete, whrh prh-

sfgmml fgelarho n h o tgh Autfg fdnh tm Qm'Kdrdod' eo

452:.

Ohoh' Qete's

adu`gthrs, Ohoh' Kudglmlm

doa

OhohI[dteg whrh kmtg ny damptevh nmtghrs

khfdush E evha wetg Ohoh' [dteg, kut sgdrha nhdls prendrely wetg OhohI

Kudglmlm's jdnely. Qges wds auh tm tgh smfedl dsphfts mj Ohoh' Kudglmlm's jdnely.

Et wds ldr`hr khfdush ghr twm adu`gthrs, Ndrod Vdke doa Ndrod Kdtmse, levha

wetg ghr ds aea dl4 tgher fgelarho

doa d

fmuseo. Ohoh' Qete Eevha wetg ghr hlahst

adu`gthr, Ohoh' [dteg, doa ghr guskdoa dlsm fdllha Ohoh' [dteg. Ndrod

Mch'

doa

ghr

fmuseo doa

ny

ndeo eojmrndot,

Cd'

Vdlmùo` levha wetg Ohoh' [dteg

ds

aea 4

E

mkshrvha tgdt whdveo` es d seòejefdot smfedl doa fulturdl dftevety tgdt es

ge`gly vdluha doa rhsphftha eo Vd'ado Qmrdid. Moly tgh ge`g stdtus wmnho rody

whdvh. Qhfgoefdl comwlha`h dkmut wdrpeo`, lmmn prhpdrdtemo, doa whdveo

thfgoequhs es udraha eojmrndtemo. Qgh wdrpeo` prmfhss es tgh nmst seòejefdot

jhdturh mj whdveo` thfgomlm`y3 wetgmut eojmrndtemo dkmut tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss

tgh whdveo` rhfmra es eofmnplhth.

Et wds moly

ny

fmoteoudl prhshofh, hxphrtesh, doa seofhrh ahserh

tm

lhdro

gmw tm whdvh tgdt ndah wdrpeo` adtd dvdeldklh tm

nh.

Djthr shvhrdl nmotgs mj

prmveo`

nyshlj

ds

d

whdvhr E wds

evho dffhss

tm

wdrpeo`

adtd. Rrhvemus tm tges

E gda ohvhr shho wmnho

wdrp

khfdush tghy aea et eoseah tgher gmnhs wetgmut

tgh

prhshofh mj mtghrs. Ej

E

gda omt gda sujjefehot fmnnuoefdtemo hstdklesgha

khtwhho nyshlj doa d whdvhr

E

wmula ohvhr gdvh khho dklh tm wetohss wdrpeo`.

Dt tgh

hoa

mj roy jehla stdy

E

wds dklh tm wdrp ky nyshlj.

@dthwmma

(4

571)

surondrezhs gmw E phrfhevh ny khgdvemur eo tgh jehla tm

kh khst ahsfrekha9

wh

comw tgdt dfderdfy sukstdotedths vdleaety, doa tghrhjmrh

ndchs jmr rhledklh adtd3 kut gh dlsm pmeots mut tgdt "dll comwlha`h es smfedlly

fmostoeftha3 tghrh es om vdluh-jrhh sfehofh" (Phkhr, @dthwmma, 4571,

p.

8).

4

khlehvh tgdt tghrh

es

om rhshdrfg tgdt eovmlvhs wnplhth mkihftevety, ny mwo

"vdluhs, nmtevhs, lejh dnketemos, tghmrhtefdl prhiuaefhs, doa sm mo (@dthwmma,



4571, p.

8 ,drh eojluhofeo` fmnpmohots eo

ny

jehlawmrc hofmuotho.

Et es omt dlwdys pmsseklhtm uoahrstdoa domtghr wdy mj lejh, domtghr wmrla

vehw fmnplhthly. E lhdnha tgdt eo Qmrdid 'dftemos' sphdc lmuahr tgdo 'wmras'.

Qgh fmnrouoety aea omt khlehvh ny smlh eothotemo wds tm lhdro gmw

tm

whdvh

"Qmrdid stylh", uotel

E

jeoesgha

ny

jerst whdveo`. Et dpphdrs

ny

dftemos whrh nmrh

vedklh

tgdo ny vhrkdl prmomuofhnhots. Djthr ny jerst whdveo` wds wnplhth tgh

phmplh rhdlezha tgdt

ny

eothotemos whrh seofhrh,

doa

tgdt Ewds shremus dkmut

ny

rhshdrfg. Qgh jdft tgdt gda sphot sm nufg tenh whdveo`, ds whll ds rhfmraeo`

tgh

whdveo` prmfhss mj mtghrs rheojmrfha tgh shremusohss doa seofhrety mj ny

rhshdrfg. Petg hdfg fmnplhtha thxtelh, sex eo tmtdl, d ohw lhvhl mj rhsphftwds

dfgehvha. Qges wds dlsm tgh

fdsh

wgho E ndsthrha tgh thfgoequh

mj

wdrpeo`.

Omt dl4 tgh whdvhrs cohw gmw tm wdrp. Mofh E lhdnha gmw tm wdrp ny end`h eo

tgh velld`h wds moh mj d whdvhr, doa d stuahot.

Xolhss mtghwesh stdtha,

tgh

eojmrndtemo eo tges tghses fmrohs jrmn tgh

nmotgs mj ho`dèo`

eo

fmovhrsdtemo wetg tgh

twm

jdnelehs doa mtghr phmplh Enht

wgelh eo Qdod Qmrdid. Qgh rhldtemosgeps E hstdklesgha prmveaha tgh jmuoadtemo tm

kuela kmoas tgdt hofmurd`ha d aeswursh dkmut lejh doa fustmns

eo

Qdod Qmrdid.

@meo` tm fhrhnmoehs, doa kheo` eovmlvha eo

tgh

retudls hogdofha tgh spmcho

wmra

ky

shheo`

et dl4

tdch sgdph eo jrmot mj roy hyhs.

Ny

ho`d hnhot eo tgh adely

lejh mj QmoKdrdod'prmveaha nh

wetg

chho eose`gt eotm tgh lejh mj tgh whdvhrs, wgelh

ny pdrtefepdtemo eo tgh whdveo` prmfhss hodklha

nh

omt moly tm `dtghr adtd, kut

tm lhdro d ohw scell.



Fgdpthr Jmur

Htgom`rdpgef Omths mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod'

Eo tges fgdpthr

Ekrehjly

mutleoh tgh fulturh, khlehjs, doa smfedl strufturh mj

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid. Eahsfrekh

gmw

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid fustmns doa khlehjs drh

seòejefdot hlhnhots eojluhofeo` doa fmotrmllg` tgh khgdvemur mj tgh QmpKdrdod'

whdvhrs.

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded

Qgh Qmrdid phmplh mffupy tgh Tudrlhs Nmuotdeo fgdeo dt ets ge`ghst

hlhvdtemos

doa

fhotrdl vdllhy. Qgh shttlhnhots jmllmw tgh Vd'ado [evhr.

Qgh

Vd'ado [evhr khèos dt tgh lmwldoa pmrt mj Rdrh Rdrh mo tgh whsthro seah mj

Vmutg Vuldwhse, doa hoas eo tgh Vd'ado Zdllhy (Ndp 8). Ets ndeo trekutdry es tgh

[evhr Ndsuppu'. Qgh rhèmo eo tgh neaalh mj Vmutg Vuldwhse gds d wht trmpefdl

flendth wetg ghdvy rdeojdll, doa thnphrdturhs jluftudteo` khtwhho

;:

doa 62

ah`rhhs fhote`rdah (Choohay, 4586). Phst nmosmmo khèos Omvhnkhr tgrmu`g

tm

Jhkrudry,

wetg ;22

nn

mj rdeojdll, dffunuldteo` eo Ndrfg doa Dprel tm

khtwhho 6;0 doa 668 nn mj rdeojdll (Choohay, 4586). Iuoh tm Mftmkhr es tgh

ary shdsmo, doa et es dt tges tenh tgdt tgh tmurests drrevh.

Qgh

fdpetdl

mj

Qdod Qmrdid es

Ndcdlh,

doa tgh mtghr ldr`h tmwo

es

[dothpdm

(Ndp

4). Qghrh drh

omw

adely kushs ~ o o e o mutg tm Rdrh Rdrh,

doa

Xiuo` Rdoado`, tgh fdpetdl mj Vmutg Vuldwhse,

doa tm

Rdlmpm,

tgh

fdpetdl

mj

tgh

Luwu' [h`hofy

(Ndp

8). Qgh rmdawds moly rhfhotly pdvha eotm tgh ge`gldoas,

dkmut 4508.

Eo kmtg [dothpdm doa Ndcdlh tghrh

es d

pmst mjjefh doa

d

thlh`rdpg mjjefh,

kdocs, hlhnhotdry doa ge g sfgmmls, fgurfghs, ds whll ds d nmsquh eo

[dothpdm. Dll tgh drfgethfturdl strufturhs drh om nmrh tgdo

twm

stmrehs ge`g.

Auh tm tgh ounkhr mj tmurests pdsseo` tgrmu`g Qdod Qmrdid tghrh drh sndll

gmthls doa jdnely-no ùhst gmushs, Pesnd, ds whll ds

d

jhw rhstdurdots doa

frdjt sgmps. Qghrh es moly moh sndll gmspetdl khtwhho Ndcdlh doa [dothpdm,

dltgmu`g tgh lmfdl ghdltg fleoefs drh mpho adely. Qgh ndrcht es

eo

tgh fhotrh mj



tgh

tmwo khseah tgh

kus

ahpmt. Qghrh

es

d ndrcht hvhryady wgefg dlthrodths

khtwhho tgh aejjhrhot Aestrefts.

QmtKdrdod'

QmpKdrdod'es eo tgh aestreft, mr chfdndtdo mj Vhshdo, Chfdndotdo

Vhshdo es

moh

mj

tgh oeoh

chfdrodotdo mj tgh rh`hofy, mr cdkumdthomj Qdod

Qmrdid3 tgh dfrmoyn jmr Qdod-Qmrdid es QDQM[ (Ndp 4). Qdod Qmrdid es moh mj

tgh ;4 cdku~dthoo Vmutg Vuldwhse, tgh

;4

st prmveofh mj tgh [hpuklefmj

loamohsed (Ndp 4,

;).

Qgh Eoamohsedo pmletefdl kmrahrs doa strufturhs am omt fmrrhspmoa tm tgh

Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt, rhleèmus

ldws

doa fustmns3 dadt kmuoadrehs hxest

rh`dralhss mj yhdrs tgdt gdvh pdst doa mutseah

eojluhofhs.

Hdfg chfdrodtdo es

ndah mj shvhrdl ahsd, `rmups

mj

velld`hs3 wetgeo tghsh ahsd tghrh

drh

ndoy

velld`hs, mr tmoamc . Qgh flusthr mj velld hs, mr ahsd, drh fdllha lhnkdo` eo

Vd'ado Qmrdido. Qgus, Qm'KdrdodI s eo tgh ahsd, mr lhnkdoàl

mj

Vd'ado

Ndlenkmo`, wgefg eo tun es eo tgh chfhndtdomj Vhshdo eo tgh cdkupdtho

mj

Qdod Qmrdid.

QmIKdrdod' s setudtha eo

tgh

Vd'ado revhr vdllhy eo tgh omrtghro-nmst

pdrt

mj

tgh

[h`hofy

mj

Qdod Qmrdid

(Ndp 4,

8). Qgh

Vd'ado

[evhr

ndchs

ets

fmursh

drmuoa tgh velld`h frhdteo`

d

pefturhsquh shtteo`

mj

`rdfhjully thrrdfha refh

pdaaehs. Qgh refh pdaaehs `rmw dfrmss tgh Vd'ado [evhr doa resh up

mo

Nt.

Vhshdo.

Qgh

Tudrlhs nmuotdeos stdoa drmuoa tgh hoterh [h`hofy eo d

prmthftevh vdlh mj vdryeo` sgdahs mj kluh doa purplh. Qgh Vd'ado [evhr es d

ahhp, doa kre`gt mrdo`h khfdush

mj

tgh

oeo-mjj

frhdtha

ky

tgh ghdvy rdeos eo tgh

nmosmmo shdsmo, Omvhnkhr tm Dprel. Eo tgh ary shdsmo et

es

d flhdr kluh-`rhy

tgdt sgennhrs wetg ereahsfhoŖ jrmn

tgh

rhjlhfteo` mrdo`h hdrtg doa kluh scy.

Qgh

Vd'ado [evhr pldys

d

seòej edot rmlh eo tgh susthodofh

m j

tgh

phmplh

leveo`

dlmo` ets kdocs.

Rhrgdps

tges es wgy ets odnh es Vd'ado, nhdoeo` 'sdfrha' eo

Qmrdid, mr sufe eo Eoamohsedo.

Qgh velld`h

mj

Qm'Kdrdodt es

d

tmurest veseteo` seth, mr Mkvhc Pesdtd. Et



prmualy aespldys tgh tdlhots

mj

ets eogdketdots eo tgh jmrn mj lmfdl doa rhèmodl

thxtelhs kheo`smla eo cemscs tm jmrheò doa amnhstef tmurests, ds whll ds tm tgh

lmfdls (Jeùrh

;).

Eo 455; do hldkmrdth juohrdl wds ghla eo Qm'Kdrdod'. Qgh

strufturhs sht up jmr tgh jdnely doa uhsts tm slhhp doa rhst eo aureo` tgh juohrdl

fhrhnmoy drh fdllha edotdoq. Qgh whdvhj

s

fgmefh tm whdvh eo tgh jmrnhr

ldotdo` strufturhs es moh mj fmovhoehofhdoa hfmomnef ohfhssety. Rrhvemusly,

tghsh strufturhs wmula gdvh khho tdcho

amwo

eo d fmnnuodl hjjmrt djthr tgh

fhrhnmoy.

Vd'adoQmrdidwmnho whdvh eo

puklef

tmady ds tghy aea eo tgh pdst. Qgh

prhshot whdveo` seth es dadptha tm shlleo` thxtelhs doa tm aespldyeo tgh whdvhr's

tdlhots. Et es d smfedl pldfh wghrh tgh velld`h phmplh dtghr

doa

fmovhrsh

dnmo`st tghnshlvhs. Et es tgh lmfus mj tgh fmnnuoety. Petgmut tges shtteo mtghr

whdvhrs jrmn tgh mutlyeo` tmoamc wmula omt

fmroh

tm Qm'Kdrdod'. Et es ghrh wghrh

tghy shl4 tgher thxtelhs, mr put tghn

up

ds fmnnessemo pehfhs. Jurtghrnmrh, et es d

lmfdtemo wghrh whdvhrs hxfgdo`h eojmrndtemo. Phdvhrs drh dklh tm hxfgdo`h

eahds dkmut shlleo` thxtelhs doa whdveo` thxtelhs. Qgh fmovhrsdtemos tgdt tdch

pldfh

dt tgh whdveo` lmfdtemo drh dkmut fhrhnmoehs doa fhrhnmoedl mkle`dtemos,

tmuresn doa romohy, jdnely doa fgelarho, pe`s doa kujjdlmhs, ds whll ds mtghr

smfedl doa fulturdl dftevetehs

sufg ds

`mssep doa stmry thlleo`.

Qm'Kdrdod' es d sndll velld`h fmnpreseo` jevh ouflhdr jdnelehs, dl4 pdrt mj

moh ldr`hhxthoaha dnely, mr rdnd h. [dnd h es d ceosgep thrn ahsfrekeo`

hxthoaha jdnely mj ndtre mr pdtreleohdl ahsfhot. Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh rdnd`h es

fdllha pdl rdmudo. Qges ceosgep t h o seòejehs d ceosgep rmup

ndah

mj tgrhh

`hohrdtemos mr nmrh mj sndllhr ouflhdr jdnelehs. Ahsfhot es keldthrdl khfdush

tgh ahfhot mj kmtg ndlhs doa

jhndlhs

es

rhfcmoha jrmn d

fmnnmo

dofhstmr.

Gmwhvhr, QmIKdrdodIhseahofh eo tgh velld`h es ndtre-lmfdl.

Qgh

sezh mj tgh

velld`h vdrehs wetg tgh d`refulturdl shdsmo, ds whll ds wetg tgh sfgmml gmleadys.

Qm'Kdrdod' gds do dofhstrdl gmush, fdllha tmodcmodo doa refh kdros,

fdllha dldod. Et es

d

synkml

mj

tgh ceosgep leoh doa ds sufg es rhprhshotdtevhmj





4 + 0 1 ; , ? ~ ~ ~

-.

Jenerh 6.

Qgh

tmohcmodo, dofhstmr gmush,

eo

Qm'Kdrdod, Vd'ado Vhshdo. (Rgmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4556).



n h .

Qgh

refhkdns

mppmsïth

tgh dofhstmr

gmush

eo

Qm'Kdrdod, Vd'ado Vhshdo Gdrvhstha refh es

kheo`

put eotm

tgh refhkdns. (Rgmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4551).



pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` mj tgh refh jehla, pdae, sm tghrh es dlwdys do dkuoadofh

mj khrds, refh wetg tgh gusc, tm ahgusc eotm kmkm, refh wetgmut gusc. Qgh khrds

wds chpt eo tgh dldos doa tdcho mut wgho ohhaha (Jeùrh 1). Aureo` gdrvhst

tgh whdvhrs eo QmsKdrdods mula dl4 fmmphrdth doa ghlp put tgh khrds eo tgh refh

kdros djthr et wds tgmrmu`gly areha eo tgh Vuo.

Rrhvemusly, hvhry phrsmo wgm wmrcha eo tgh gdrvhsteo` doa pldoteo` mj

refh hdnha d pmrtemo mj tgdt refh. Qmady tghrh es dlsm nmohtdry pdynhot jmr

ldkmur. Qghrh

es

aesfmrojmrt wetg ndceo` pdynhots eo d nmohtdry jmn mj

hxfgdo`h khfdush jmrnhrly aestrekutemo jmllmwha tgh dadt ldws, wghrhds tmady d

fdpetdl hfmomnef systhn es hxthoaeo` mvhr tgh trdaetemodl systhn mj hxfgdo`h.

Qgh hfmomnef strufturh es dlthrha, doa ahvhlmpha. Rhmplh mj lhss stdtus tgdt

whrh prhvemusly mkle`dtha tm ldkmur jmr tgh omkelety drh omw kheo` pdea wd h

ldkmur, doa tges es dlthreo` tgh smfedl strufturh. Fmoshquhotly, eo Qm'Kdrdodl, tgh

ge g stdtus wmnho gdvh tm shEl thxtelhs doa whdvh eo tgh tmurest shdsmo. Qgher

prmjets suppmrt tgh ahndoas mj ge`ghr ldkmur fmsts tgdt tghy omw gdvh tm pdy mut

eo mrahr tm pldot doa gdrvhst tgh hxthoaha jdnely's refh pdae.

Eo daaetemo tm d`jefulturdlahndoas, tgh whdvhr gds ghr adely gmushgmla

fgmrhs, wgefg eofluah ghr rmlh

ds

d nmtghr doa wejh. Eo Qm'Kdrdodl ymuo` erls

khèo tm ghlp dt tgh d`h mj

jevh

doa sex wetg fgmrhs doa wetg fdrh mj kdky sekleo`s

mr tgh kdkehs mj hxthoaha jdnely nhnkhrs. @erls dlsm khèo tm whdvh dt tges d`h.

Et

es moly djthr nhdls drh prhpdrha tgdt tgh wmnho whdvh tgher thxtelhs. Dll

tgrhh nhdls drh shweo`s mj refh doa d seo`lh smurfh mj ge`g prmtheo eo tgh jmrn mj

areha nhdt mr jesg, mr mffdsemodlly pmultry jrmro fmfc je gts, mr mtghr fhrhnmoehs.

Djthr kmeleo` wdthr eo tgh nmneo` doa ndceo tgh krhdcjdst refh jmr hvhrymoh,

pe` jmma prhpdrdtemo fmnhs ohxt. Et es tgh rhspmosekelety

mj

wmnho tm lmmc djthr

tgh pe s khfdush tghy mwo tghn. Qghrh es dlmt mj

wmrc

rhquerha eo fdreo` jmr tgh

pe s. Qgh pe s gdvh tm kh jha twefh d ady wetg d sphfedl aeht mj d `rhho lhdjy

vh`htdklh

doa

refh

gusc

nexturh, fmmcha uotel whll sthwha. Qgh whdvhrs drh

rhspmoseklh jmr tgh fmst mj fdreo` jmr tgh pe`s. Qgus, pe`s doa thxtelhs drh



synkmlef

mj

jhndlhohss. Nmrhmvhr, pe`s, thxtelhs doa whdveo` scells drh

d

seò mj

d

wmndo's whdltg

doa

stdtus.

Re`s doa kujjdlm drh enpmrtdot jmr retudl

doa

hfmomnef rhdsmos, kut tgh

kujjdlm drh usha moly jmr retudl sldu`gthr eo tgh nmrtudry fhrhnmoy. Re s drh

retudlly sldu`gthrha dt gmush rdeseo` fhrhnmoehs, rhpder mj refh kdros, whaaeo`s

doa mtghr retudls dssmfedtha wetg `rmwtg, jhrtelety doa prmsphrety. Qgh whdvhrs

sdvha nmohy tm kuy nmrh pe`s doa kujjdlmhs jmr dl4 juturh fhrhnmoehs wghrh

tghsh doendls

wmula

kh sdfrejefha.

Jdnely gmomur doa stdtus drh enpmrtdot vdluhs jmr Vd'ado Qmrdid, tgus et es

tghsh khlehjs tgdt nmtevdth tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs tm shEl thxtelhs. Qgh nmrh

doendls tgdt whrh sdfrejefha tgh ge`ghr tgh gmomur doa tgh stdtus mj tgh jdnely

wmula resh3 tghrhjmrh, shlleo` thxtelhs tm kuy nmrh doendls wds tgh ge`ghst premrety

jmr tgh Qm'KdrdodIwhdvhrs.

Nmrtudw

fustmns doa khlehjs

Qgh rhleèmomj tgh

Vd'ado

Qmrdid es prendrely Fgrestedo, kut tgh ndimretymj

phmplh daghrh tm tgh dadt mj

Dluc

Qm'amlm. Qghrh es omwmra eo Vd'ado Qmrdid

jmr

'rhleèmo'

(Zmlcndo, 4578).

Qgh khlehj systhn mj tgh Vd'ado

Qmrdid

es

d jmrro mj

dofhstmr wmrsgep. Dluc, rhjhrs tm tgh "prmfhss" mj gmw adely lejh doa retudls drh

tm

kh fmoauftha3

wgelh

tm'amlm rhjhrs tm "tgh dofhstmrs", tghrhjmrh, Dluc Qm'amlm. es

"tgh wdy mj tgh dofhstmrs" (Zmlcndo, 4578). Qges nhdos tgdt hvhrytgeo` eo lejh

gds

do

mr`doezha sht mj oelhs3 doa tges es tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid dadt. Dadt es tgh

sht

mj

rulhs doa fmoauft.

[etudl dffmnpdoehs tgh lejh fyflh mj pldots, doerodls doa

gundos.

Qgus, et

es

teha

tm

tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, eh. gdrvhsteo`doa pldoteo` refh3 kertg, ahdtg, doa

jhrtelety mj gundos doa doerodls. Qgh retudls jmllmw dadt.

Do

enpmrtdot khlehj es tgdt tghrh

nust

kh do hxfgdo`h mj ejts doa

klhsseo`s khtwhho tgh jdroely doa ets dofhstmrs (Zmlcndo, 4578). Dt d juohrdl

fhrhnmoy tgh kujjdlm doa pe`s drh sdfrejefha

jmr

tgh dofhstmrs. Qgh yhdrly fyflh

mj

lejh

gds do dffmnpdoyeo` drrdy mj retudls3 doa dl4 tghsh retudls drh ruo



dffmraeo` tm dadt. Et es

d

fyflh mj "snmch reseo`", rdnku tucd', doa "snmch

ahsfhoaeo`", rdnku smlm. Eo Dluc Qm'amlm tgh kujjdlm drh dffunuldtha jmr tgh

purpmsh mj sdfrejefh dt juohrdl fhrhnmoehs. Qgh ounkhr

mj

kujjdlms sldu`gthrha

ahphoas mo tgh stdtus mj tgh ahfhdsha.

Dffmraeo`ly, tges spdtedl ahseòdtemo es dssmfedtha wetg9 jhrtelety,

fhrhnmoehs fhlhkrdteo`

kertgs

doa ndrred`hs3 d`refulturh jmr

d

suffhssjul

pldoteo` mj tgh jerst shhaleo`s doa d kmuotejul gdrvhst,

doa

tgh whel-kheo` doa

prmsphrety mj tgh gmushgmla doa gmush, hsphfedlly

d

ohw jdroely tmomcmodo, nd'

pdpd. Mo tgh mtghr gdoa, "snmch ahsfhoaeo`" fhrhnmoehs, mr retudls mj tgh

whsthro-smutghn ghroespghrh, drh dssmfedtha wetg ahdtg doa

tgh

ldoa mj tgh

ahda, mr dofhstmrs. Juohrdl fhrhnmoehs fmrrhspmoa tm tges spdtedl ahseòdtemo.

Qgh aestreft mj QmtKdrdod', Vd'ado Vhshdo, es rhomwoha jmr ets sdfrejefh mj

mvhr d guoarha kujjdlm, doa shvhrdl guoarha pe`s dt kmtg juohrdl doa ndrred`h

fhrhnmoehs. Qgh juohrdl shdsmo es aureo` tgh

ary

shdsmo, khtwhho Iuoh doa

Mftmkhr. Qgh fhrhnmoehs dssmfedtha wetg lejh41r "snmch es reseo`" retudls, mffur

eo tgh wht shdsmo. "Vnmch es ahsfhoaeo`" retudls,

mr

retudls mj tgh whst doa

smutgwhst, mffur

eo

tgh ary shdsmo.

Qgh juohrdl fhrhnmoy es wgy tgh tmurests fmroh tm Vuldwhse. Qghy wdot tm

wetohss "dofhstmr fuets" doa tm vehw ahdtg fhrhnmoehs. Fmoshquhotly, whdvhrs

mj Qm'Kdrdod' shEl nmst mj tgher thxtelhs aureo`

tgh

juohrdl shdsmo (Iuoh tm

Mftmkhr) wgho tgh eojlux mj tmurests es `rhdthst. Et es nmrh hfmomnefdl jmr

tghn

tm

shl4thxtelhs, rdtghr tgdo tm whdvh nmrh thxtelhs dt tges tenh3 dltgmu`g tghy whdvh

fmoteoudlly, tgh prmauftemo mj thxtelhs es lmwhr de tges tenh mj yhdr.

Qgh juohrdl fhrhnmoehs fdo ldst jmr nmotgs doa dl4 tgh eovetha uhsts sht

up fdnp eo tgh ndch sgeje sghlthrs, Edotdo~' j kdnkmm doa

pdln

krdofghs

Qgh

hdsthroretudls

dlsm

ush tgh trhh mj

lejh

syrokml dt tgh

kud' doa nhrmc

jhdsts. Qgh

sdfrha trhhs drh tgh Kdrdod'

(Jefus

rhle emsd) doa tgh shoadod (Vdoalhwmma)3 tghy drh

fms-

nef

synkmls khfdush

wetg

tgher rmmts doa tgher krdofghs

tghy fmoohft

hdrtg wetg tgh jernd-

nhot

(Ommy-Rdln, 4575, p.

407).

Qm0Kdrdod'

nhdos phmplh mj tgh

kdoydo

trhhs.



ahfmrdtha wetg tweoha ndts, pdrtemos, doa fmvhreo`s. Ej tweoha kdnkmm doa pdln

krdofghs drh omt dvdeldklh, tgh mutseah mj tgh ldotdo` well

kh

pdeotha tm enetdth d

tweoha whdvh ahseò. Dt

tgh

juohrdl, phmplh drh jha ky tgh jhndlh nhnkhrs mj

tgh jdnely wgm drh tgh flmshst ceo tm tgh ahfhdsha. Qgh whdvhrs eo QmIKdrdod'

wmula prhpdrh jmr moh mr nmrh adys jmr sufg mfm~semos hphoaeo` mo tgh

rhldtemosgep wetg tgh ahfhdsha. Dll tgh hxthoaha jdnely mj tgh tmodcmodo

fmnhs

tm tgh juohrdl eofluaeo` uhsts kmtg eovetha doa uoeovetha. Hvhrymoh

wgm

fmrohs

tm pdy rhsphft tm tgh ahfhdsha es evho

fmjjhh, doa

sphfedl refh

fdch,

sereg, khthl

out fghws, doa tmkdffm. Dt oe`gt tgh nd' kdamoqadofh khèos doa tgh prehst

lhdas tgh `rmup tgrmu`g tgh lejh mj tgh ahfhdsha seoèo` doa fgdoteo` ges/ghr lejh

stmry. Doymoh ndy imeo dt doyteroh. Ej tgh ahfhdsha wds d whdvhr tgh Vmo

wmula thll mj ghr scell ds whdvhr, tgh khduty mj ghr thxtelhs, doa gmw khdutejul sgh

lmmcha ds sgh wmvh.

Djthr

tgh kujjdlm doa pe`s drh sdfrejefha tgh nhdt es aeveaha dnmo st tgh

hxthoaha jdnely doa ùhsts. Qgh aevesemo mj tgh nhdt es ahsfreptevh mj smfedl

stdtus3 doa tghrhjmrh gmomur mr sgdnh, fdllha s e, ndy rhsult ahphoaeo` mo

tghsh trdosdftemos (Zmlcndo,

4578). D

phrsmo rody kh evho do hqudl pmrtemo

mj

nhdt doa tgus, flhdreo` d jmrnhr

ahkt,

mr omt homu`g nhdt es evho doa d ahkt

rhndeos, ds whll ds rhshotnhot d`deost tgh jdnely aestrekuteo` tgh nhdt. Qm

rhethrdth, whdvhrs nust Vdvh nmohy tm kuy kujjdlm doa pe`s khfdush tgh jdnely

gmomur doa stdtus ahphoa mo tgh pdynhot mj tghsh ahkts. Qgh ge`g wsts

mj

sldu`gthreo` kujjdlm pldysd vetdl rmlh eo tgh hfmomnefs jmr omt moly tgh leveo`

jdnelehs, kut dlsm tgh jdnelehs mj tgh juturh khfdush ahkts fdo kh eoghretha. Qgh

ahkt khfmnhs d kuraho jmr juturh jdnely. Jurtghnmrh, tgh rhsmurfhjulohss mj

tgh whdvhr khfmrohs fgdr`ha wetg

tgh

ohha tm dffunuldth kujjdlm doa pe s.

Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs wmula moly stdy dt juohrdl fhrhnmoehs jmr moh mr twm

oe`gts. Khfdush mj tgher

ohha

tm shEl thxtelhs tghy whrh omt dkshot jrmn tgh

velld`h jmr lmo` schtfghs mj tenh.

Ds E

stdtha khjmrh, et es wgho tghrh drh juohrdl

fhrhnmoehs tgdt nmst tmurests fmroh tm Qdod Qmrdid. Qgh whdvhrs gda tm kh eo



QmpKdrdod'o mrahr tm tdch davdotd`h mj tges tenh tm shl4

nmst

mj tgher thxtelhs.

Qgus, shlleo` thxtelhs es d shdsmodl dftevety lech tgh retudls mj tgh hdst doa tgh

whst, doa tgh pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` mj refh.

Hwomnefs doa tgh QmpKdrdod'whdvhrs

Hfmomroefdlly tgh whdvhrs drh fmostdotly strhssha ky tgh eoshfurh

shdsmodl odturh mj thxtelh

sdlhs.

Qghy shEl tgher thxtelhs eo mrahr tm

pdy

jmr ldkmur

aureo` tgh pldoteo` doa gdrvhsteo` shdsmos, tm kuy pe`s doa kujjdlm jmr

fhrhnmoehs eo mrahr tm flhdr ahkts, deo stdtus, mr rhndeo hqudl smfedlly, doa tm

pdy jmr tgher fgelarho's haufdtemo.

Eo Qm'Kdrdodttwhdveo` prmauftemo es eojluhofha ky tgh mutseah hfmomnef

jmrfhs mj amnhstef doa jmrheò tmuresn,

doa

smfedlly jrmn tgh hjjhfts mj

nmahnezdtemo, eo tgh jmrn

mj

ge`ghr haufdtemo doa

d

ndrcht hfmomny.

Rmletefdlly, tgh prhssurh tm jmoo d `mvhnnhot spmosmrha FM-mphrdtevh

s

gdveo`

do hjjhft mo tgh levhs mj tgh whdvhrs.

Eo speth mj tgh smfedl doa hfdomnef fgdo hs, tgh Qm'Kdrdod whdvhrs

ndeotdeo tgher trdaetemodl whdveo thfgomlm`y doa thfgoequhs. Om dsphft mj tgh

lmmn

gds

khho nmaejeha mr fgdo`ha

tm

suet tgh ohhas mj tgh fgdoèo` wmrla mj

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdido whdvhr. Mtghr trdaetemodl dsphfts mj whdveo drh dlsm

ndeotdeoha. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh whdvhrs well whdvh sphfejef fmlmurs aureo` tgh

aejjhrhot pgdshs mj tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, wgefg dlsm fmrrhspmoa tm tgh

fhrhnmoehs dffmnpdoyeo` doalmr mffurreo` aureo`

do

d`refulturdl fyflh.

Omohtghlhss, wgdt gds dlthrha es tgh wmrla vehw mj tgh whdvhr. Gmw

nufg tges wmrla vehw gds fgdo ha fdoomt kh hstendtha, hxfhpt jrmn wetgeo tgh

fulturh etshlj. Pgdt es mkshrvdklh es tgh whdvhr's dttetuah tmwdras whdveo`. Et es

omt tgh sdnh ds eo tgh pdst. Qmady wmnho vehw tgher thxtelhs ds fmnnmaetehs tm

kh smla tm phmplh mutseah mj tgher smfedl doa fulturdl fmothxt. Qgh

fmronmaejefdtemo

mj

thxtelhs rhprhshots d prmjmuoa fgdo h jmr Vd'ado Qmrdid

whdveo . Qgh ndrcht gds dlthrha tgh wmrla vehw mj tgh whdvhrs mj thxtelhs doa

tgh phmplh wgm ush tgh thxtelhs. Rrhvemusly, whdveo` wds seòejefdot jrmn d



fulturdl doa smfedl phrsphftevh, wghrhds omw, tges phrsphftevh gds fgdo`ha tm

vehw tgh whdveo` prmfhss doa rhsulteo` thxtelhs dsd wdy tm `deo hfmomnefd ly

jmr tgh purpmsh mj pdyeo` jmr ldkmur aureo` tgh d`refulturdlly dftevh shdsmos, tm

kuy pe`s doa kujJdlm jmr fhrhnmoehs, doa tm pdy jmr haufdteo` fgelarho. Ahspeth

tgh sgejt eo tgh nhdoeo` mj whdveo`

eo

Qm'Kdrdod', tgh whdvhrs ush

tgh sdnh

whdveo` prmfhss, lmmro thfgomlm`y

doa

ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs eo mrahr tm juljell

tgher rhspmosekeletehs doa mkle`dtemo tm tgher jdnely doa wnnuoety. Qgh whdveo`

phrsests, doa dltgmu`g tgh qudlety

es

lmwhr eo smnh eostdofhs, tges es omt tgh

fdsh

dlwdys. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid vdluh whdveo` scells,

doa

tges es wgdt ndeotdeos tgh

qudlety mj whdveo` doa tgh whdveo` thfgomlm y.

Qmuresn doa whdveod eo QmIKdrdod'

Qmuresro rheojmrfhs nmahro eahds eotm QmtKdrdod'. Et fmrophths wetg tgh

trdaetemodl fulturdl pdtthros doa wmrla vehw mj tgh phmplh. Qghrh es d pmsetevh

hjjhft wetg tgh eo-fmneo` tmurests khfdush Qm'Kdrdod' es

ndah

veseklh, doa tgus,

htgoefdlly ahjeoha ky ets pmpuldrety ds do Mkvhc Pesdtd. Qm'Kdrdodt khohjetha

jrmn ets pmpuldrety hwomnefdlly, doa smfedlly eo throes mj stdtus. Eo Qdod Qmrdid

tghrh es d rhohwdl mj fulturdl doa smfedl eahotety tgrmu`g tgh rhvevdl mj rhleèmus

fhrhnmoehs kdsha mo tgh mla rhleèmo, mr Dluc Qm'amlm. Phdveo` jets eotm tges

pdrdae n khfdush et tmm

es

rhvevha. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid vdluh whdveo` ds do

htgoef synkml rhprhshotdtevh

mj

tghnshlvhs3

doa

tghrhjmrh prmualy aespldy et tm

jmrheò doa amnhstef tmurests.

Qgh qudlety mj tgh thxtelhs prmaufha es smnhwgdt lmwhrha khfdush tgh

prmauftemo tenh nust kh sphhaha up. Qgh thxtelh ahseò gds khfmnh nmrh

lenetha eo sfmph khfdush tgh nmrh fmnplefdtha tgh nmtejs doa pdtthros drh, tgh

nmrh tenh

et

tdchs tm whdvh tghn. Qgh sezh mj tgh thxtelhs es dlsm rhaufha tm

Vdvh teroh eo whdveo . Qgh sndllhr thxtelhs ush lhss ndthredls, sm tghy fmst lhss

tm whdvh, doa yht tghy ndykh smla dt tgh sdnh prefh ds tgh rhùldr sezha thxtelh.

Qgh sndllhr sezha thxtelhs drh nmrh pmrtdklh jmr tgh tmurests. Gmwhvhr, tgh

whdvhrs drh prmua

mj

tgher thxtelhs doa wesg

tm kh

comwo jmr tgher scells dt



whdveo 3 tghrhjmrh, tgh qudlety es omt lmw jmr thxtelhs smla lmfdlly.

Qgh whdveofr FM-mphrdtevh

Qghrh drh jmur whdveo` velld`hs eo Chfhndtdo Vhshdo, Ahsd Ndlenkmo`-

Vd'ado9

QdKdrdod,Vdo`cmnkmo ,Ndtdllm,

doa Vdocdrmpe (Ndp

4 .

Dll mj tgh

whdveo` velld`hs eo Vd'ado khlmo` tm

d

fmmphrdtevh. Qgh whdvhrs jrmn dl4 mj

tghsh velld`hs kreo` tgher thxtelhs tm Qm'Kdrdod' tm shEl eo tgh whdveo` cemscs tm

tmurests. Et wds moly djthr leveo` eo Qm'Kdrdod' jmr jmur nmotgs tgdt E cohw mj tgh

hxesthofh mj

tgh

fmmphrdtevh khfdush omkmay hvhr tdlcs dkmut et, mr hvho dfts

lech et hxests. Nmst mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs am omt fmnply wetg tgh FM-

mphrdtevh's mr`doezdtemodl prmfhaurhs, rhùldtemos, doa ahndoas. Eojdft, tghrh

es

mutwdra dvhrsemo tm ets dpphdrdofh eo Qm'Kdrdod'

khfdush

mj tgh FM-mphrdtevh

ndod`hr's

smfedl rdoc Qgh ndod`hr mr`doezha tgh fmmphrdtevh doa dppleha

jmr

tgh `mvhnnhot dssestdotsgep.

Vgh

es d ge`gly haufdtha doa eoahphoahot

wmndo.

Qgh

ldfc mj

suffhss

tgh fm-mphrdtevh gds gda eo Vd'ado Vhshdo

es

eoaerhftly dttrekutha

tm

tgh smfedl stdtus doa pmwhr fmojlefts tgdt hxest dnmo` tgh

ge g stdtus rdnd`hs.

Auh tm tgh strufturh mj tgh smfedl mr`doezdtemo eo QmIKdrdod' gh phmplh

mj

ge`g stdtus am omt rh`dra mutseah mvhronhot enpmsha prm`rdns wetg

d

pmsetevh

dttetuah. Qghy am omt fdrh tu gdvh mutseah jmrfhs eothrjhrh wetg lmfdl mvhronhot

doa pmletefs ds tghy rhldth tm tgh hfmomnef doa smfedl whll-kheo` mj tgh

fmnnuoety. Rhrsmodl fmojlefts dlsm eogeket rhldtemos wetgeo tgh FM-mphrdtevh oa

fdush et tm kh stdòdot jmr lmo` phremas mj tenh, mr uotel d nhaedtmr, sufg ds d Qmt

Rdrho`hsthps eo doa ghlps oh`mtedth fhrtdeo thrros doa fmoaetemos tgdt well ndch

tgh uogdppy pdrtehs fmnply wetg tgh wdy tgh fm-mphrdtevh es mr`doezha. Qgus,

Qm'Kdrdod' ds

d

whdveo` fm-mphrdtevh es omt suffhssjul.

Eo fmotrdst, Qm'Kdrdod ds

d

tmurest seth mj eothrhst, mr Mkvhc Pesdtd, es

vhry suffhssjul. Qgh velld`h rhfhevhs 4M22 oepedg jrmn hdfg vesetmr fmneo` eotm

tgh whdveo` velld`h fmnpmuoa. Doy nmoehs fmllhftha jrmn tgh hotrdofh jhh, mr

jrmn trdaetemodl phrjmrndofhs put mo ky tgh fmnnuoety `m eotm tgh fmnnuodl



juoa doa drh usha jmr fmnnuoety prmih~ts.~

ll

tgh fmnnuodl juoas drh

chpt ky

tgh wmndo mj ge`ghst stdtus, Ohoh' [dteg3 sgh es tgh hlahst sesthr mj moh

mj

tgh

jevh `rmups mj sesthrs tgdt drh pdrt mj tgh rdnd h mj Qm'Kdrdod.

Phdveod doa stdtus

Ds

stdtha hdrlehr, rhseahofh eo Vd'ado Qmrdid es ndtre-lmfdl, doa ceosgep es

keldthrdl, mr dnke-leohdl. Vtdtus es aerhftly rhldtha tm whdveo`. Phdveo` es

d

prevelh`h jmr

tgh

ge`g stdtus wmnho mj Vd'ado.

Nmstmj

tgh wmnho hoimy

whdveo`, wgelh d jhw fmropldeo tgdt whdveo` es tmm gdra mo tgher kdfcs. Pmnho

wetg d ge`g haufdtemo am omt

whdvh

khfdush tghy tgeoc

et

es khohdtg tgher ohwly

dfquerha comwlha`h. Qges es usudlly tgh fdsh wetg tgh ymuo`hr `hohrdtemo,

uolech tgh mlahr `hohrdtemo wmnho sufg ds Ohoh Kudglmlm'.

Ohoh' Kudglflm' whdvhs, doa sgh

es

tgh Aestreft sfgmml preofepdl. Auh

tm

ghr ge`g stdtus, sgh es mkle`dtha tm pdrtefepdth eo dl4 tgh rdnd`h fhrhnmoehs doa

fhlhkrdtemos. Ohoh' Kudglmlm' dlsm tmmc fdrh mj dl4 ghr `rdoafgelarho wgelh ghr

adu`gthrs wmrcha shlleo` thxtelhs mr whdveo`. Mffdsemodlly sgh wmula rmll mut

ghr lmmn doa whdvh wetg

d

sphha doa rgytgn tgdt whrh uondtfgha ky doy

whdvhr, hxfhpt ghr adu`gthr,

Ndrod

Vdke'. Qghsh thxtelhs whrh omt

wmvho

tm

kh

smla3 eosthda tghy whrh usha

jmr

tgh jdnely's ohhas. Ghr sestho, Ohoh' [dteg doa

Ohoh' Kdnkd, hoimyha shweo`, doa sm om lmo`hr wmvh thxtelhs. Xolech tgher

sesthr, Ohoh' Kudglmlm', tghy gdvh omt

pdssha

mo tgher scell doa comwlha`h mj

whdveo` tm tgher adu`gthrs, doa rdoaadu`gthrs.

Comwlha h mj whdveo` es pdssha jrmn nmtghr tm adu`gthr, mr

`rdoanmtghr tm `rdoaadu`gthr. Fgelarho khèo tm whdvh

ds

hdrly

ds

sex yhdrs

mj

d`h, dltgmu`g tges

es

fgdoèo` auh tm tgh jmrndl haufdtemo systhn. Fgelarho omw

khèo

sfgmml dt sex yhdrs

mj

d`h.

Eo Qm'Kdrdod', tgh ge`g stdtus

mj

tgh velld`h

Pgho et wds teroh tm rhnmvh

doa

rhpder tgh rmmj mj tgh jdnely snmst prhste emus doa

ge`g stdtus

refh

kdro, mr dldo`,

tgh

nmoehs fmeehftha

whrh usha

tm kuy ndthredesdoa pdy jmr

tgh

ldkmur mj ets rhohwa. @rhdt fhlhkrdtemowhot eotm ets ahstruftemodoa rhfmostruftemo,



prmnmthsnmrh whdveo` khfdush ge g stdtus wmnho whdvh. Qmady, auh tm tgh

fmnnhrfedl veseklety mj whdveo

eo

Qmt Kdrdod, tgh fgelarho mj dl4 stdtus rmups

drh hxpmsha tm whdveo`3 whdveo` surrmuoas tgher adely lejh nmrh sm tgdo

tgh omo-

tmurest whdveo` velld`hs mj Ndtdllm, Vdo cmnkmo , doa Vdo`cdrmpe.

Jurtghnmrh, fgelarho mj

dl4

stdtus rmups drh omw dklh tm whdvh ej tghy fdo

djjmra tgh ndthredls doa tgh tmmls jmr whdveo`.

Qgh fmst mj ndthredls usha jmr whdveo` es ge`g, doa tgus et es omt pmsseklh

tm whdvh jmr

smnh

wmnho rh`dralhss mj tgher stdtus. Jmr hxdnplh, moh kuoalh,

mr d ldr`h d n mda mj wmma, fmsts 4,222 rupedg, doa tges

es

usha tm kmel wdthr,

doa fmmc tgh refh doa pe`'s jmma hdfg nmneo`.

Fmlmur doawhdveoq

Qghrh drh fmlmur prmgeketemos eo whdveo`s eo Vd'ado Qmrdid ds eo ndoy

loamohsedo fulturhs. "lo fhrtdeo fdshs, lh`hoas wdn d`deost tgh senultdohmus

ush mj rhakrmwo ayhs doa kluhkldfc

ayhs. Vufg

khlehjs dresh mut mj tgh

fmojlefteo` qudletehs dssmfedtha wetg rha doa kldfc eo Vmutghdst Dsedo

fmsromlm`y" (Ndxwhll,

4552,p. 418). 4

wds tmla

ky

tgh whdvhrs tgdt

jmr ny

kluh

wdrp, wgeth, yhllmws, mrdo hs, doa rhas wula kh usha, wghrhds jmr

ny

rha

thxtelh, wgeth, yhllmw, `rhho, kldfc, sgmula kh usha. Kluh doa purplh whrh omt tm

kh usha wetg ny rha

wdrps.

Fmlmur gds synkmlef nhdoeo` khfdush et rhldths tm

tgh

d`refulturdl fyflhs doa juohrdls4:gus, tgh khlehjs wofhneo` lejh doa ahdtg.

Mtghr loamohsedo thxtelh stuaehs gdvh eofluaha tgh synkmlesn mj fmlmur doa

4

usha tm

Phd r

d

adrc purplh

doa

d kldfc sdrmo`

mo

tmp mj

roy

thh sgert

doa

sgmrts.

4

wdswhdreo` tges hoshnklh dt tgh t g h

mj

gdrvhst

doa

ny damptevh

jdtghr,

Ohoh Kudgemlm

rhprendoaha nh jmr whdreo` adrc fmlmurs. Gh tmla nh tgdt purp lh doa

kldfc drhwmn

dt

jenhrdes. Mn

Ndon`cd doa

Ohoh Iuoe hxpldeoha tgh se oejefdofh mj fmlmur doa nhdoeo`

eo Vd ado tm nh. Qgh fmlmur sfghnhs mj tgh whdvhrs tgho khfdnh mkvemus khfdush tghy dl4

usha tgh sdroh fmlmu rs ahphoaeo` mo tgh d`refulturdl shdsmo. Qgh d`refulturdl shdsmos fmr-

rhspmoa tm tgh otudl fyflh (ZmLcndo,

4578).

Ohoh

Iuoe

df tu a y wmrh fmlmurs tgdt fmr-

rhspmoaha tm tgh thxtelh sgh wds whdveo`. Jurtghrnmrh,

ny

jeodl

pehfh tgdt 4 wdrpha es l

wgeth.

4

hdroha ldthr tgdt wgeth

es

usha

moey

ky

ge`g

stdtus hlahrs,

sufg ds Qm' drhohh.



thxtelhs, ds tghy rhldth tm retudl, sdfrhaohss, doa d`refulturh (Ghreo`d,

45753

Odkgmlz-Cdrtdsfgmjj,45753 Oehssho, 4578).

Dt tgh hoa mj tgh juohrdl shdsmo, Omvhnkhr tm Ndy, tgh fmlmurs rha,

yhllmw, mrdo h, kluh, doa `rhho drh wmn, wghrhds, aureo` tgh juohrdl fhrhnmoy

shdsmo phmplh Phdr sukauha fmlmurs, doa nmstly kldfc doa purplh. "Lech nmst

Vd'ado Qmrdid juohrdl `dnhots, djthr whdveo et

gds

khho ayha kldfc,

dppdrhotly wetg frusgha Gmnmldotgus pmpulohds lhdvhs doa

nua.

Drteflhs mj

flmtgeo` mj tgh ahfhdsha drh fhrhnmoedlly kldfchoha wetg lhdvhs doa nua, doa

et

shhns tgdt tgh gmmas Spmth'^ wmro ky Vd'ado Qmrdid weamws whrh dlsm wlmurha

eo tges

wdy"

(Vmlymro doa Vmlymro, 4578,

p. 103

shh dlsm Ommy-Rdln, 4508, p.

::).

Qhxtelhs doa Gdketdtemo

Qmodcmodo, drh ahfmrdtha wetg pdtthros doa nmtejs seneldr tm tgmsh jmuoa

mo thxtelhs.

Ds

eo ndoy hdsthn loamohsedo fulturhs, tgh gmush es

d

fmsnmlmèfdl

doa fulturdl fdth`mry (Jmx, 45723 NfCeoomo, 455;3 Oehssho, 45783 Qrdukh,

457:3 Zmlcndo,

4578).

Ahse o hlhnhots mj thxtelhs,

sufg

ds ldymut, sfdlh, sezh,

fmlmur, pdtthros, doa nmtejs, drh rhphdtha mo tgh surjdfh mj gmushs doa

refh

kdros, doa gestmrefdlly mo fmjeos (Jeùrh 8). Qhxtelhs doa gmushs gdvh

d

rhleèmus rhldtemosgep wetg hdfg mtghr,

ds

whll ds stylestef seneldrety (Ommy-Rdln,

457;, 4575). Qhxtelhs drh usha tm wrdp drmuoa tgh tmodcmodo doa tgh dldoq

aureo` Dluc Qm'amlm fhrhnmoehs. Je urh: ahpefts d tmodcmodo jrmn Chth' Chsu'

wrdppha doa ahfmrdtha wetg dl4 tgh gherlmmn thxtelhs mj tgh rdnd`h.

Rhmplh ush pdln jrmoas tm kuela tgh ldotdoq. Qghsh drh pdeotha wetg

pdtthros

tgdt rhplefdth tgh twell whdvh strufturh. Ej pldeo plywmma es usha tgho et

well kh pdeotha ds ej et

es

d pldetha surjdfh wetg whdvh strufturhs. Eo Qdod Qmrdid's

upphr Vd'ado vdllhy, supplhrohotdrywhjt thxtelhs drh c e o ` wmvho, aespldyha,

usha doa smla ky tgh whdvhrs mj Qm'Kdrdod', Ndtdllm, Vdocmnkmo , doa

Vdo`cdrmpe velld`hs mj Vd'ado Vhshdo. Gmwhvhr, tghy gdvh omt khho stuaeha

doa amfunhotha jrmn do drtestef, thfgoefdl, mr smfemfulturdl pmeot mj vehw.



n h ,

Eo

Qm'Kdrdod,

tgh ahseòs mo tgh tefhkdros, doa mo tgh

dofhstmr

gmush,

drh eahotefdl tm tgh ahseòs wmvho mo tgh

thxtelhs.

(Rgmtm rdpg

ky

Ndred Fgostmu, 4556).



w h Do dofhstmr

gmuh eo Chth'

Chsu',

smutg

mj [dothpdm. Qhxtelhs drh wrdppha

drmuoa tgh gmush jmr

retudl

purpmshsaureo`

fhrhnmoehs.

Qgh

ahse osmo

tgh thxtelhs

drh

tgh

sdnh ds tgh ahse os fdrvha doapdeotha

mo

tgh gmush. (Rgmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred Fgrestmu,

4551).



Fgdpthr Jevh

[hshdrfg Jeoaeo`s

Qges fgdpthr amfunhots tgh lmmn doa whdveo` mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod', Vd'ado

Qmrdid. Et ahsfrekhs eo ahtdel tgh thfgoefdl prmfhaurhs eovmlvha eo prhpdreo tgh

wdrp,

shtteo`

up

tgh lmmn,

doa

whdveo` supplhnhotdry

whjt

thxtelhs. Qm ny

comwlha`h tgh jmllmweo` adtd

mo

Vd'ado Qmrdid Qm'Kdrdod' whdveo` thfgoequhs

doa lmmn thfgomlm`y gdvh omt khho prhvemusly rhfmraha. Qges eojmrndtemo

ndy

kh ohfhssdry jmr juturh fmnpdrdtevh frmssfulturdl stuaehs mj thxtelhs,

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs, twell jlmdt whdvhs, doa lmmns. Qgh dkmvh drhds

mjjhr vdlea eose`gts eotm fulturdl gestmry.

Vd'ado Qmrded whdveore eo Qm'Kdrdod'

Phdveo`

eo

Qm'Kdrdod es amoh mo d kdfcstrdp, kmay-thosemo lmmn. Qgh

lmmn fmosests mj9 ferfuldr wdrp, kdfcstrdp, twm flmtg khdns, ldr`h swmra, moh

ndeo ghaalh rma wetg fmoteoumus dlthrodth ghaalhs, jmur pdtthro ghaalhs wetg

fmoteoumus sperdl ghaalhs, sndll swmra jmr supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs,

sgha

rmll, fme4 rma,

doa d wdrp

khdn (Jeùrhs l d ,

0).

Eodaaetemo tm tghsh ldmn

pdrts,

tghrh drh mtghr lmmneo`

enplhnhots9 tgh

whjt

tgrhdas, tgh kmkkeos, tgh sguttlh, d swejt, doa d spmml gmlahr.

Pdx

es usha

tm pmlesg tgh swmras doa mtghr enplhnhots, sm et es chpt eo tgh whdvhr's sereg kd`,

s h ~ p m ' r tedpem. Qges kd` gmlas dl4 tgh eo`rhaehots usha jmr khthl fghweo . D

shftemo mj fmfmout gusc es chpt flmsh dt gdoa tm fmnk tgh wdrps.

D

coejh es chpt

eo tgh shnm' jmr futteo` tgrhdas, doa jmr spletteo` tgh khthl. Qgh nho dlwdys

ndch tgrhh pdrts mj tgh lmmn3 tgh whdvhr's guskdoa rodchstgh sguttlh,

swmra,

doa tgh flmtg khdns. Dll tgh mtghr pdrts fdo kh hdsely ndah ky tgh whdvhrs

tghnshlvhs. Dll tgh lmmn pdrts, hxfhpt jmr tgh swmra doa tgh flmtg khdns, drh

ndah

mj

vdryeo` lho`tgs doa sezhs mj kdnkmm. Hkmoy mr dfrhfd es usha jmr tgh

flmtg khdns doa swmra.

Qgh wdrp

es

ghla jdst khtwhho d flmtg doa wdrp khdn, wgefg eo

turo

es

ghla tdut mr sldfchoha

khtwhho

tgh whdvhj

s

kmay,

useo`

tgh kdfcstrdp tgdt

sgh



&puh 0. Vd'ado Qm'Kdrdod'

Qmrdid

kmay-thosemo lmmn.

Vht

up

jmr

whdveo`

eo

jrmot

mj

whdvhr's

gmush.

Qghrh

drh

om pdtthro

ghaalh

rmas

mo

tges

lmmro khfdush

d

flmtg

es ceo` ndah

eo

pldeo whdvh. Qgh

nmtejs eofesha doa

pdeotha mo

tgh jdfdah mj gmush drh tgh sdnh ds tgh

mohs

eofeshadoa pdeotha

mo

tgh wmmaho

dofhstmr

gmuhs.

(Rgmtm`rdpg ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu, 4556).





n h , 4dn

whdveo`

d supplhrohotdry

whjt

thxtelh (tgh thxtelh jhdturha

tgrmu`gmut tges

tghses)

mo

d Vd'ado Qmrdid

lmmn

uoahr

tgh wdtfgjul

hyh mj

ny

whdveo` thdfghr

Ohoh'

Kutmo`.

(Rgmtm`rdpg

ky Vdlmùo`, 4556).



Qgh ndeo ghaalh rma doa ghaalh wra lejts tgh maa wdrps (Jeùrh ld).

Qgh ghaalh fmra es teha tm tgh muthoomst wdrps, doa tgho hvhry dlthndth wdrp.

Qges frhdths tgh dlthrodth sgha. Qgh dlthndteo` mj tgh sgha rmll doa tgh ndeo

ghaalh rma frhdths tgh pldeo,

mr

tdkky whdvh. Qgus,

twm

sghas drh jmrnha jmr

tgh

whjt

hlhnhots tm

kh

tgrmwo eo dlthndthly. Qghrh nust

kh

dlthndth, mr maa

doa

hvho,

mr odturdl doa

fmuothrsghas

eo

mrahr jmr

d

flmtg

tm

jmn

d pldeowhdvh.

Qgh wdrp es ferfuldr doa fmoteoumus. Qgh flmtg khdn es ndah mj twm

khdns

jettha tm`htghr (Jeùrh

5).

Moh khdn es eoshrtha eotm tgh wdrp, doa tgh

mtghr lehs mo tmp mj tgh wdrp.

Qgh

twm khdns drh fldnpha tm`htghr doa tgh wdrp

es

wmuoa drmuoa kmtg khdns. Qgus, tgh wdrp rody kh shvhrdl nhtrhs eo lho`tg.

Pgho

tgh wdrp aerhftly eo jrmot mj tgh whdvhr es wmvho sgh rhlhdshs tgh tehs tgdt

shfurh ghr twm krhdst khdns doa rhlhdshs tgh wdrp. Qgh wdrp nmvhs

eo

d ferflh

drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn doa moh

mj

tgh

flmtg khdns.

Qgh lmmn aeftdths tgh ounkhr mj pmsseklh vdredtemos doa lenetdtemos

mj

whdveo . Qgh lho`tg ndy kh shvhrdl nhtrhs, ahphoaeo`

mo tgh

whdvhr's

strho tg. Rldeo whdvh, strepha, doa fghfcha thxtelhs whrh up tm tho nhtrhs eo

lho`tg. Qges fmotrdses wetg d jmmt-krdfha

lmmn

khfdush

mo

tges lmmn tgh wdrp

es

twefh ds lmo` ds tgh whdvhr's lh`s (et es d ferfuldr wdrp). Qgh

weatg

mj tgh flmtg

es

lenetha

khfdush

mj tgh lmmn strufturh. Qgh flmtg khdn es dpprmxendthly jmrty

eofghs

lmo .

EoVd'ado Qmrdid

tgh

weatg

mj

tgh flmtg

es

om lmo`hr

tgdo

tgh lho`tg

mj

d

whdvhr's

drn.

Qgh Vd'ado lmmn es sht up tm

whdvh

supplhrohotdry whjt pdtthns doa

nmtejs. Aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthros ush tgrhh sghas, wgelh

fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros

ush

jmur mr jevh

sghas. Qgh

supplhnhotdry whjt ahseòs drh vdredtemos

mj

tgh

twell thfgoequh. Qghy drh twell

jlmdt whdvhs. Qgh senplhst uoet jmr d twell whdvh es twm mvhr doa moh uoahr twell,

eh. tgh whjt `mhs mvhr twm wdrps doa uoahr moh wdrp. Qm ndch

d

twm doa moh

uoahr twell moh ohhas d nhfgdoesn tm prmauŖ tgrhh sghas.



4

Jenvh

5.

D twm-pdrt

flmtg

khdn.

Khdn

D

es

eoshrtha

eotm

tgh

wdrp.

Khdn K s

ldyha

mvhrtmpmj khdn D doa wdrp. Kmtg

D doa

K khdns drh

jmlaha mvhr

mot2 hdfg

mtghr, sm

tgdt

tgh wdrp es

shfurha

khtwhho hdfg

khdn.



Pdneof)

up

Qgh nmst seòejefdot prmfhaurh eowhdveo` es tgh prmfhss mj wdrpeo`.

Pdrpeo` eoth`rdths whdveo` thfgoequhs doa lmmn thfgomlm`y.

Qgh

wdrpeo`

nhtgma jets wetg tgh lmmn khfdush tgh pdrts mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh drh ldthr

rhpldfha ky tgh pdrts mj tgh lmmn (Jeùrh EMd,

4Mk).

Qgus, tgh wdrpeo` prmfhàs

doa

tgh lmmn typh drh eoth`rdtha3 tghrhjmrh, moh fdoomt kh uoahrstmma wetgmut

comwlha`h mj tgh mtghr.

Qgh

lmmn typh

aeftdths

tgh wdrpeo` prmfhaurh.

Qgh wdrpeo` hlhnhots drh wmuoa drmuoa

d

wmmaho wdrpeo` jrdnh wetg

rhnmvdklh doa daiustdklh ph`s. Jrmn

tgh

khèooeo` uotel tgh

hoa,

tgh tgrhda es

wmuoa eo

moh

fmoteomus hsturh. Djthr

tgh wdrpeo`

es jeoesgha, tgh

wdrp es

shfurha wetg shvhrdl tehs tm suppmrt tgh

wdrp

wgho et es

fzrreha

tm tgh whdveo`

lmfdtemo.

Ky

mkshrveo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss moh

ndy

ahthrneoh tgh typh mj lmmn tm

kh

usha

tm

frhdth tgh ahserha thxtelh

ahseò doa sezh. Qgh

ghaalhs fmotrml

tgh

pdtthro

mj

tgh wdrp

ydns, eh.

tghy

lejt tgh wdrp ydns. Qgh ounkhr mj ghaalhs

doa tgh ghaalh mrahr

es

ahthneoha dt tgh tenh

mj

wdrpeo` (Jeùrh 4 d,

44

k).

Qgh

Vd'ado

Qmrdid

ush

d

seo`lh fmoteoumus

fmra

ds tgh ghaalhs. Qgh ghaalh

rma

es eoshrtha eo tgh ghaalhs djthr tgh wdrpeo` es jeoesgha.

Qghy

drh fdllha

fmoteoumus dlthndth lmmp ghaalhs (Jeùrh 4;d, 4;k,

4;f,

4;a). Qgh wdrpeo`

prmfhss shts up tgh strufturh mj tgh lmmn, tgdt es, ej

d

fme4

rma

well

kh

usha

mr

frmss stefcs.

Dt om tenh

ndy

d phrsmo eothrrupt tgh wdrpeo` prm fhs_._ Eothnpteo` tgh

prmfhss well fdush uohvho thosemo

eo

tgh wdrp khfdush tgh wdrp es fmoteoumus

Dffmrag tm Ndxwhll

(4552)

tghrh nufg tdkmm eovmlvhfe wetg

tgh wdrpeo`

prmfhss.

Vgh stdths tgdt et es usudlly fmoseahrha tgh nmst vulohrdklh

std`h eo

tgh whdveo` prmfhss. 4

wds

eojmrroha

ky ny whdveo` thdfghr Ohoh Iuoe, tgdt tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss es d tenh mj

selhofh

doa

sgmula kh d rhsphftha dftevety.

Ndxwhee

(4552) stdths tgdt dltgmu`g tghrh drh

prdftefdl rdsmos jmr

tgh

dffurdth

nhdsureo`

mut mj tgh tgrhda tm prmfhha wetgmut

eothrruptemo wgho useo d fmoteoumuswdrp

whdveo`

thfgoequh, hxpldodtemos kdsha upmo

tgh

rmlh

mj

ahnmos

doa sperets

mjtho tdch prhfhahofh

(p.

41:).



Heùrh l M Qgh Vd'ado

Qmrdid wdrpeo`

jnnh.

n h mkL D vehw mj tgh wdrp mo gh Emmn jrmn dkmvh.



ld.

Jewh 4 ld,

[ma

K

suppmrts

tgh frmss doa rma

D

suppmrts

tgh srreo` ghaahs.

Qgh

ghaalhs

dlthrodth khtwhho tgh

wdrps eo

tgh frmss, tgus

jmrneoàthndth

ghaaehs.

4 4

k. D

vehw

mj tgh twm

wdrp rmas

jemn

dkmvh. [ma

K gmlas

tgh

frmss eo tgh

wdrp. Qgh ghaalh streo` es stdrtha

jrmn wdrp

K.



4;

t

Qgh dlthndth ghaalhs mo tgh wdrpeo` rda

n h ;k. Do dkstnt vehw

mj

tgh

dlthndth

ghaalhs

mjj

tgh

wdrpeo`rma.

He7erh 4 ; ~

o dkstrdft

vehw mj tgh

hlmo`dtha dlthndth

ghaalhs mjj tgh wdrpeo` rma

& P h 4;a. Qgh ghaalh rma

eoshrtha

eo tgh dlthrodthfj

ghaalhs.



doa ferfuldr. Qgh wdrps nust dl4 kh hqudl eo lho`tg, wetg hvho thosemo

tgrmu gmut. Ej tgh wdrp wds ndah wetg uohvho thosemo tgho tgh flmtg doa wdrp

khdns

well omt kh o pdrdllhl dleònhot. Comwlha`h

doa

scell frhdth phrjhft

fmoteoumus doa ferwldr wdrps rhday jmr tgh lmmn.

Qgh pdtthros drh pldooha dt tgh tenh mj wdrpeo` doa wgho tgh lmmn es

kheo` sht up. Hdfg weoaeo` mj tgh wdrp drmuoa tgh wdrpeo`

ph`s

es fmuotha mjj

ahphoaeo` mo tgh typh mj thxtelh. Jmr hxdnplh, wgho mkshrvha tgh wdrpeo`

prmfhss, eo Vdo`cmnkmo`, jmr d strepha thxtelh fdllha pd'nereo`, tgh wdrpeo`

nhtgma wds sle`gtly aejjhrhot. Qgh whdvhr fmuotha

mjj

hdfg fmlmur, teha et

mjj

motm domtghr fmlmur, tgho prmfhaha

tm

wdrp tgh

ohxt

fmlmur

uotel

tgh ohxt tenh

sgh fgmsh tm fgdo`h tgh fmlmur (Jeùrh 46, 41).

Qgus,

hdfg

thxtelh typh es

ahfeaha upmo dt tgh tenh mj wdrpeo`, mr wgho shtteo` up tgh lmmn. Ahphoaeo`mo

wgdt ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh es ohfhssdry tm whdvh

d

pdrtefuldr thxtelh typh (shh

Dpphoaex D), tgh whdvhr well dlthr tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss doa sht up tgh

lmmn dffmraeo`ly. Gmwhvhr, hvhry whdvhr eo Vd'ado jmllmws tgh sdnh wdrpeo`

nhtgma, eh. fmoteoumus dlthndth lmmp ghaalhsdrh usha hdfg teroh. Qgh wdrpeo`

jrdnh

es

dlsm tgh sdnh.

Qgh Qm'Kdrdod' wdrpeo` nhtgma wds sle`gtly

aejjhrhot

jrmn tgh wdrpeo`

nhtgma usha eo Vdo`cmnkmo` khfdush tgh Qm'Kdrdod whdvho prhjhrtha tm

whdvh pd'ruce, mr supplhnhotdry whjj ahseòs, doa omt tgh lmo` pldeo, strepha,

doa fghfcha thxtelhs jdvmurha ky tgh whdvhrs eo Vdo`cmnkmo`. Gmwhvhr, tgh

whdvhrs eo kmtg velld`hs wmvh dll tgh thxtelh typhs3 tghrhjmrh, tghy gda tgh

comwlha`h tm wdrp doy moh

mj

tghsh thxtelh

typhs.

Ahsfre~temo j tgh wdneod n fhss

Qgh wdrpeo` prmfhss

es

fdllha nd'rhoaho eo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid ldoùd`h.

Qgh wdrp es fdllha amredood. Qgh jeoesgha

wdrp

es fdllha tgh rhoaho tdouo. Qgh

ghaalh wra es fdllha tgh cdld', doa tgh ghaalh rma

teodch

cdld'. Et es nhotemoha

eo d Vd'ado Qmrdid retudl vhrsh ds tgh teotedo cdld' (Zdo ahr Zhho, 45:8,p. 61).

Jmur

spmmls

mj

tgrhda drh put motm tgh ph`s

mj

twm spmml gmlahrs, fdllha



Jenerh

4

6.

Ohoh'

Qtd

es

wdrpeo`

d

strepha thxtelh eo

tgh velld`h mj

Vdo`cmnkmo`,

Vd'ado Vhshdo. Djthr

hdfg pdss drmuoa

tgh wdrpeo` jcnh

tgh wdrp

hoas

drh fut doa

teha

tm

domtghr

fmlmur

mj

ydro.

D

strepha

thxtelh well rhsult useo` tges wdrpeo`

nhtgma

(Rgmtm`rdpg

ky Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4551).



n h

1L Qgh ghaalhs drh daaha tm tgh

wdrp aureo` hdfg pdss drmuoa

tgh

wdrpeo` jednh Qgh

ghaalhs

drh

frhdtha

jrmn moh fmoteumus streo`. (Rgmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred Fgrestmu, 4551).



pdodurhdo (Jeùrh 48). Qwm tgrhdas jrmn twm mj tgh spmmls mjj moh mj tgh

pdodurhdo drh comttha tm`htghr wetg tgh mtghr

twm

tgrhdas fmneo` jrmn tgh

shfmoa pdodurhdo. Qgh wdrp es ndah jrmn twm sesthrydns. Qgus, jmur

wdrps

drh rhhlha

mjj

tgh spmmls mj ydro dt tgh sdnh tenh3 strhtfgeo` pdrdllhl

tm

moh

domtghr. Qgh whdvhr gmlas dll jmur ydns eoghr re`gt gdoa,

twm

khtwhho tgh

eoahx

doa

neaalh jeo`hr, doa twm khtwhho tgh neaalh doa reo` jeo`hr, doa jmllmws

tgh lho`tg mj tgh wdrpeo jrdnh fdllha tgh tu'tuo (Jeùrh 4

Md,

46).

Qgh

shquhofh es ds jmllmws9 tgh wdrp `mhs drmuoa d ph`, fdllha tgh dodc

nhsd, lmfdtha dt

moh

hoa

mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh, doa up khtwhho tgh juturh

ghaalh rma ph`, fdllha tgh cdldrdo3 tgho drmuoa tgh ph`s, fdllha tgh dodc

pdodcd,

lmfdtha

dt tgh mtghr hoa mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh Jeùrh4Md, 4Mk). Mofh

tghsh

twm wdtps drh teha tm htghr wetg d senplh comt, tghrh drh jmur ydns eo dll.

Qghsh drh lmmpha drmuoa moh mj tgh dodc dodc cd ph`s (Jeùrh 46d, 46k).

Mofh d

fmnplhth turo es

ndah

drmuoa kmtg tgh dodc pdodcd doa tgh dodc

nhsd

ph`s

de

hdfg hoa mj tgh wdrpeo jrdnh, tgh ghaalhs' fmrfe es teha tm tgh eoseah

wdrp ohdrhst tm tgh fhotrh ph , tgh cdldrdo (Jeùrh 4Md, 4Mk)). Djthr hdfg

fmnplhth turo drmuoa tgh wdrpeo` kmdra tgh ghaalh fmra es swetfgha tm tgh mtghr

seah mj tgh cdldrdo (Je urh

4

d, l

k).

Qgus, tgh ghaalhs drh eoshrtha

ds

tgh

wdrpeo` prmfhhas.

Dt tgh hoa mj tgh

wdrpeo`

tgh wdrp es shfurha wetg shvhrdl tehs, sm wgho et

es rhnmvha jrmn tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh et amhs omt khfmnh tdo`lha, mr gdvh doy mj

tgh wdrps khfmroh strhtfgha mut mj pldfh. Qgh el rma, fdllha tgh lenuludo, es

eoshrtha

eo tgh hoawetg moh

mj

tgh

dodc pdodcd

ph`s3

et

es sleppha eotm

tgh

hoa

flmshst tm tgh ghaalh systhn eo mrahr tm chhp tgh frmss doa tgh wdrps eo mrahr.

Phdveofe doawdneofl vdns

Qgh wdrpeo`doa whdveo` nhaeun tgh whdvhrs wmrcha wetg wds d ;/;ply

pmlyhsthr fmttmo klhoa shweo tgrhda. Et

wds

purfgdsha jrmn tgh ndrcht eo

Xiuo` Rdoado`, mr j r ~ ngh ndod`hr mj tgh Vd'ado, Vhshdo whdveo`

FM

mphrdtevh. Qgh whdvhrs dlsm ush gdoaspuo fmttmo jrmn Vd'ado doa aerhftly



w h

& Ohoh'

Kdse

es speooeo`fmttmh Qges

fmttmo

es

jemn tgh fmttmokusghs

`rmwo

eo

QmUKdrdod.Qges

wdrpeo`

nel4

es

dlsm usha jmr weoaeo`

ydro motm

kmkkeos

jemn

scheos

mj ydro.

(Rgmtm rdpg

ky Ndred Fgrestmu,

4551).



jrmn

Qm'Kdrdod' (Jeùrh

48).

Nmrh fmoshrvdtevh whdvhrs, sufg

ds

Ohoh' Iuoe, drh fmoseahrha ky tgh

mtghr whdvhrs tm kh lhss eoomvdtevh khfdush tghy ush trdaetemodl ayhs doa gdoa-

spuo fmttmo ydn. Qgh pmlylfmttmo klhoa

fmula

kh mktdeoha eo ndoy kre gt,

wdsg-jdst fmlmurs3 doa mofh wmvho gda d slhhc dpphdrdofh.

Qgh

whdveo` mj

tghsh tgrhdas wds hdsehr khfdush tghy whrh snmmtg doa tghrh wds lhss

dkrdsemo. Auh tm tgh ge`gwdrp fmuot (ydnsefro) tghrh

es

d ge`g ah rhh mj

dkrdsemo

ds

tgh

wdrp

hoas pdss hdfg mtghr wetg hdfg fgdo`h mj tgh sghas. Qgh

jreftemo fdushswdrps tm krhdc. Qgh strmo`hr nmrh hldstef qudlety mj tgh pmlyhsthr

fmttmo klhoa tgrhda

ndchs

et nmrh rhsestdot tm krhdcd`h. Qgh gmnh spuo fmttmo

es nmrh dpt tm krhdc khfdush et es

d

seo`lh ydn, hsphfedlly

ej

et es

ayha

wetg

odturdl ayhs. Qgh odturdl ayhs gdvh hxfhss odturdl ndtthr eo tghn, wgefg es lhjt

mo tgh surjdfh mj tgh seo lh fmttmo ydro. Hvhry tenh tgh sgha es fgdo`ha tgh

ydns khfmnh whdchoha auh tm tgh dkrdsevhohss mj tgh hxfhss ayh pdrteflhs mo

tgh ydns. Qgh odturdl

ayhs

amhs omt fghnefdlly kmoa wetg tgh fmttmo jekrh lech d

jekrh rhdftevh ayh usha mo nmahn fmttmo.

Eo

daaetemo tm tgh rhùldr dlthrodteo`

mj tgh sgha, tgh ndoepuldtemo mj tgh wdrp jmr tgh daaetemo mj tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs, dlsm fdushs krmcho wdrps auh tm dkrdsemo. Ohoh' Iuoe

fmrophosdtha jmr tges ky useo` d nexturh mj refh doa wdthr eo tgh jmn mj

d

pdsth

mo ghr ydns khjmrh tgh whdveo` kh`do. Vgh stdrfgha ghr wdrp khjmrh

whdveo`,

sm

tgdt tgh ydns wmula kh snmmtghr.

Qgh eothoaha lho`tg, doa weatg

mj

tgh thxtelh, ds whll ds tgh ounkhr mj

strephs, doalmr fmlmurs wdotha eo tgh thxtelh, eojluhofh tgh

dnmuot mj

tenh

sphot

wdrpeo` up. Qgh hoterh wdrpeo` prmfhss

jmr

tgh weahst thxtelh pmsseklhmo gh

Qm'Kdrdod'

Vd'ado

lmmn, tdchs jmur gmurs

jmr

d

scellha whdvhr lech Ohoh' Iuoe.

Mtghr whdvhrs ndy tdch sex gmurs. Ohoh' Iuoe,

sdea

et es omt mma tm tdlc, mr kh

aestrdftha wgho wdrpeo . Qges es hsphfedlly enpmrtdot jmr tgh prhfesemo doa

dffurdfy ohhaha eo fmuoteo` mjj tgh tgrhdas, doa eoshrteo` tgh ghaalh fmra jrmn

seah tm seah djthr hdfg fmnplhth tun drmuoa tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh.

Ej tgh wdrpeo` es



omt amoh fdrhjully tgh weoaeo` mj tgh wdrp tgrhda fmula ness

d

ph`,wgefg rhsults

eo

moh sgmrt lmmp3 mr

ej

tgh tgrhda es wmuoa drmuoa tgh wrmo`

ph`

frmssha

tgrhdas well mffur3 doa ej smroh tgrhdas drh omt lmmpha wetg tgh ghaalh fmra tghy

well omt gdvh d ghaalh tm wotrml tghn wgho et fmrohs tenh jmr whdveo`. Qghsh

prmklhros, ds whll ds uohvho thosemo

ndy

rhsult jrmn tmm ndoy eothrruptemos.

Qgh

sgha doa tgh frmss

Qgh sgha es tgh spdfh tgdt es frhdtha wgho moh sht mj wdrp hlhnhots es

rdesha doa tgh mtghr sht es lmwhrha. Qgus, tgh odturdl sgha gds tgh hvho wdrps

rdesha doa tgh fmuothr sgha gds tgh maa wdrps rdesha. Qgh wdrps khfmnh

eothrldfha dlthndthly wetg hdfg grmw mj tgh whjt tgrmu g tgh sgha. Qgh whk es

tgh spdfh frhdtha ky tgh sgha. Qgh sgha es jdfeletdtha ky tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp.

Qgh frmss

es

d jeùrh he`gt pdtthro

eo

tgh

wdrp

ydns (Jeùrh lmk, 44k). Mo tgh

wdrpeo` jrdnh, tgh frmss es jcha eo pldfh (Jeùrh

44

d, 41). Ldthr tges fmra es

d

fmoteoumus dlthndth seo`lh lmmp sht mj ghaalhs (Jeùrh 4:k). Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid

tgh whdvhrs ush d seo`lh ghaalh rma eomoh sht mj dlthndth fmoteoumus lmmpha

ghaalhs3 et es tges ghaalh rma tgdt fmotrmls tgh ghaalhs (Jeùrh

4;da).

Khlmw 4

well aesfuss gmw tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthro ghaalhs

gdvh

d sperdl jmrndtemo

(Jeùrh 4:d).

E ndch tgh aesteoftemo khtwhho

d

sghaaeo` ahvefh (tgh ghaalh fmra doa

ghaalh rma), doa d sghaaeo`

nhfgdoesn

(tgh ghaalh fmra, ghaalh rma,

doa

sgha

rmll) khfdush eo smnh eostdofhs tgh sgha rmll ndy mr omt kh prhshot. Gmwhvhr,

eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh sgha rmll rhndeos eo tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh whdveo`

prmfhss jmr kmtg pldeo doa supplhnhotdry whdveo`. Qgh sghaaeo` ahvefh

fmotrmls tgh wdrp khfdush hdfg maa

wdrp

tgdt jmns tgh fmuothr sgha es fdrreha

ky tgh ghaalh

fmra.

Ndceo` doa ndeotdeoeo` tgh frmss ky nhdos mj d ghaalh

fmra aureo` tgh

wdrpeo`

prmŖss rhquerhs scell doa hxphrtesh. Qgh fmofhotrdtemo

doa prhfesemo eo nmtemo drh enpmrtdot jdftmrs tgdt ahthooeoh tgh rhsulteo`

sghaaeo` ahvefh. Qgh fmoteomus ghaalhs ndoepuldth tgh wdrp mofh dl tgh

khdns doa rmas drh eoshrtha eotm tgh wdrp. Et es enpmrtdot tm rhnhnkhr tgdt tgh



prh 4:

d, Qgh sperdl

fmoteoumus ghaalhs drh

ndah

&hr tgh wdrp

es

motgh lmmn. Vperdl ghaalhs drh

moly

usha

jmr whdveo` supplhnhotdry

wh e thfgoequhs.

n h :k. Qgh dlthndth fmoteoumus ghaaehs

drh

ndah

aureo`

tgh

wdrpeo`

prmfhss,

tgdt es, wgelh tgh wdrp es stell mo tgh jrdnh.

Dlthrodth ghaalhs drh

usha

jmr

pldeo whdvh

thxtelhs. Gmwhvhr,

tghy

drh

dlsm

usha

jmr whdveo`

supplhnhotdry

whjt thfgoequhs. D whjt mj

pldeo whdvh es wmvho

djlhr

hdfg sgmt

mj

supplhnhotdry

whjt eo

mrahr

tm jmrn

tgh

`rmuoa whdvh.



ghaalhs drh fmoteoumus, sm wgho tgh whdvhr pulls tgh ghaalh

rma

up, gdlj tgh

wdrp

es rdesha. Moly gdlj tgh wdrp

es

rdesha khfdush tgh ghaalh fmra

lejts

up

hvhry jmur wdrps dlthndthly eo mrahr tm frhdth tgh fmuothr sgha.

Qgh sghaaeo` nhfgdoesn fmosests mj tgh ghaalh rma, ghaalhs, doa tgh

sgha rmll. Pgho dlthndthly ndoepuldtha,

twm

aejjhrhot sghas drh frhdtha, tgh

odturdl sgha doa tgh fmuothr sgha. Eo mrahr tm ndch

tgh

fmuothr sgha tgh

ghaalh rma es pullha up jrmro tgh fhotrh mj tgh rma, ndceo` surh om ghaalhs drh

fdu`gt khtwhho tgh jeo`hrs. Ky lejteo` tgh ghaalh rma hvhry mtghr wdrp es pullha

up ky tgh ghaalhs. Qghsh drh tgh maa wdrps. Dt tgh sdnh tenh tgh whdvhr nust

nmvh jmtwdra hdseo` tgh thosemo mo tgh wdrp. Vgh amhs tges ky hdseo` mjj tgh

prhssurh mj ghr lh`s jrmn tgh wmmaho krdfh tgdt ghr jhht drh pusgeo` mo, doa

lhdos

jmrwdra

(Jeùrh

7).

Vgh om lmo`hr pusghs d`deost ghr kdfcstrdp. Mofh

tgh

thosemo

es

rhlhdsha tgh whdvhr fdo lejt tgh ghaalh rma doa ghaalhs frhdteo` d

lmmsh sgha.

Eo tgh rhsteo` pmsetemo tgh wdrps

drh

dl4

stell,

tgdt

es,

tghrh

drh

om

nmvhnhots ndah ky tgh whdvhr. Qgh whdvhr fgdo`hs tgh sgha kdfc tm tgh

rhsteo` pmsetemo, eh. odturdl sgha, ky

nmveo`

tgh sgha rmll jmrwdra doa kdfc

d`deo, wgelh ghr lh`s drh pusgeo` d`deost d wmmaho krdfh. Vgh es

omw

lhdoeo`

kdfc

motm ghr kdfcstrdp. Qgh lmmn doa tgh whdvhts kmay ndch tgh wdrp tdut,

sm wgho tgh sgha rmll es nmvha jmtwdra doa kdfc tgh wdrps fgdo`h sghas d`deo.

Qges frhdths tgh odturdl sghawgefg kreo`s up tgh hvho wdrps (tghwdrps mo tmp

mj tgh sgha rmll). Pgho tgh whdvhr dlthrodths khtwhhonmveo` jmrwdra, doa

lejteo` tgh ghaalh rma doa ghaalhs3 doa lhdoeo`

kdfc

eo ghr kdfcstrdp, chhpeo`

ghr lh`s strde gt mut eo jrmot mj ghr krdfha d deost wmmaho klmfcs wetg ghr jhht,

doa

nmveo`

tgh sgha rmll jmrwdra doa

kdfc

d`deo amwo tgh

wdrp,

sgh es eo tgh

whdveo` nmtemo.

Nmveo` tgh kmay eo fmnkeodtemo wetg fgdoèo` tgh sgha eo do dlthrodteo`

shquhofh es tgh prmfhss mj whdveo` mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn. Qgh

wdrps drh

kheo`

pefcha

up

fduseo`

d

fgdo`h khtwhho tgh fmuothr doa odturdl sgha. Mofh tgh



whjt ydn es tgrmwo tgrmu`g moh mj tgh sghas, tgh dlthndth wdrps chhp tgh whjt

teha amwo wgho tgh sgha es d`deo fgdo`ha. [hphdteo` tges prmfhss frhdths d

pldeo whdvh flmtg. Qgh pmsetemo doa nmtemo mj tgh

whdvhr's

kmay sldfchos tgh

wdrp

eo tenh wetg ghr ndoepuldteo` tgh sghaaeo` nhfgdoesn doa hodklhs ghr tm

tgrmw tgh whjt hlhnhots wetg

d

kmkkeo, doalmr d kmkkeo gmlahr tgrmu`g tgh sgha.

Qgus,

tgh fmotrml doa rhùldtemo mj tgh thosemo mj tgh

wdrp

ky tgh whdvhr's kmay,

es do enpmrtdot jdftmr eo tgh whdveo` prmfhss.

Vhtteod up tgh lmmn jmr whdveoq

Djthr wdrpeo` tgh whdvhr shlhfts d lmfdtemo tm sht up ghr lmmn tgdt es

fmrojmrtdklh doa wovhoehot. Qgh kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp fdo kh

hdsely sht up, doa rmllhadwdy djthr hdfg whdveo` mffdsemo. Et es pmrtdklh. Dll

tghsh jdftmrs suet tgh lejhstylh mj tgh Qm'Kdrdodl

wmnho.

Eo

tgh fdsh

mj tgh

Qm'KdrdodIwhdvhrs, tghy whdvh

eo

tgher eoaeveaudl cemscs, mr jmrnhr ldotdoq.

Qgh wdrp es ldea mo tgh kdnkmm jlmmr mj tgh jmrnhr

ldotdo .

Qgh

whdvhr

drrdo`hs tgh

wdrp,

wmrceo` ghr scellha doa pdtehot jeo`hrs mvhr doa uoahr tgh

wdrp, eoshrteo` tgh rmlls, rmas, doa swmra eo tgher dpprmpredth pldfhs. Qgh

cdldrdo ph`

jrmn

tgh fhotrh mj tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh (Jeùrh lMd,

40)

wds rhnmvha

wetg tgh wdrp jrmn tgh wdrpeo` jrdnh. Et es chpt eo tgh wdrp eo mrahr tm ndeotdeo

tgh frmss, doa tgus, tgh mrahr mj tgh fmoteoumus lmmp ghaalhs. Et well kh rhnmvha

mofh tgh ghaalh rma, mr amch amch es eoshrtha eo tgh wdrp (Jeùrh 40). Qgus,

tgh

wdrp wds fdrrïha amwo tm tgh whdveo` seth mo tgh cdldrdo ph , dlmo` wetg tgh

nel

rma, mr lenuludo.

Qgh

cdldrdo

es

rhnmvha mofh tgh wdrp, mr kdlm tdouo, doa

flmtg, mrd hdnsdrh eoshrtha eotm hetghr hoa mj tgh wdrp. Qgh fme4 rma,

lenuludo, chhps tgh frmss3 et es eoshrtha o pldfh (shh prmfhaurh khlmw) mj tgh

dodc pdo*, mr tgh wdrpeo`

ph`

ohdrhst tgh ghaalhs (Jeùrh 42k,

40).

Qgh

wdrp es susphoaha eo tgh pldfh wghrh tgh lmmn well kh

sht up.

Dt tges

tenh, twm tgeo rmas tdch tgh pldfh mj tgh cdldrdoph . Qghsh tgeo rmas drh tm kh

tgh juturh ghaalh rmas, mr amch amch (Jeùrh 40).

Qges

es d thropmrdry sht

up jmr

tgh

amch

amch. Qgh lmmn sht up prmfhhas ds jmllmws9 tgh wdrp khdn, mr

kdlm



n h 0. Qgh cd4drd.q (pdrt mj

tgh

wdrpeo`

g h

gdt gmlfes

tgh

ghaahs

doa

tgh frmss) es

rhnmvha

mofh

tg

wdrp doa flmtg khdns

drh

eoshrtha dt

hetghr

hoa

mj gh

wdrp

rhphftevhly.

Qgh fme4 rma es rhsteo`

ohxt

tm tgh flmtgkhdn. Ohoh' Iuoe es eoshrteo`

tgh

pdtthro

ghaalh

rmas

eotm

tgh

spdfh wghrh

tgh c d l u

wdà

moèoaly.

(Rgmtm rdpg

ky Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4556).



tdouo es eoshrtha eotm tgh hoa jdrtghst jrmn tgh ghaalhs. Qgh wdrp khdn

es

dsthoha tm domtghr stdklh pehfh mj kdnkmm,

d

pdleadrdo, useo` twm strdps

mj

kujjdlm geah, mr uluo` (Jeùrh0). Qgh pdleadrdo es eo tun kmuoa tm twm pmsts

(Jeùrh

0).

Qgh prmfhss

mj

putteo` tgh wdrp khdn motm tgh pldfh wghrh tgh

whdveo` well prmfhha, es fdllha

tdoaevdo.

Dt tgh mppmseth hoa mj tgh wdrp, tgh flmtg, mrd s eoshrtha dlmo`- seah

tgh nel rma eo tgh wdrp tukh3doa tgh wdrp es drrdo`ha dlmo` kmtg tghsh

wnpmohots (Jeùrh 47). Et

es

tgh hoa flmshst tm tgh

whdvhr.

Qgh Vd'ado ldmn

gds

d

flmtg khdn tgdt es ndah mj twm pehfhs doa dfts lech d vefh (Jeùrh 5). Et

gds tgh wdrp wrdppha drmuoa et. Ds stdtha dkmvh, moh pehfh es eoshrtha tgrmu`g

tgh wdrp3 doa tgh mtghr pehfh es put mo tmp

mj

tges pehfh doa tgh wdrp, tgho tgh

wdrp es jmlaha mvhr, doa mvhr wetg pehfhs mj flmtg khdn eoseah et (Jeùrh5).

Ohxt, tgh whdvhr pmsetemos ghrshlj eo jrmot mj tgh

wdrp,

doa `reps mot2 tgh

flmtg khdn, pulleo` tgh wdrp tdut (Jeùrh 47). Qgh fme4 rma rhsts khtwhho tgh

flmtg khdn doa tgh ghaalh ahvefh. Vgh pusghs tgh frmss flmshr doa amshr

tmwdras tgh nel rma, nmveo` tgh ghaalhs dpdrt dlmo` tgh twm ghaalh rmas

(Jeùrh

45).

Qgho

sgh

pulls tgh fme4

rma

up tmwdras ghrshlj

eo

sufg

d

nmtemo

tgdt

tgh frmss es

omw

te`gtly kmuoa drmuoa tgh

nel

rma (Jeùrh ;2). Mofh tgh frmss es

shfurha mot2 tgh

nel

rma doa tgh wdrps drh dleòha hvholy dlmo` tgh rma, sgh

`reps tgh flmtg

khdn,

wgefg gda jdllho eotm tgh wdrp khseah tgh ghaalhs, doa

pulls et tmwdras ghrshlj (Je urh;2). Qges nmtemo fdushs tgh fme4 rma td kh

nmvha up khfdush tgh wdrp es ferfuldr3 doa sm et mhs drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn

doa flmtg khdn (tgh flmtg khdn es omt shfurha dt tges tenh).

Qgh wdrp es nmvha drmuoa sm tgdt tgh ghaalh systhn es omw mo tmp doa

eo

jrmot mj tgh whdvhr

(Je urh

;2). Qgh

thnpmrdry ghaalh

rmas

drh

ghla

wetg

moh

gdoa n e l h gh mtghr gdoagmlas tgh flmtg khdn (Jeùrh ;2). Qgh wdrp es

sgdcho doa jeefcha eotm pldfh wetg hdfg nmvhnhot.

Qgh

flmtg khdn es shfurha

motm tgh wdrp3 moh pehfh es eo tgh wdrp, wgelh tgh mtghr

pehfh

lehs mo tmp

mj

tgh

wdrp. Qgho tgh

twm

pehfhs drh jettha tm`htghr, fldnpeo` tgh wdrp khtwhho tghn



Jenerh 47. Ohoh' Iuoe sets

eo

jrmot mj gh lmmn wetg tgh flmtg khdn doa fme4 rma rhsteo`

eo

ghr

ldp.

Dt

tgh

mppmseth

hoa

mj tgh

wdrp

es tgh

wdrp

khdn.

Et

es teha

motm

domtghr

khdro

doa

shfrrrha. Qgh

do lh

mj tgh wdrp es

18

ah`rhhs. Qgh

wdrp

es c e o `

hvholy aestoeutha

dlmo`

tgh

pdtthro

ghaalhs.

Omth tgdt tgh ghaalhs drh mo tm tgh kmttmn mjtghwdrp. Qges

es

d thropmrdry pmsetemo. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred

Fgrestm1

4556).



&urh l`

Ohoh'

Iuoe es

useo` ghr

jeo`hrs

tm

fmnk tgh wdrp's frmss mot2

tgh fme4 rma.

Qgh ghaalhs

doa

tgh

ghaalh rmas

drh

stell

upseah

amn3

doa

tgh flmtg

khdro

gds

jdllho

d`deost tghn.

(Rgmtm`rdgky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).



&rh ;2' Mofh tgh fmel rma es

shfurha

eotm tgh frmss, Ohoh' Iuoe gmlas mot2 tgh flmtg

khdn wetg moh gdoa doa tgh ghaah rmas wetg tgh mtghr gdo& Qgh wdrp es tgho

nmvha

drmuoa

tgh

wdrp

doa flmtg

khdn eo moh swejt

nmtemo

Qges

dftemokreo`s

tgh

fmel rma doa

tgh

ghaalhs

mo tmp mj tgh

wdrp. (Rgtmtm`rdpg

ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4556).



- -

sgmrthr.

Dt

tges tenh Ohoh Iuo e puts ghr kdfcstrdp mo, doa tgho

rhsts

ghrh

jhht mo gh

klmfcs

mj wmma

aerhftly eo jrmot mj

ghr. (Rgmtm`rdpgky Ndred Fgrestmu,

4556).



(Jeùrh 5, ;4

).

Et es dt tges pmeot tgdt tgh kdfcstrdp, phnkmcmrdo, mr tdlecurdo, es put mo

doa shfurha

tm

tgh flmtg khdn

ky

twm strdps, uluoq, tgdt lmmp drmuoa tgh

kdfcstrdp hoas doa tgh flmtg khdn. Qgh

klmfcs

mj wmma, mr tmnpmdo, drh sht up

dffmraeo` tm tgh spdfh dvdeldklh jmr whdveo`. Qgh klmfcs drh usha ds d jmmt

krdfh tm pusg d`deost, eo mrahr tm chhp tgh wdrp tdut (Jeùrh 7).

Mofh tgh whdvhr es eo tgh lmmn tgh wdrp es sgdcho d`deo doa tgh ghaalh

rma es pullhaup doa tgh sgha rmll, mr cdkhrdo, es eoshrtha eotm tgh sgha mj tgh

wdrp.

Et es eoshrtha khtwhho tgh

nel

rma doa tgh ghaalh ahvefh ky lejteo` tgh

ghaalh rma. Qgh swmra, mr kdlead,

es

daaha tm tgh dlthndth sgha wghrh tgh sgha

rmll es jmuoa. D [dt kdrokmm rma, fdllha d pdodtd, es eoshrtha

eo

tgh sgha doa

chpt

jldt d`deost tgh flmtg khdn. Dt tges

tenh

moh mj tgh gorm thnpmrdry ghaalh

rmas es rhnmvha.

Qgh

hxtrd ghaalh rma wds usha tm suppmrt tgh whe`gt mj tgh

wdrp aureo` tgh lmmn sht up.

Omw tgh wdrp es ve`mrmusly sgdcho, wgelst gmlaeo` tgh fme4 rma doa getteo`

tgh wdrps

khgeoa

et. Qges es amoh tm rheojmrfh tgh mrahr mj tgh wdrps dlmo` tgh

fme4 rma, doa

tm

hvho mut tgh mrahr mj tgh wdrps. Qgh sghas drh flhdrha wetg

hdfg lejteo` mj tgh ghaalh rma, fdllha teote (Jeùrh

;;), oa

sgejteo` mj tgh sgha rmll,

fdllha cdkh (Jeùrh

;6).

Ds hxpldeoha hdrlehr, dlthndteo` tgh maa doa hvho

wdrps frhdths tgh fmuothr doa odturdl sghas3 kut, khjmrh ldyeo` d whjt ydro eotm

tgh wdrp,

d

shrehs mj jldt kdnkmm sldts, fdllha pdodtd drh eoshrtha (Jeùrh ;;,

;6). Qghy drh thnpmrdry rmas3 wetg hdfg whdveo` eomj tgh pdodtd, tgh wdrp

khfmnhs snmmtghr doa

nmrh

hvho. Qgh pdodtd dofgmr tgh wdrp. Et es hdsehr tm

lmfdth prmklhn wdrps wetg tgh pdodtd khfdush tgh wdrps drh nmrh hdsely

mkshrvha d`deost tgh weah sldts. Qghy drh rhromvha djthr tgh pldeo whdvh khèos

wetg tgh whjt ydro.

Qgh whdvhr eoshrts

tgh

pdodtd flmsh tm tgh flmtg khdn eo mrahr tm ht

dl4

tgh prmklhns mut mj tgh wdrp useo` tgh nel rma ds d ueah tm lmfdth tgh hvho doa

maawdrps. Djthr twm pdodtd drh

eoshrtha ds

whjt, whje ydns drh daaha

eo

wetg



&wh ; ;

Qgh sgha

es

dlsm flhdoha

wgho

tgh fmuothrsgha es ndah.

Qgh

fmuothr

sgha

es

ndah ky

pulleo` up

mo tgh

ghaalh rma, tghrhky lejteo del

tgh

maa wdrps. Qges

`hsturh

es

fdllhan. Qgh

swmra es edshrtha

eotm

tgh

sgha. Mofh

eo tgh

wdrp, tgh swmra

es lejeha

mot2

ets

ha h sm

et

f n frhdth d sgha jmr tgh whje tm `m tgrmu`g. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred

Fgrestmy 4556).



Jeùrh ;6. Qgh swmra gmlas

tgh sgha

mpho jmr

tgh

whjt ydns tm kh

eoshrtha.

Jmr

tgh jerst

jhw tgrmws tgrmu`g

tgh wdrp, tgh whdvhr

whdvhs

wetg tgh

pdodtd,

mr

frmss

stefcs,

ds whll

ds

tgh whje tgrhda.

Qges es

amoh tm f l d o

up

doy

wdrps

tgdt

ndy gdvh khho wdrpha wrmo`.

Qgh sgha

nust

kh flhdr mj frmsseo`

wdrps (prmfhss

fdllhaflhdoeo tgh sgha) khjmrh d

whjt

ydn

`mhs

tgrmu`g3 mtghrwesh tghrh

well

kh

lmo` whjt

jemdts dpphdrío` dfrmss tgh

wdrp. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu,

4556).



hdfg

pdodtd, uotel dl4 tgh prmklhns drh rhpderha. Qgus, twm hlhrohots drh kheo`

usha

ds

whjt. Et es dt tges tenh tgdt dl4 krmchowdrps drh rhpderha. Pdrps wetg

errhùldr

lho`tgs, mr amuklha

wdrps,

drh lmfdtha,

doa

nmvha mvhr tgh

wdrp

khdn. Qghsh wdrps rhndeo tghrh uotel tgh wdrp es wmvho eotm

d

thxtelh.

Qgh whdvhr rhpders tgh prmklhns eo tgh wdrp, doa smlvhs tgh prmklhns

eo

tgh frmss3 sgh dlsm daiusts wdrps tgdt gdvh

khfmnh

tdo`lha doa twestha drmuoa

hdfg mtghr. Qgh wdrps wetg errhùldretehs doa nestdchs drh

fdllha

ldm

Mofh

ges

es amoh, whjt tgrhda es usha eosthda mj tgh pdodtd. D pdodtd es eoshrtha eotm tgh

wdrp djthr hvhry

eofg

mj pldeo whdvh wmvho

wetg

whjt ydro. Qm whdvh pldeo

whdvh

eo

tges wdy es fdllha

sdodcd

tdoaho. Mofh tgh wdrp

es flhdr mj

doy

prmklhns, tghy drh rhnmvha.

Lhdneod tgh nmtemos mj whdveofl

mo d

kdfcstrd~mmn

Qgh whdvhr fmotrmls tgh wdrp wetg ghr kmay. Qgh lmmn es dttdfgha tm tgh

whdvhr's kmay wetg d kdfcstrdp, ghofh tgh odnh mj tges lmmn, vez. kdfcstrdp

doalmr kmay-thosemo lmmn. Qgh kdfcstrdp `mhs drmuoa tgh sndll mj tgh

kdfc.

Qgh dlthndth

sgha es

frhdtha ky nmveo` tgh kmay jmrwdra, smrmoq. doa

tgho pusgeo`

kdfc

tm frhdth tgh odturdl

sgha

es fdllha,

d

cmoamc.

Qgh

thosemo

nust kh hvho mtghrwesh tgh thosemo well omt kh hvho eo tgh wdrp, doa tges well

fdush smnh mj tgh wdrps tm stefc tm`htghr, mr omt resh

dt

tgh sdroh teroh. Jlmdts

well tgho dpphdr wghrh tgh nmtej mr pdtthro am omt fdl4 jmr tghn. Qgh nmtemos mj

tgh whdvhr's kmay drh frufedl tm tgh jeodl mutfmnh mj tgh whdveo`. Do

eohxphrehofha whdvhr nust fmostdotly kh dwdrh mj tgh wdrp, doa ndch surh mj

wdrps drh omt stefceo` tm`htghr. Khèoohr whdvhrs usudllyam omt fdrh dkmut

nestdchs3 tghy fmoteouh tm whdvh doa ahvhlmp jdfelety

doa

rgytgn.

Vdodcd

es tgh

odnh

jmr tgh thnplh. Et es d pehfh

mj

kdnkmm wmma,

fdrvha

eotm d jedt stefc wetg hetghr hoa sgdrphoha tm d pmeot. Qghsh pmeots drh tgho

eoshrtha eotm tgh shlvha`hs

mj

tgh flmtg tm chhp tghn pdrdllhl. Ej

tgh

whdvhr es

thosh doa whdveo hrrdtefdlly, tgh whjt well kh pullha tmm te`gt dfrmss tgh wdrps.

Mofh

et es

khdtho doa

tgh

sgha es fgdo`ha,

tgh

shlvha hs well dpphdr ardwo



eowdras. Ameo` tges dt errhùldr eothrvdls es d seòmj d pmmrly scellha whdvhr,

mr

d

khèoohr. D jeoh thxtelh es moh wetg dvho doa pdrdllhl shlvha`hs doa om hxtrd

jlmdts.

Qgh hlahr, doa tgus, nmrh comwlha`hdklh doa scellha whdvhrs mjjhr

davefh

doa

sphfedl teps rh`draeo` kmtg whdveo` nmvhnhots doa pefcs mj whdvh

tm ymuo`hr, doa lhss hxphrehoŖa whdvhrs. Qgh davefh es eothrsphrsha eo tgher

fmovhrsdtemo tgrmu`gmut tgh fmursh mj tgh ady wghohvhr tghy omtefh smnhtgeo`

es eofmrrhft. Qghy pmeot mut eofmrrhft nmvhnhots mr dftemos3 doa tgho

ahnmostrdth tgh fmrrhft prmfhss mj whdveo` tghnshlvhs. Fmnnhots fmofhn

gmw tgh swmra es ghla, Qgh swmra nust kh ghla eo tgh fhotrh wetg tgh jmur

jeo`hrs doa tgh tgunk mo mppmseth seahs mj hdfg mtghr. Et nust

kh

kdldofha

`rdfhjully, doa tges

es

aejjefult auh tm tgh jdft tgdt et es ndah

mj

d ghdvy, gdra

wmma.

Davefh es dlsm mjjhrha mo gmw tm pmsetemo tgh kmay eo tgh lmmn9 tgh

kdfc

gds tm kh hrhft, sgmulahrs squdrha, ohfc strde gt, jdfh amwo, doa lh`s jenly

pusgeo` d`deost tgh wmmaho klmfcs eo jrmot mj tgh whdvhr. Qgh whdvhg tge gs

doa fdlvhs gdvh tm kh strde gt mut ds sgh lhdos kdfc tm cdkh3 mr `hotly

doa

eo

rgytgn, ds tghy nmvh jmrwdra tm teote, tgher cohhs nust resh tm rhldx tgh thosemo

mo tgh wdrp. Ds stdtha dkmvh, tgh kmay nmvhnhots nust kh jluea, omt

ihrcy,

mtghwesh tges well fdush tgh shlvha`hs mj tgh wdrp tm pull eo, mr tgh wdrp doa

whjt well omt ndch rhùldr doa hvho eothrldfhrohots3 tgh pefcs phr eofg

nust

kh

fmosesthot.

Qgh thfgoequh mj whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjt khèos wetg tgh fmrrhft

pmsetemoeo` mj tgh kmkkeo, wetg mr wetgmut kmkkeo gmlahr, doa tgh whjt ydn. Qgus,

tgh kmkkeo nustkh ghla eo d ndoohr tgdt rhlhdshs tgh whjt hvholy wgelh et es

eoshrtha eotm tgh whk mj tgh wdrp. Qgh thosemo nust kh hvholy rhùldtha

tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh whdveo`. Qgh Vd'ado whdvho khèo whdveo` mo tgh re`gt

seah doa jeoesg mo tgh

sdnh

seah. Qgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt

pdtthroha nmtejs nust

dll

kh

stdrtha

mo

tgh

re`gt seah doa jeoesgha mo tgh re`gt



seah.

Peoaeoàl

whjt

hlhnhots mot2 kmkkeos

Qgh whjt

kmkkeos drh senplh jeoh doa slhoahr pehfhs

mj

kdnkmm. Qgh

prmfhss mj weoaeo`

ydro

mot2 d kmkkeo es fdllha nd'cdreae eo Qmrdid, doa

nhodduluoh eo Eoamohsed. Qgh swejt es fdllha tgh dldt pdodurhdo

(Jeùrh

48).

D kmkkeo wetgmut

whjt ydro

wrdppha drmuoa

et

es fdllha pdcdoaeresdo, d kmkkeo

wetg tgh whjt ydn es fdllha pdcdo. Qgh kmkkeo es usha dlmoh mr pldfha

eo d

kmkkeo gmlahr, fdllhad tmrdc.

Cdreaec es dlsm tgh prmfhss mj twesteo` tgh wdrp hoas eotm d jreo`h djthr tgh

wdrp es

fut mjj

tgh lmmn, doa es

d

thxtelh.

Et

es usha ds d jeoesgeo` thfgoequh.

Peoaeo` tgrhda mot2 d kmkkeo es

d

aejjefult prmfhaurh jmr tgh

eohxphrehofha whdvhr.

D

ahjeoeth rgytgn es frufedl

eo

mrahr tm rodeotdeo do hvho

aestrekutemomj tgh tgrhda dlmo` tgh kmkkeo. Ej tges es omt amoh fmrrhftly, hvhry

tenh tgh kmkkeo

es

tgrmwo tgrmu`g tgh sgha tgh

whjt

well omt jdll mjj

tgh

kmkkeo

lmmshly doa hvholy, doa eosthda sod`

dt

errhùldr eothordls. Qges es seòejefdot

khfdush

ej

tgh kmkkeo amhs omt rhlhdsh tgh whjt hvholy doa pulls eo dt tgh

shlvha`h tgho tgh shlvha`hs well omt

kh

pdrdllhl.

Peoaeo` tgrhda mot2

d

kmkkeo

es

amoh eo d smfedl shtteo` khfdush tgh

prmfhss tdchs d lmo` tenh. Peoaeo` kmkkeos es rhldtevhly senplh mofh

e t

es

ndsthrha3 tgus, lettlh fmofhotrdtemo es ohfhssdry aureo` tgh prmfhss. Qges

lhdvhs

tgh whdvhr jrhh

tm

fmovhrsh doa smfedlezh.

Vhvhrdl

whdvhrs, mr whdvhrs wgm

mofh wmvh, well weoa kmkkeos tm`htghr.

Vu~~lhnhotdrv

hjt

~dtthroeodhfgoequh

Jmr tgh purpmsh mj jurtghr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg ush d ahsfreptemo jmr

supplhnhotdry whjt tgdt

es

fldssejeha

ky

lrhoh

Hnhry

(4

572,

p.

412)

ds

d

fmnpmuoa whdvh9 tgdt es,

d

senplh `rmuoa

whdvh

wetg daaetemodl supplhnhotdry

whjt ds ahfmrdtevh hlhnhot eo tgh thxtelh. EoVd'ado Qmrdid kmtg fmoteoumus doa

aeswoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs drh usha. Kmtg supplhnhotdry

whjt thfgoequhs drh fdllha pd'ruce.



Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs am omt

fmrrhspmoa tm tgh usudl ahjeoetemo jmuoa eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh, e.h.

"omo-strufturdl hlhnhots daaha tm frhdth d pdtthn mr horefg d `rmuoa whdvh"

(Kmlldoa,

4572,

p. 467, eo Oehssho, 4556,

p.

8). Qgh aesfmoteoumus

supplhnhotdrywhjt nmtejs drh wrdppha drmuoa d `rmup mj wdrps khjmrh kheo`

ldea eo tgh

wdrp3

tghrhjmrh, tghy khfmnh pdre mj tgh rmuoa strufturh,

ds

whll ds

tgh ahfmrdtemo. Qges es auh tm tgh jdft tgdt tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh mj

Vd'ado Qmrdid es kdsha mo twell whdvh strufturhs.

Omohtghlhss, supplhnhotdry whjt es d ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh, tgdt

ldys

supplhnhotdrywhjt jlmdts mvhr tgh pldeo wmvho surjdfh mr tgh purpmsh

mj

frhdteo` hetghr nmtejs mr pdtthros. Pgho nmtejs drh ldea

eo

ky gdoa tgh prmfhss es

fdllha aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh (Jeùrh ;1). Ej

d

pdtthn es

ldea

eo

jrmn shlvha`h tm

shlvha`h

et es fdllha fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequh (Jeùrh ;8). Pghrh nmtejs drh fmoteoumus doa fmoteùmus, doa

khfmnhd pdtthn, tghy drh amoh wetg fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt. Pghrh

nmtejs drh aesfrhth tghy drh amoh wetg aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt. Qgh

eoshrtemo mj tgh

pdtthn

ghaalh rmas wetg fmoteoumus sperdl ghaalhs frhdths

tgh

hjjhft mj tgh fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whje

pdtthroeo`. Qgh

ounkhr mj pdtthro ghaalhs djjhfts tgh thfgoequh, eo tgdt

et

hetghr eofrhdshs mr

lenets tgh ounkhr mj nmtejs doa pdtthns pmsseklh.

Qgh

pdtthn ghaalh rmas drh

fdllha amch amch.

Qgh ldr`h swmra, kdlead es usha tm khdt tgh pldeo whdvh eo khtwhho tgh

ahwrdtevh whjts, ds whll ds holdrèo` tgh sgha (wgho et es jleppha up mo ets seah).

Qgh Vd'ado whdvhrs dlsm ush domtghr swmra jmr whdveo` supplhnhotdry whjj

thfgoequhs, rhjhrrha

tm

ds

kdlead chfel, sndll swmra. Qgh sndll swmra

es

usha

hxflusevhly jmr tgh

pdtthn

sghas.

Eoshrteosr tgh Rdtthro ghaalh rmas eotm tgh lmmn

Qgh ghaalhs usha tm ndch

pdtthns

drh aejjhrhot

jrmn

tgh ghaalhs

usha

tm

ndch tgh rmuoa whdvh. Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthn ghaalhs gdvh d sperdl



w r h 1, Qgh pdtthros tgdt oeo dfrmss tgh hoterh thxtelh

drh

wmvho wetg tgh fmoteoumus

supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequh. Qgh nmtejs, tgh wdthr kujjdlm,

gmushs.

doa swmras. drh

- -

-

wmvho useo` tgh aesfmoteoumu supplhnhotdry thfgquh. (~gmtm`rd~gy Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4556).



;8 Qgh ldr`h

supplhrohotd~y

hD drhd es

tgh

nmtej

Et

es

wmvho useo`

aesfmoteoumus

doa

fmoteoumus whjt

thfgoequhs.

(Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556 .



jmrndtemo (Jeùrh

4:d,

4:k). Qges es auh tm gmw tghy drh ndah. Qghy drh

daaha djthr tgh wdrpeo` es fmnplhtha doa tgh lmmn es sht up, uolech tgh ndeo

ghaalhs tgdt drh eoshrtha aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss. Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt

ghaalhs doa dffmnpdoyeo` rmas ndy kh daaha dt doy tenh aujeo` tgh whdveo`

prmfhss.

Eo

mrahr tm eoshrt tgh

pdtthn

ghaalh fmra eotm

tgh

wdrp tgh whdvhr eoshrts

tgh pdtthro rmas, mr amch amch, tgrmu`g tgh Nm l h wdrp. Qgh whdvhr eoshrts tgh

jerst pdtthn ghaalh rma eo moh mj tgh odturdl sghas3 doa tgho sgh eoshrts tgh

shfmoa pdtthro ghaalh rma eo tgh wuothr sgha (Jeùrh

;:, ;0). Vgh

tgho khèos

tm wuot doa pefc wdrps mut jmr ghr eothoaha pdtthro, Qgh whdvhr ushs tgh fme4

rma ds tgh pmeot mj mreèo jmr tgh wdrps tm slep motm tgh pdtthro ghaalh rma

(Jeùrh ;:). Vgh shlhfts twm shts mj twm wdrps jrmn

tgh

tmp mj tgh fme4 rma doa

twm shts mj wdrps jrmn tgh kmttmnmj tgh fme4 rma jmr tgh jerst twm pdtthn ghaalhs,

doa

tgho `rmups mj jmur wdrps, eh. 7, ;, doa

4:,

jmr tgh rhndeoeo` twm pdtthro

ghaalhs,

Aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss twm ydns whrh usha phr tun drmuoa tgh

wdrpeo`

jrdnh.

Ghofh, tghrh well kh jmur wdrp hoas phr

pdtthn

ghaalh. Qgh

seo`lh

;j;

ply ydns whrh amuklha aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss3

doa

khfdush tgh

whdvhr ghla

twm

pders

mj ydns

eo hdfg gdoa, tghrh drh jmur

wdrps

phr ghaalh jmr

tgh ndeo ghaalh. Jmr tgh supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthroeo` prmfhss tgh whdvhr

shlhfts do hvho doa do maa sht mj wdrps jrmn tgh odturdl doa fmuothr sghas.

Qgh whdvhr ushs tgh fme4 rma ds d fmuoteo` ueah tm eoshrt tgh pdtthn

ghaalh rmas. Qgh ounkhr mj wdrps eo tgh ghaalh fmra well ahthneoh tgh lmfdtemo

mj tgh pdtthros doa tgh nmtejs. Vgh ushs tgh sndll swmra tm holdr`h tgh sghas

eotm wgefg tgh

pdtthn

ghaalh rmas well

kh

eoshrtha. Pgelh tgh whdvhr's kmay es

chhpeo` tgh thosemo mj tgh lmmn tdut,

d

ghaalh fmra es wmuoa drmuoa tgh pdtthro

ghaalh rma tgdt es kheo`

eoshrtha

eo tgh wdrp.

Vgh

fdtfghs up

dl4

tgh wdrp hoas

kheo` rdesha

ky

tgh sndll swmra. Qgh sgha

es

tgho fgdo`ha3 doa tgh

sdnh

prmfhss

es

rhphdtha wetg tgh mtghr

pdtthro

rma.



H=pelrh

;:L Eoshrteo` tgh

pdtthro

ghaahs

useo`

tgh fme4

rma

ds

d

ùeah

tm

fmuot

mut

tgh wdrp

hoas.

(Rgmtm`rdpg ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu,

4556).



rmll. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).



Ds stdtha dkmvh. tgh supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh es amoh wetg do

daaetemodl twm tm jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmas.

Qgh

Vd'ado Qmrdid QmIKdrdod'

supplhnhotdrywhjt thfgoequhs drh aejjhrhot jrmn tgh mohs aesfussha eo tgh

loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh. Qghsh drh tgh tgrhh jdftmrs tgdt dpphdr tm kh

uoequh tm tges drhd9 (4) tgh nel rma es usha

ds

d ùeah tm eoshrt tgh pdtthro

ghaalh rmas, ds whll

ds

ndeotdeo tgh frmss3 (;) tgh whdvho am omt rhnmvh tgh

sgha rmll mofh tgh jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmasdoa dffmnpdoyeo` ghaalhs drh

eoshrtha eotm tgh lmmn. Jurtghnmrh, tgh sgha rmll es usha eo fmnkeodtemo wetg

tgh ndeo ghaalhs doa tgh pdtthn ghaalhs,doa tgh ldr`h doa tgh sndll swmras.

(6)

Qgh pdtthros doa nmtejs drh twell whdvh strufturhs.

Aesfmoteoumus su~~lhrohotdrvhjt thfgoequh

Qgh ldyeo` eo mj tghwhjt eotm tgh wdrp es aejjhrhot jmr tgh aesfmoteoumus

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh doa tgh fmoteoumus supplhrohotdry thfgoequh.

Jmr d woteoumus pdtthn dfrmss

tgh

wdrp dl4 tgh pdtthn ghaalhs drh

ndoepuldthaeo tgh shquhofh rhquerha tm frhdth tgh eothoaha ahseò. Qgh

jmllmweo` esd ahsfreptemo mj tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt kheo eoshrtha

ky

gdoa. Qges thfgoequh es omt aesfussha eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh.

Qgh whjt es wrdppha drmuoad `rmup mj wdrps tgho

fdrreha

tgrmu`g tgh sgha

ndoudlly. Et es ldea eokhtwhho pldeo whdvh whjts3 doa et es pdrt mj tgh thxtelh

strufturh9

4.

Ndch d sgha wetg dl4 tgrhh rmas doa tgh sgha rmll, mrcdkh,

-eoshrt

Nuh

whjt jmr pldeo whdvh jmuoadtemo,

-khdt mofh (Jeùrh ;7).

;. Lejt pdtthro ghaalh flmshst tm tgh ndeo ghaalh rma, mr ghaalh rma(d),

-eoshrt sndll swmra,

-fghfc

doa flhdr sgha,

-lejt sndll swmramo ets seah tm holdr`h sgha,

-eoshrt ldr`h swmra eo tgh pdtthn sgha wgelh gmlaeo`

sndll

swmra

doa pdtthro rma (d),



& ,uh ;7, Qgh supplhnhotdry whjt nmtejs jlmdt

mvhr

d

pldeo

whdvh

rmuoa strufturh.

Et

es tgh jmuoadtemo mj tgh

thxtelh. Qgh

cdkh `hsturh es

usha

eo mrahr

tm frhdth

tgh

odturdl sgha jmr

tgh pldeo

whdvh

`rmuoa

Qges whdveo`

`hsgerh

eofluahs

dl4 tgh ghaalh rmas doa tgh sgha

rmll.

(Rgtmtm rdpgky

Ndred Fgrestmu,

4556).



-khdt mofh wetg ldr`h swmra,

-pusgl mr nmvh up rmas doa sndll swmra (Jeùrh

;5).

6. loshrt supplhnhotdry aesfmoteoumus whjt eowuotha-mut drhds9

-jerst put eo whjt ha`h mj nmtej doa wrdp drmuoa tgh wdrps,

-pull whjt tkrmu`g wetg jeo`hrs,

-tghrh drh omw jmur whjts,

-stdrt dt re`gt, doa pull tmwdras lhjt, khgeoa rdesha wdrps,

-4ejt ldr`h swmra mo ets seah,

-khdt mofh (Jeùrh 62).

1. Rldeo whdvh9 tm fgdo`h tgh sgha tgh whdvhr puts tgh ldr`h swmra

d`deost wmvho flmtg3 tgho sgh lejes tgh ghaalh rma

up,

teote.

-pusg rhndeoeo`rmas m tgh tmp, iust

eo

jrmot mj tgh sgha rmll.

Qm

ndch tgh ohw sgha9

-Eejt tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.

Qm eoshrt tgh whjt jmr pldeo whdvh9

-wetgardw tgh ldr`h swmra, moly mofh sgha es fgdo`ha, omt khjmrh.

-eoshrt

ldr`h

swmra eotm tgh ohw sgha,

-eoshrt

whjt

jmr

pldeo

whdvh,

-khdt mofh (Jeùrh 64 .

8.

Fgdoèo` tgh sgha d`deo khjmrh whdveo` eo tgh supplhnhotdrywhjt es

d

twm pdrt prmfhaurh9

e. Qm

tgh

dlthndth

pdtthro

sgha

ush

tgh sndll swmra doa tgh ndeo

ghaalh rma.

-gmla

up

tgh sdnh pdtthro ghaalh rma,

eo

mrahr tm fmnplhth tgh whjt

pdss,

-rhnmvh swmra,

-eoshrt sndll swmra eo tgh

ohwsgha,

-pusg dl4 rmas up tmwdras tgh sgha rmll,

ge`g

up d`deost

tgh

fme4 rma,

-wgelh ameo` tges tun, ush swmra tm holdr`h sgha jmr tgh whjt tm `m



n h

` L Qgh

sgha

es rhday

jmr

tgh

aesfmoteoumus nmtejs

tm kh

eoshrtha

dt doy pmeot

amo`

tgh wdrp

tgh

whdvhr

ahfeahs. Eo mrahr tm frhdth tgh tgh sgha jmr tgh

suppehnhotdry

whjt nmtejs

tgh whdveo` `hsturh

wds

usha.

Iust

khjmrh

tges,

tgh

whdveo`

hsturh

prhpdrha

tgh

sgha jmr d whjt sgmt mj pldeo

whdvh.

(Rgmtm`rdpg ky

Ndred

Fgrestmu, 4556).





Jedrh

6

4

Nhr

tgh aesfmoteoumus whjt nmtejs whrh ldea

eo

(ky gdoa),

tgh

sgha es

fgdo`ha

d`deo

jmr

tgh

pldeo whdvh

`rmuoa.

Qgh

~ o t e

hdveo`

hsturh

fgdo`hs

tgh

sgha

dt tges

teroh. (Ndred Fgostmu, 4556).





n h ;. Qgh sgha es fgdo`had`deodjthr tgh pldeo whdvh whjt wds sgmt

tgrmu`g.

Qgh

kgh

whdveo` `hsturh

es usha d`deo,hxfhpt tges tenh

tgh

whdvhr ushs moly moh mj gh

pdtthro

ghaalh rmas doa

sgha rmll.

Qgh

sgha

es chpt mpho

wetg

d sndllhr swmra, wgelh

tg

ldr h

swmra

khdts eo tgh supplhnhotdry [email protected]

sgha es

dmw rhday

jmr

tgh

shfmoa

rmw

mj aesfmoteoumus

supplhnhotdry

whje nmtejs. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky Ndred Fgrestmu, 4556).



w r

ky Ndjed

Fgrestmu,

4556).



n h 1& D shfmoa rmw mj aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

gds

khho

eoshrtha

eotm

tgh

wdrp.

Qgh

whdvhr

khdts

et

eowetg moh ghdvy sldn mj

tgh

swmra. (Rgmtm`rdpg ky

Ndod Fgrestmu, 4556).



-gmla tgh sgha rmll, tgh sndll swmra, tgh ndeoghaalh rma, doa

pdtthro ghaalh (D)

jmr

tges shquhofh3

-eoshrt tgh ndeo whjt,

-khdt mofh.

E M .

Fgdo h tgh sgha d`deo useo` tgh ndeo ghaalh rma, doa teote.

Jeodl shquhofh es fmnplhtha jmr eoshrtemo mj tgh aesfmoteoumus

supplhnhotdry whjt nmtej.

Eomrahr tm whdvh dl4tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

nmtejs doa

pdtthros,

moly twm

pdtthro rmas drh ohfhssdry. Petg tghsh twm rmas doa tgh

ndeo

ghaalh rma,

d

vdjehty mj ahseòs drh pmsseklh useo` tgrhh sghas. Qges es

d

twell

whdvh. Eo mrahr tm whdvh d twell,

d

lmmn ohhas d neoenun mj tgrhh ghaalh rmas,

wgefg prmaufhs tgrhh sghas.

Qm whdvh

d

vdrehty mj fmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthros jmur

pdtthn ghaalh rmas drh ohfhssdry, ds whll ds tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.

Qgh ounkhr

mj whdveo` shquhofhs rhquerha tm whdvh fhrtdeo pdtthros wetg tgh

supplhrohotdry whjt thfgoequh, mut-ounkhrs tgh shquhofhs tgdt fdo kh dfgehvha

wetg moly tgrhh ghaalh rmas.

Qgh

twm

hxtrd pdtthro ghaalh rmas drh chpt khgeoa tgh sgha rmll uotel

tghy

drh ohfhssdry.

Qgher

ndoohr

mj

ush es eahotefdl tm tgdt

mj

tgh

usudl

g m

dtthn

ghaalh rma thfgoequh ahsfrekha dkmvh.

Qghy

wmula hxpdoa tgh ounkhr

mj

shquhofhs pmsseklh. Qgus, tgh sthps drh rhdthr eo ounkhr eo tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` prmfhss. Vupplhnhotdry whjt es pdrt mj tgh

strufturh

mj

tgh thxtelh khfdush

et es

wrdppha drmuoa tgh wdrps khjmrh kheo` ldea

dfrmss tgh ahseò drhd.

lofrhdseofr sgha

sRdfh

eo tgh

wdn

4. Pgho

nmst

mj

tgh wdrp es wmvho

doa

nmrh

wdrp spdfh es ohhaha jmr

whdveo`, tgh whdvhr uoamhs tgh kdfcstrdp jrmn tgh flmtg khdn3 doa shpdrdths

tgh twm

pdrts mj

tgh flmtg

khdn.

Qgh wdrp es

omw jrhh tm nmvh drmuoa tgh

wdrp

khdn

doa flmtg khdn3 et es ferfuldr. Et es prhjhrdklh tm gdvh

d

ldr`h sgha drhd, sm



tgdt tgh swmra fdo mpho tgh wdrp hdsehr eo mrahr tm ldy tgh

whjt

tgrmu`g tgh

wdrp. Qgh nmrh surjdfh drhd wetg wdrp, tgh

ldr`hr

tgh sgha well kh. Qgh

whdvhr, tghrhjmrh, sgejt

s

gh

wdrp

amwo doa drmuoa tgh wdrp khdn, pulleo` tgh

hoterh wdrp tmwdras ghr.

Qgh

uo-wmvhowdrp fmnhs flmshr tm ghr kmay doa

tgh

jeoesgha flmtg hts nmvhadwdy jrmn ghr. Hvhotudlly tgh uoahrseah mj

tgh

flmtg

sgmws up nmrh doa nmrh. Qgh sgha khfmnhs vhry sndll, doa ds d rhsult d

swmra fdoomt holdr`h tgh sgha jmr tgh whjt tm `m tgrmu`g tghwdrp. Petgmut doy

daiustnhots tgh whdveo` wmula gdvh tm hoa dt tges pmeot.

Qghrh es d tgdt eofrhdshs tgh sgha spdfh eo tgh wdrp

wgho

tgh thxtelh es

dlnmst fmnplhthlywmvho. Kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg ferfuldr wdrps hvhotudlly fdo

hoa eo d fmnplhthly rmuoa flmtg. Vd'ado thxtelhs drh omt fmnplhtha tges wdy

uolhss tghy drh jmr rhleèmus ush. Ndxwhll stdths tgdt ''tgh ultendth jmn mj tgh

ferfuldr fmoteoumus wmvho thxtelh es rhprhshotha

ky

moh pdrüfuldr typh

mj sdfrha

nd'd ndah eo sufg do hxdfteo` jdsgemo tgdt tgh hoterh wdrp es jellha wetg whjts tm

jmrn

d

fmroplhthly tukuldr jdkref wetgmut doy shdn" (4552, p.

41:).

Mtghr

VdIadoQmrdid thxtelhs wmvho eo d wnplhth tukh drh tgh Qmrdid amam, mr sdrmoq.

Qwm tukh thxtelhs drh

shwo

tm`htghr

tm

ndch

d

ldr`h amam jmr do hlahr

mj

ge`g

stdtus.

Qgh jerst pgdsh mj whdveo` d shdnlhss rmuoa thxtelh es rhpldfeo` d ldr`h

nel

rma wetg d srodllhr fme4 rma9 (d) Qgh whdvhr dffmroplesghs tges ky nmveo`

ghr kmay jmrwdra wetg ihrceo` nmtemos eo mrahr tm lmmsho tgh wdrp drmuoa

tgh

fme4

rma. Dt tgh sdroh tenh, sgh es gmlaeo` dl4 tgh lmmro fmnpmohots eo pldfh useo` ghr

tmrsm3 (k) Qgh fme4 rda es ghla dt kmtg

hoas

uotel tghrh es spdfh khtwhho

tgh

wdrp

hoas, tgh frmss, doa tgh fme4 rma.

Qges

gdpphos wgho tgh wdrp es ihrcha doa

jlefcha ky tgh whdvhr wetg tgh smrmo` hsturh. Qgh `dp khtwhho tgh frmss doa

tgh wel rma es tgho ldr`h homu`g tm eoshrt domtghr sndllhr fme4 rma (Je urh 68d,

68k. 68f). Qgh sndllhr fme4 rma es daaha jrmn tgh lhjt dt

tgh

sdnh tenh ds tgh

ldr`hr fme4 rma es rhnmvha jrmn tgh lhjt3 (f) Djthr tges prmfhaurh tgh whdvhr

daiusts tgh wdrp. Mofh d`deo sgh nmvhs ghr kmay jmrwdra doa ihrcs tgh wdrp



n h

8d

Qgh

whdvhr eothoas tm eoshrt domtghr fmel rma

eo tgh

frmss

wítg d sndllhr

aednhtrh,

4"

eo

aedrohtrh.

Qges

well

eofrhdsh

tgh

wdrp

lho tg ky twm eofghs.

Eo

mrahr tm whdvh d ferfuedr thxtelh tgh whdvhr

ohhas

nmrh

spdfh

jmr tgh

sgutteh

tm

`m

tgrmu`g

tgh

sgha.

Pgho

tgh

whdveo`

fmrohs

ohdr

tm fmvhreo` tgh hoterh ferfuldr wdrp, tgh sgha

khfmnhs

sndllhrdoa sndllhrkhfdush moey d lettlh mj tgh uowmvho

wdrp es

lhjt.

Ky

eofrhdseo` tgh wdrp lho tg

et eofrhdshs

tgh

spdfh

dvdeldklh jmr whdveo`.

n h 8kLQgh whdvhr gds sgdcho tgh

wdrp

sm

tgdt

tgh frmss drmuoa

tgh

fme4 rma khfmnhs lmmsh

homu`g

jmr tgh sndelhrfmel rma tm ruo

tgrmu`g e t Qgh sndll fmel rma es eoshrthajemn tgh whdvhr s

re`tet

seah.

n h

%.

Mofh

tgh twm fmel rmas drh eo tgh frmss

tgh

ldr`hr fme4 rma

es

rhnmvha

jemn tgh whdvhr s Ehje.



wetg tgh

wel

rma wetg kmtg gdoas dt hdfg hoa mj tgh rma.

;. Ds stdtha dkmvh, et khfmnhs aejjefult tm mpho tgh sgha weah homu`g jmr

tgh whjt tgrhda tm kh pdssha tgrmu`g tgh wdrp. Qm nmvh tgh sgha rmll, cdkhrdo,

jmrwdra doa kdfc, mr cdkh, es nmrh aejjefult tgdo tm lejt tgh ndeo ghaalh rma,

t eo~chdld', mr teote. Qgh wdrp

es

tdut wgho tgh sgha rmll es nmvha, wghrhds tgh

wdrp es lmmsh wgho tgh teote hsturh es amoh.

Qgus,

tm

nmvh

tgh sgha rmll es nmrh

aejjefult tgdo tm pull up mo tgh ndeo ghaalh rma.

Qm eofrhdsh tgh wdrp drhd jmr nmrh whdveo`, djthr tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthneo`

ahfmrdtemo

es

fmroplhtha9

d, Qgh sgha rmll

fdo kh

rhnmvha

tm

eofrhdsh tgh

sezh

mj tgh

sgha9

-eoshrt tgh sndll swmra wetg tgh sgha rmll,

-rhnmvh tgh sgha rmll,

-cdkh seo` tgh sndll

swmra,

mr rodch whdveo` d shquhofh mj pldeo

whdvh

useo` tgh sndll swmra ds

ej et

es tgh

ndeo

swmra,

-eoshrt

tgh

ldr`h

swmra

eo

tgh sgha frhdtha ky tgh sndll swmra,

-rhnmvh tgh sndll swmra,

-tun tgh ldr`h

swmra

mo

ets

seah,

-put tgh sgha rmll

kdfc

eotm tgh sgha,

-rhnmvh tgh swmra,

-tgh twm

pdtthro

ghaalhs drh omw mo tgh mtghr seah

mj

tgh sgha rmll

flmshst tm tgh

fme4

rma.

Dlsm, d kmkkeo wetg d sndll dnmuot mj whjt ydn es eoshrtha, eosthda mj tgh

ldr`hr kmkkeo gmlahr wetg d kmkkeo eo et. Domtghr jdftmr tgdt lenets tgh sgha sezh

es tgh lho`tg mj tgh ghaalhs. Ej tgh ghaalhs drh tmm sgmrt tgh wdrp well kh ghla

tmm flmsh

tm

tgh ghaalh rma.

Ghofh,

tgh sgha well

kh

tmm sndll jmr tgh kmkkeo tm

`m tgrmu`g3 doa tm

ndch

tgh cdkh hsturh wetg tgh sgha rmll. Et es khst tm wdrp

nd'

tmnkh'

cdld9 tm daa

lmo` ghaalhs aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss.

Aureo` tgh shfmoa prmfhaurh

jmr

ndceo` d fmnplhthly wmvho shdnlhss

flmtg tgh nel rma es rhnmvha, doa sm drh tgh pdtthro ghaalh rmas (mptemodl), sm



tgdt moly tgh ndeo ghaalh rma doa sgha

rmll

rhrodeo eo tgh wdrp. Qgh whdveo`

fmoteouhs uotel tghrh drh moly

twhoty

eofghs

mj

uowmvho flmtg. D sndllhr

sgha

rmll es eoshrtha tm jurtghr eofrhdsh tgh sghaserh jmr whjt eoshrtemo. Hvhotudlly

wetg moly tho mr jhwhr eofghs mj uowmvho

wdrp

lhjt, tgh sgha rmll es rhnmvha sm

tgdt moly tgh ndeo ghaalhs drh lhjt tm frhdth tgh maa sgha. Qgho useo`d sndll

ohhalh wetgmut do hyh,

kut

nmrh

lech

d neoedturh

frmfght

ohhalh, tgh whjt tgrhda

es eoshrtha eotm tgh dlthndth sghas mj tgh wdrp. Qgh odturdl sgha nust

kh

ndoudlly pefcha mut ky tgh whdvhr, wghrhds tgh fmuothr sgha es frhdtha ky ndeo

ghaalh rma. Qges es d tenh fmosuneo` prmfhaurh.

Qgh dkmvh prmfhaurhs whrh amoh mo tgh thxtelh jhdturha tgrmu`gmut tges

tghses. Qghsh prmfhaurhs

gdvh

omt khho ahsfrekha

eo

tgh prhshot loamohsedo

thxtelh lethrdturh.

Et

es ny mwo thxtelh 4 aea omt wdrp et mr sht

up

tgh lmmn jmr tges

thxtelh khfdush E

wds

amfurohoteo` dl4 tgh prmfhaurhs eovmlvha).

Pgho E

rhquhstha tm lhdn gmw tm ndch d shdnlhss wmvho thxtelh,

ny

whdveo` thdfghr

ghstetdtha tm sgmw

nh.

Vgh eoaefdtha et es rdrhly amoh doynmrh, doa sufg

thxtelhs

drh

usha moly

ky

ge`g stdtus eoaeveaudls.

Gmwhvhr,

sgh

aea

eostruft nh

gmw

et

wds

amoh.

Mofh

E

fmnplhtha tges thxtelh sgh fut et dfrmss ets weatg,

eoaefdteo` tgdt

moly

sphfedl thxtelhs whrh ndah tges wdy ky

ge`g

stdtus whdvhrs.

Qgus,

et

wmula kh tdkmm

doa

eodpprmpredth tm lhdvh ny thxtelh

eo d tukh

wetg do

uofut wdrp.



Fgdpthr Vex

Aesfussemo

Eotrmauftemo

Qges fgdpthr aesfusshs tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn ds d vdredot mj tgh kmay-

thosemo lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp (Je urh 6:d). fmnpdrh tgh Vd'ado lmmn tm

tgh mtghr lmmns jmuoa

mo

tgh esldoamj Vuldwhse (Jeùrhs 6:d, 6:k,

6:f.

6:a).

Qges es amoh eo mrahr tm setudth tgh Vd'ado lmmn eo do gestmrefdl tenh jrdnh. E

su``hst tgdt lmmn typh fmrrhldths wetg tgh ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs,

doa tm d fhrtdeo, kut lhsshr hxthot, wetg ahseò. Qges dsshnkld`h mj ndthredl

adtd mjjhrs eose`gt eotm tgh fulturdl gestmry mj Vuldwhse.

Qges stuay suppmrts wgdt Ndxwhll (4552) gds sgmw3 vez. tgdt jmrheò

fulturdl eojluhofhs gdvh khho ldyhrha mot2 tgh eoae`homus ndthredl fulturh.

Qghy gdvh hothrha ved trdah doa rodrred h dlledofhs. Eo tgh lmmn thfgomlm`y

doa tgh whdveo`` mj Vd'ado Qmrdid, moh fdo shh tgh gestmrefdl ldyhrs

mj

eojluhofh. Qghrh drh jmur ldyhrs mj eojluhofh mo Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn doa

whdveo`

thfgomlm`y9 (4) Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid eoae`homus fulturh, f

1222-7222

yhdrs d`m,

es

kdsha

mo

d

trdaetmodl rhleèmo

comwo

ds

tgh

Dluc Qm'amlm.

Qgh

supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequhs tghy ush tm ndch ahse os

drh

kdsha mo stylezha

rhprhshotdtemos mj gundo jeùrhs. Nmtejs dlsm ahpeft jlmrd doa jduod jrmn tgh

odturh tgdt surrmuoas Vd'ado Qmrdid.

(;)

Qgh Amo`-smo drt stylh mj omrtghn

Zehtodn, f. ;222-1222 hdrs d`m, es jhdturha

mo

tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs eo tgh

jmrn mj rgmnkmea, gmmc doa chy nmtejs

doa

pdtthros eosupplhnhotdry whjt kdsha

mo

twell

whdvh. (6) Qgh

Geoau-Kuaagest

fulturdl eojluhofh, khèooeo` smnhtenh

eo tgh 8tg fhotury

D.

A., es veseklh eo tgh dadptdtemo mj selc ydns doa

supplhnhotdry

whjt whdveo`

doa whjt ecdt.

Qgh

jeodl gestmrefdl eojluhofh

wds

tgh

fmneo` mj Esldn eo tgh 4122's.

Dt

tges tenh tgh lmwldoa whdvhrs kh`douseo`

Leoùestef

doa drfgdhmlm efdlhveahofhsu``hst

tgdt

whdveo`

jerst

stdrtha eo Vuldwhse

khtwhho 7,2221,222

hdrs d`m

Bheewmma,

4505, Klust,

4571,Vmhimom,4577, mrhosho,

4577,

oa

vmo

Gheoh-@hlahn, 4560).





Jereerh

6:f.

Lmmn typh

F, Kuès fmdstdl

lmmn.

Qges

lmmeee Elds o aesfmoteoumus wdrp3doa frmss stefcs,

wgefle reedeotdeo tleh frmss

eo

tgh wdep. 4 leds

d

rhha deea

doa d

swmra.

Qgh rh a dfts ds

d wdrp spdfhr,

wgelh tgh

swmra

dfts ds d

whlt

khdthr.

Vupplhroheeeory whje

thfgoequhs

doa

whjl

ecdt drh wmvhee

eo

selc mee tlees lmmeee.

(@etteo`hr, 4505, p. ;6 4).



nmrh smkhr fmlmurs, doa tgher ahseòs aea omt eofluah gurodo doa doendl jeùrhs.

(1) Qgh jeodl gestmrefdl eojluhofh wds tgh fmneo`

mj

Esldn eo tgh 4122's. Dt tges

tenh tgh lmwldoa whdvhrs kh`do useo` nmrh smkhr fmlmurs, doa tgher ahseòs aea

omt eofluah gundo doa doendl je urhs.

Ny

jehla

rhshdrfg

mo Vuldwhse

gds ghlpha

nh

tm rhfmòezh hdfg mj tghsh

ldyhrs doa uoahrstdoa tgher seòejefdofh eo rhldtemo tm lmmn strufturh, ahfmrdtevh

thfgoequhs, ahseò, doa ndthredls. Gestmry es eosfrekha

eo

lmmn thfgomlm`y,

whdveo` thfgoequhs, ndthredls, doa ahseò.

Vuldwhse lmmns

Mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse tghrh drh jmur typhs mj lmmns9 tgh Vd'ado lmmn

(typh D) (Jeùrh 6:d), tgh Qm'[mo`cmo`, Qm'Ndcce,

doa

Qm'Ndndsd lmmns (typh

K)

Jeùrh 6:k), tgh fmdstdl Kuès

lmmn

(typh

F)

(Jeùrh

6:f),

doa tgh eothremr

lmwldoa Kuès

lmmn

(typh

A)

(Jeùrh 6:a).

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn

es d

senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn usha jmr pldeo whdvh

thxtelhs. Gmwhvhr,

et

es dlthrha wgho tgh whdvhr wdots tm whdvh fmoteoumus doa

aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt ahseòs

ky

tgh daaetemo mj

twm

tm jmur

pdtthro

ghaalhs. Jurtghrnmrh, E muoa tgdt tgh

ush

mj tgh

nel

rma

es

seòejefdot jmr

whdveo` tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequh. Et es usha ds

d

ùeah tm eoshrt tgh

pdtthro ghaalh rmas tgdt ndch tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt

ahse os. Mo Vuldwhse,

tges lmmn fmnpmohot

es

moly jmuoa mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn

(typh

D).

Qgh Qm'[mo`cmo`, Qm'Ndcce, doa Qm'Ndndsd lmmn typh

K

es dlsm d

senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn,

kut

supplhnhotdry

whjt whdveo`

ahseòs drh omt ndah

mo tges lmmn. Eosthda, wdrp ecdt es usha ds tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh. Lmmn

typhs D doa

:

drh eahotefdl, hxfhpt tgdt lmmn typh D gds

d

fme4 rma tm ndeotdeo

tgh frmss eo tgh

wdrp,

wghrhds lmmn typh

7

gds frmss stefcs tm ndeotdeo tgh

frmss eo tgh

wdrp

(Jeùrhs

6:d, 6:k).

Qgh

ahseòs drh tgh sdnh, kut tgh

ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs drh aejjhrhot.

Qgh lmwldoa eothremr doa tgh fmdstdl Kuès lmmns kmtg gdvh aesfmoteoumus

wdrps doa frmss stefcs. Gmwhvhr, tgh lmmns drh aejjhrhot strufturdlly. Jmr



hxdnplh, tgh lmmn typh F o Qmwdle (Ndp 8) es d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d rhha doa

d

swmra (Jeùrh 6:f). Qgh rhha es

usha

prendrely

ds

d wdrp spdfhr. Qges typh mj

lmmn ndy gdvh fmroh tm Vuldwhse dj'thr

tgh

8tg fhotury

D.

A. Et

wds

dt tges tenh

tgdt tghsh lmmns

fdnh

eotm ush eo loamohsed

(Ndxwhll,

4552). Lmmn typh A

(Jeùrh6:a) o tgh eothremr lmwldoas es

d

Ndldy sgdjt lmmn (Getfgfmfc, 4554, p.

:7) wetg jmmt trhdalhs, rhha, doa om swmra. Qges lmmn wds eotrmaufha dt d nufg

ldthr adth fd.4722's.

Et ndy kh tgdt tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh

D

es do eothrnhaedth lmmn

khtwhho lmmn typh K doa lmmn typh F khfdush et gds pdtthro ghaalhs usha tm

ndch supplhrohotdry whjt ahse os. Qghsh ahse os drh usudlly amoh mo

kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg aeswoteoumus wdrps (Jeùrh

6:f).

Lmmn typh K es phrgdps

do hdrlehr eovhotemo khfdush tgh ush mj wdrp ecdt es sdea tm kh moh

mj

tgh jerst

ahfmrdtevh whdveo thfgoequhs usha eo loamohsed (Ndxwhll, 4552). Gmwhvhr,

lmmn typhs

F

doa

A

dlsm gdvh frmss stefcs. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh D amhs

omt dlwdys gdvh pdtthro ghaalhs eo tgh wdrp, kut et dlwdys gds tgh fme4 rma eo tgh

wdrp. Rhrgdps d lmmn wetg d ne l rma su``hsts do hdrlehr lmmn.

Ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs

Et es ny gypmtghses tgdt tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh fmrrhspmoas tm tgh lmmn

typh, doa ds sufg

ghlps

eo tgh frhdtemo mj d lmmn typmlm y. Et dlsm ghlps lmfdth

tgh lmmn typh eo do gestmrefdl tenh jrdnh khfdush wh comw tgdt tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh fdnh eotm loamohsed drmuoa tgh 8tg fhotury

D.

A.

aureo` tgh Geoau-Kuaagest eojluhofh (Ndxwhll, 4552). D whdveo` thfgoequh

fmrrhldth wetg d lmmn typh khfdush tgh lmmn gds tm gdvh fhrtdeo fmnpmohots eo

mrahr tm whdvh d pdrtefuldr thfgoequh. Jmr hxdnplh, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn

(Jeùrh

0)

es sht

up

jmr pldeo whdvh. Gmwhvhr, wgho whdveo` supplhrohotdry

whjt thfgoequhs, twm tm jmur daaetemodl ghaalh rmas drh daaha tm tgh lmmn. Qgh

Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn es d senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn, kut eo mrahr tm whdvh nmrh

fmnplefdtha whdvh strufturhs nmrh fmnpmohots drh daaha tm tgh lmmn.

@evho Ndxwhll'spdrdae`n

mj

gestmrefdl ldyhrs mj eojluhofhved trdah doa



ndrred`h dlledofhs tgrmu`gmut tgh Vmutghdst Dsedo drfgephld`m,

E

su``hst tgdt

Vuldwhse lmmns drh do hxfhllhot hxdnplh mj

ghr

gypmtghses.

Jmr

hxdnplh,

phrkdps tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh

D

es do eoae`homus eovhotemo lech lmmn typh

K.

Gmwhvhr, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn

gds

daaetemodl fmnpmohots daaha tm

et

eo

mrahr tm whdvh supplhrohotdry

whjt

thfgoequhs.

Qges

wmula eoaefdth tgdt tgh

lmmn wds dlthrha ky daaeo` pdtthro ghaalhs dt tgh tenh mj tgh Geoau-Kuaagest

eojluhofh mr sgmrtly tghrhdjthr tgrmu`g ndrred`h dlledofhs doalmr trdah rhldtemos.

Ds

stdtha dkmvh, et wds

aureo`

tgh Geoau-Kuaagest phrema tgdt tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt thfgoequh es sdea tm gdvh

khho

eofmrpmrdtha eotm Eoamohsedo hxtelh

thfgomlm`y (@etteo`hr. 45053 Getfgfmfc, 4554 Ndxwhll, 4552).

Et es pmsseklh tm eojhr tgdt tgrmu`g trdah leocs doa ndrred`h dlledofhs wetg

fmurt kdsha fulturhs mo tgh fmdstdl rhèmos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse tgh

supplhrohotdry

whjt

thfgoequhs whrh eowrpmrdtha eotm do hxesteo` rhpmrtmerhmj

whdveo`.

Qgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh moly dpphdrs eo tgh ge`gldoa rhèmo

mj tgh Vd'ado Zdllhy eo tgh jmur velld`hs eo tgh omrtghn rhèmo mj tgh vdllhy.

Qmady tgh ge`g stdtus jdnelehs

mj

QmIKdrdod', Ndtdllm, Vdo`cmnkmo`, doa

Vdo`cdrmpe gdvh fmoohftemos wetg KdlusuI.

Qgh

ge`ghst stdtus jdnely

eo

Qm'Kdrdod' gds ceosgep fmoohftemos wetg tgh pudod, preofhss, eo Kdlusu'.

Gestmrefdlly, tgh ge`g stdtus jdnelehs mj Kdlusu' doa tgh rmydl jdnely eo tgh Luwu'

fmurt gda

frmssfmuseo ndrred`h dlledofhs.

Qges

stell mffurs tmady, rh`dralhss

mj

tgh aejjhrhofh eo rhleèmus mrehotdtemo.

Qgh ush mj selc fmeofeahs wetg supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthneo` doa mr

supplhnhotdry

whjt

ecdt thfgoequhs.

Pgho

selc

es

wmvho wetg supplhnhotdry

whjt pdtthros useo` mla doa selvhr tgrhdas doawhjt ecdt, et es comwo ds smo~cht.

Qghsh thxtelhs whrh

ndah

doa usha

ky

rmydlty eo tgh fmdstdl lsldnef

rmydl

fmurts

mj Eoamohsed. Qghth drh jmur

rmydl

fmurts eo Vmutg doa Fhotrdl Vuldwhse. Qgh

jerst

rmydl fmurt wds

eo Luwu' fdllha tgh Ceoàmn mj Kmoh (Ndp :). Qgh Kmoh

rmydl

fmurt

gda hxthosevh trdah rhldtemos wetg Qmrdid ge`gldoa phmplhs (Drd`mo,

455:).

Jurtghr smutg

mo

Vuldwhse,

tgh

lsldnef Vultdodth mj

@md

wds dlsm

d



pmwhrjul rmydl fmurt gdveo` fmoohftemos wetg tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid. Dffmraeo` tm

Ndxwhll

(4

552), eo tgh 40tg fhotury tges fmurt

rulha

mvhr tgh

fmurts

mj Vunkdwd.

Et es pmsseklh tm sphfuldth tgdt et wds dt tges tenh tgdt tgh ush

mj

selc,

supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthroeo` doa whjt ecdt thfgoequhs rhdfgha tgh fmdstdl doa

eothremr lmwldoas mj Vmutg Vuldwhse ved tghsh lsldnef trdah rmuths

doa

pmletefdl

dlledofhs. Djthrdll,

et

wds tgh rmydl wmnho wgm wmvh smodcht thxtelhs eo tgh fmurt

pdldfhs. Et es fmnnmo comwlha`h tgdt tghy krmu`gt tgher tdlhots wetg tghn

wghrhvhr tghy whot, doa Eechly tgher lmmns ds whll. Et es ny drùnhot tgdt tgh

Vd'ado Qmrdid ndeotdeoha tgher lmmns doa ndthredls, kut eofmrpmrdtha

supplhnhotdry

whjt

whdveo` thfgoequhs,

ved

Zdah doa ndrred`h dlledofhs wetg

tgh lmwldoafmurt fulturhs eo tgh L w ' doa @md rhèmos mj Vmutg Vuldwhse.

Vu~plhnhotdrvwhjt thfgoequhjtwell whdvh

Qgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh amhs omt ndch rhjhrhofh tm Vd'ado

Qmrdid whdveo`. Kdsha mo ny mkshrvdtemos doa pdrtefepdtemo eo shtteo`

up doa

whdveo` mo d Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn, E jmuoa tgdt tgh aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry

whjt thfgoequh

es

kdsha mo twell whdvh.'M Gmwhvhr, tgh rmuoa whdvh es omt d

twell

whdvh.

Eo tgh Vd'adoQmrdid supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh tghrh es d ndxenun mj

jevh eothrvdls tgdt fdo kh wmvho eo shquhofh tm frhdth d pdtthro mr

d

nmtej

khfdush tghrh es d ndxenun mj jevh shts mj ghaajhs. Qgh ounkhrmj sghas tgdt

fdo

kh ndah es

ahthooeohaky tgh ounkhr mj pdtthro ghaalhs tgdt drh eoshrtha eo

tgh

wdrp. Jmr tgh nmst kdsef twell, tgrhh ghaalh rmas

drh

ohfhssdry, wgefg

ndch

tgrhh aejjhrhot sghas jmr tgh whjt tm

`m

tgrmu`g. Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid

supplhnhotdry whjt pdtthros doa nmtejs drh kdsha mo d tgrhh tm jevh pmeot

twell

whdvh.

Qgh

whjt fdo m mvhr

ds

ndoy

wdrps

ds

drh ghla ky hdfg moh mj tgh

pdtthro

ghaalhs.

Qgh twell whdvh

ahse os

drh ndah ky

nho

jemn dl4 tgh

htgoef rmups

tgrmu`gmut

Fhotrdl

doa Vmutg

Vuldwhse wgho pldeteo`

pdlro jrmoas jmr gmushs. Qgh

sdroh ahse os drh

fdrvha

doa pdeotha

mo

wmma,

doa desm tweoha eo khdawmrc.



Jmur mtghr jdftmrs djjhft tgh ahseò mj supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthneo`

dpdrt

jrmn et kheo`

d

tgrhh tm jevh pmeot twell whdvh vdredtemo. Qghsh eofluah9

(4

tgh tgefcohss mj

tgh

dftudl

whjt3 (;)

tgh ndoohr eo wgefg

et

es eothrldfha tgrmu`g

tgh wdrps, Lh. wghtghr et es d fmoteoumus whjt tgrmu`g tgh wdrp, mr

d

aesfmoteoumus

whjt

tgdt es eothrldfha tgrmu`g tgh

wdrp

ndoudlly. Kmtg vdredtemos

mj tgh sdnh thfgoequh drh aesteoft. Qgh aesfmoteoumuswhjt pdtthroeo` es

wrdppha drmuoa d

wdrp

doa tgho pullha tgrmu`g ndoudlly dt

doy

pldfh tgh

whdvhr fgmmshs, wghrhds tgh fmoteoumus whjt pdtthneo` es sgmt tgrmu`g tgh

hoterh wdrp eo nhdsurha eothrvdls. Qgh pdtthros

drh

lenetha ky tgh lmmn

fmropmohots.

(6)

Qgh ghaalhs gmla wdrp hoas tgdt drh

eo

`rmups mj ;, 1,

7,

4;,

4:3

1) Qgh jeodl ahseò hlhnhot es fmlmur. Fmlmur es fgmsho kmtg jmr dhstghtef

doa

synkmlef purpmshs wgho usha eo supplhnhotdry

whjt

whdveo`.

Qgh

fmlmurs

usha eo whdveo` wmula ahphoa mo tgh d`refulturdl fyflh, doa tgus mo tgh retudl

fyflh ahfeaha

ky

dadt. Xolech tgh lsldnef eojluhofha lmwldoa rhèmos mj

Vuldwhse, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid ush kre`gt fmlmurs, doa whdvh doendl

doa

gundo

nmtejs.

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgomlm`y gds shvhrdl aesteoùesgeo`

jhdturhs9

(4 Kmtg

fmoteoumus doa aesfmoteoumus supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo`

drh

hxhfutha useo`

jevh

ghaalh rmas3 aesfmoteoumus supplhrohotdry

whjt

es

dlsm

tgrhdaha tgrmu`g tgh

wdrp useo

tgh jeo`hrs3

(;)

Qgh jmur pdtthn ghaalh rmas

drh omt rhnmvha dt

doy

tenh, eosthda tghy drh eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh whdveo`

prmfhss3 (6)

Qgh

nel rma es usha tm eoshrt tgh pdtthn ghaalh rmas, doa ndeotdeo

tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp3

(1)

Qgh sgha rmll es chpt

eo

tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh hoterh

whdveo` prmfhss3 (8)

Qgh

flmtg

khdn

es ndah mj

twm

pehfhs, sm

tgh

wdrp ndy

kh

shvhrdl nhtrhs lmo` (ahphoaeo` mo tgh ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh tm kh usha, et vdrehs

khtwhho

twm doa

tho nhtrhs

eo

lho`tg). Kdsha

mo ny

lethrdturh rhvehw doa adtd,

wgho dl4 tghsh jhdturhs hxest mo moh lmmn tges wmula eoaefdth

d

lmmn thfgomlm`y

tgdt

gds

omt prhvemusly khho rhfmraha eo tgh loamohsedo

thxtelh

lethrdturh.



Ahsedo

Eoaedhomus jhdturhs eo Qmrded ahsedo

Ahseò dlsm fmrrhldths wetg tgh lmmn typh, doa tm tgh ahfmrdtevh

thfgoequh. Eo Vd'ado Qmrdid tgh ahse os ndah eo supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequhs

rhquerh nmrh tgdo iust

d senplh

kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg

d

fmoteoumus wdrp. Ds

stdtha dkmvh, daaetemodl ghaalhs nust kh daaha tm

tgh

wdrp eo mrahr tm whdvh

tghsh pdtthros

doa

nmtejs.

Qgh supplhnhotdrywhjt ahse os jmuoa mo tgh thxtelhs wmvho eo Vd'ado

Qmrdid

drh

kdsha

mo

do drt stylh tgdt es prhvdlhot tgrmu`gmut tgh ge`gldoa

rhèmos mj Eoamohsed. Qghsh ahse os drh aesfussha ky Id`hr @hrleo`s

(458;).

Id hr @hrleo`s' gypmtghses (458;) es tgdt tgh gmmc doa chy nmtejs drh

`hmnhtrefdl rhprhshotdtemos mj tgh gundo kmay. Gh su``hsts tgdt tghrh es d

fmrrhldtemo khtwhho tghsh end`hs doa dofhstmr wmrsgep.

E

muoa tgdt tgh Vd'ado

Qmrdid ush tghsh nmtejs eo tgher whdveo s, fdrveo`s doa khdawmrc. Qgh Vd'ado

Qmrdid rhleèmo es

kdsha

mo odturh doa dofhstmr wmrsgep. Qhxtelhs, wmma

fdrveo`s, doa khdawmrc drh usha eo tgher lejh doa ahdtg fhrhnmoehs gmomureo`

tgher dofhstmrs. Id`hr @hrleo`s' gypmtghses (Ekea, 458;) es se oejefdot

khfdush

eo

tgh whdveo` mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid, tgh shcmo~ mtejs drh vdredtemos mj tgh

rgmnkmea, gmmc doa chy nmtejs. Qghsh drh amoh eo tgh supplhnhotdry

whjt

pdtthneo` thfgoequh eo Qm'Kdrdod'

(Jeùrh

;1, ;8). Qgus, tgh whdvhrs ush

supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo`

(d

rhldtevhly rhfhot thfgoequh, eh. fd. 8tg fhotury D.

A.,

mr ldthr, shh dkmvh), eo mrahr tm

whdvh

dofehot synkmls. Ghrhwh shh tgdt d

ohw

ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh es frhdteo` dofehot pdtthros doa nmtejs.

Amod-smo drt stylh

Qgh Amo`-smo drt

stylh

es jrmro omrtghn Zehtodn (Zmo Gheoh-@hlahro,

4560). Et es d krmozh fulturh sdea tm gdvh hxestha

fd.

;,222

yhdrs d`m (Ekea,

4560). Amo`-smo gds amneodtha tgh dhstghtef mj tgh Qmrdid. Et es jmuoa eo dl4

dsphfts mj tgher ndthredl fulturh9 khdawmrc, fdrveo`, pdeoteo`, thxtelh thfgoequhs,

doa dpplequha kdrcflmtg. Qgh ahse os

mo

tgh krmozh aruns jrmn omrtghn



Zehtodn (moh jmuoa mo Vhldydr Esldoa,

shh

Ndp

;)

jhdturh eofesha twell pdtthros

tgdt dpphdr vhty seneldr tm tgh twell pdtthros jmuoa mo tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs.

Ghrh moh ndy mkshrvh tgh pdtthro mj eojluhofh mj moh fulturh's drt stylh (doa

pmssekly ahfmrdtevh thfgoequh), ldyhrha mo domtghr fulturh's stylh. Qgus, dlmo`

wetg lmmn thfgomlm`y

doa

ahfmrdtevh thfgoequhs, jmrheò ahseò jhdturhs

gdvh

dlsm khho eofmrpmrdtha eotm tgh hxesteo` Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo`.

Ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh thfgoeduhs9

selc doa fmttmo

Qghrh es

d

fmrrhldtemo khtwhho

tgh

lmmn typh doa tgh ndthredls usha jmr

whdveo`. Fmttmo

es

usha jmr whdveo` mo kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg woteoumus wdrps.

Fmttmo es

usha

khfdush et es hdsy tm ndoepuldth auh tm ets odturdl jekrh

prmphrtehs" wgho rodceo`

d

fmoteoumus wdrp. Qgh tgefcohss

mj

tgh fmttmo

ydn

ndchs

et

prdftefdl

jmr wdrpeo`

purpmshs khfdush jhwhr wdrps drh ohhaha phr

eofg.

Qgh

jeohr tgh ydn tgh nmrh

wdrps

drh ohhaha phr eofg.

Ghofh,

tghrh

drh

omt nmrh tgdo

52

wdrps phr eofg eo d Qmrdid thxtelh. Fmttmo es

usha

prendrely eo

tgh ge`gldoa rhèmos mj Vuldwhse khfdush et

es omt

adnd`ha ky hxpmsurh tm tgh

hxtrhnh odturdl hlhnhots wnnmo tm tghsh rhèmos. Ets odturdl prmphrtehs ndch

et d prdftefdl flmtg jmr tgh guneaety

doa

hxtrhnhs

eo

thnphrdturh mj

tgh

ge`gldoas.

Et es fmnjmrtdklh eo gmt, gunea flendths khfdush et wefcs nmesturh dwdy jrmn

tgh

kmay.

Et es dlsm aurdklh homu`g jmr tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lejhstylh.

Velc es wmvho mo kdfcstrdp lmmros wetg aesfmoteoumus wdrps. Velc es d

jeoh

ydro3 tghrhjmrh,

d neoenun

mj shvho

selc

kreos es ohfhssdry tm ndch

d

seo`lh

ydro. D

seo`lh kreo es ndah mj twm

kdvh3

twm

kdvh

drh

ndah

ky tgh selc wmne

nmveo` ets ghda eo

d

jeùrh

he`gt

nmtemo ds et kuelas

tgh fmfmmo

drmuoa

etshlj.

Ds

tgh kdvh drh rhlhdsha d odturdl sukstdofh, shrefeo, `luhs

tgh

twm kdvh tm`htghr.

Ldthr,

wgho d

seo`lh kreo

es

rhhlha jrmn

hdfg

fmwmo et dpphdrs tm kh

d

seo`lh

Qgh odturde prmphrtehs mj fmttmo ndch

et

d

`mma jekrh jmr wdrpeo`

ferfuld

wdrps

khfdush tgh

jekrh thodfety

es

nmahrdthly ge`g. Et

es

strmo`hr

wgho

wht. Et es omt rhselehot

doa

hldstef,

doa

tges nhdos et weEl ndch pdrahl wdrps khfdush tgh

ydns

am omt khfmnh

strhtfgha mut. Et es d fmnjemrtdkEh tm Phdr doa vhrsdtelh odturdl jekrh.



jeldnhot. Khfdush selc es rhhlha mjj eo moh fmoteoumus jeldnhot tges èvhs et ge`g

thodfety, rhsulteo` o

d

vhry strmo` jekrh. Gmwhvhr, auh tm ets dksmrkhot

prmphrtehs, et es hdsely adnd`ha mofh smelha. Ndoy wdrps phr eofg drh ohhaha tm

wdrp

eo moh fmoteoumus lho`tg. Et wmula tdch gmursmj wmrc.

Qgh thosemo es gdra

tm ndeotdeo jmr tgh lho`tg mj tenh et wmula tdch tm

wdrp d

woteoumus selc

wdrp.

Qgh nmlhfuldr strufturh evhs et tmm nufg strhtfg3 doa tges es wgy tgh wdrp

hoas

nust kh eo d jexha pmsetemo wgho whdveo` wetg selc. Velc es usha mo tgh fmdstdl

doa eothremr lmwldoa rhèmos mj Vuldwhse. Vmnh selc es rmwo mo Vuldwhse, kut

tgh selc tgdt es usha jmr whdveo` nmst thxtelhs es enpmrtha jrmn Fgeod.

Qgh ahwrdtevh thfgoequhs fmrrhldth wetg tgh typh ds whll

ds

wetg tgh

ndthredls. Eo tgh ge`gldoa rhèmos mj Vuldwhse tgh wdrp ecdt thfgoequh es wmvho

useo` fmttmo ydn mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp, wgelh eo tgh

lmwldoa eothremr doa fmdstdl rhèmos mj Vuldwhse whjt ecdt es wmvho useo`selc

ydro

mo

d

kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d aesfmoteoumus wdrp. Et es pmsseklh tm am hetghr mj

tghsh ecdt thfgoequhs mo dl4 lmmn typhs (D, KE F, A), kut et wmula omt kh prdftefdl

tm am sm khfdush mj tgh tenh eovmlvha eo prhpdreo` tgh ydns doa wdrpeo` tghn.

Et es hdsehr tm whdvh d wdrp ecdt mo d kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumuswdrp

khfdush mj tgh tgefcohss mj tgh fmttmo ydn. Fmttmo es omt usha jmr whjt ecdt

khfdush tgh ahseò wmula sgejt aureo` tgh ayheo` prmfhaurh auh tm tgh tgefcohss

mj tgh

ydn

doa ets jekrh prmphrtehs. Qgh whjt ecdt thfgoequh es

wmvho

useo`

selc

ydns khfdush tgh

ydns

ndy kh ayha doa jexha wetgmut

sgejteo` tgh

ahseò. Qgh

ayheo` prmfhaurhs usha tm ayh fmttmo doa selc drh aejjhrhot. Qgh ayhs usha tm

ayh fmttmo drh jrmn dodlcdleoh

ayh

kdtg, wghrhds tgh

ayhs

usha

tm

ayh selc drh

jrmn do dfeaef ayh kdtg. Qgus, tgh ayheo` prmfhaurhs fmrrhldth wetg tgh wdrpeo`

prmfhaurhs dlsm.

Jurtghr fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg well gdvh tm kh fmoauftha eo mtghr pdrts mj

loamohsed eo mrahr tm ahthrneoh wghtghr tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid whdveo` thfgomlm`y

doa thfgoequhs drh hxfhptemodl, mr typefdl mj Eoamohsedo thxtelh ndceo`.



Fgdpthr Vhvho

Fmoflusemo

Jrmrod fretefdl dodlyses

mj

tgh lethrdturh prhshotha eo tges tghses doa jrmn

ny mwo mkshrvdtemos eo tgh jehla, ny jeoaeo`s suppmrt Kera's (45:2) tghmry tgdt

lmmn thfgomlm`y doa whdveo` thfgoequhs eojmn us dkmut fulturdl djjeledtemo doa

fmotdft, doa smfem-fulturdl rhldtemosgeps. Qges eojmrndtemo prmveahs ushjul htgom-

gestmrefdl eojmrndtemo. Et fmostetuths do htgom`rdpgef dpprmdfg tm frmssfulturdl

thxtelhs. Nmrh sphfejefdlly, tgh tghses doswhrs tgh fdl4 jmr nmrh "fmnpdrdtevh

frmssfulturdl amfunhotdtemo mj pdtthro ghaalhs eo Eoamohsedoeomrahr tm

"fmrrhldth jemdt whdvh thfgomlm`y

doa

pdtthros tm suppmrt vdlea eose`gts eotm

gestmrefdl seòejefdoŖ mj twell whdveo` eo Eoamohsedo(Oehssho, 4556, p.

;).

4 dlsm

mkshrvha tgdt tgh lmmn typh fmrrhldths wetg tgh ndthredls doa ahfmrdtevh

thfgoequhs3 doa tm d fhrtdeo, kut lhsshr hxthot tm ahseò. Qges adtd ghlps frhdth

d

lmmn typmlm`y.

Ny jehlawmrc tmmc pldfh mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse wghrh tgh fmdstdl doa

tgh nmuotdeomus rhèmos drh mffupeha ky shvhrdl aesteoft htgoef rmups wetg

aevhrsh ldoùd`hs, fustmns, khlehjs, ceosgep doa smfedl mr doezdtemo. Qghrh es

d

aevhrsety mj ndthredl fulturh tgdt vdrehs tm smnh ah`rhh ky hdfg phmplh's

`hm`rdpgefdl lmfdtemo doa odturdl hovermnhot. Hdfg phmplh's rhldtemosgep

tm

tgher ohdr hovermonhot

es

d jmrfh

eo

tgh thfgomlmèfdl vdredtemos mj whdveo`. Qges

tghses ahsfrekhs tgh whdveo thfgoequhs

doa

lmmn thfgomlm`y mj moh mj tghsh

htgoef rmups, tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid (Ndp 8).

Lhdneo` tm whdvh eo Qm'Kdrdod' hodklha

nh

tm khfmnh jdneledr wetg tgh

lmmn doa tgh whdveo` thfgoequhs mj tgh Vd'adoQmrdid. Qgus, tgh thfgoefdl

ahtdels

mj

whdveo` whrh hxplmrha eo setu.

Ny

comwlha`h mj tges tmpef es kdsha mo

prdftefdl hxphrehofhds

d

whdvhr

doa

ayhr, wgho dppleha tm tges stuay et `rhdtly

strho`tghos tgh rhledkelety doa vdleaety mj tgh adtd

E

gdvh fmllhftha

eo

tgh jehla.

Qgh smfedl doa fulturdl shtteo` mj ny whdveo` hxphrehofh ndah et pmsseklh

jmr nh tm ho`d`h eo tgh hvhryady lejh mj tgh Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs. Leveo` wetg d



jdnely

prmveahad setudtemo tgdt howurd`ha fmnnuoefdtemo tgrmu`g odturdl

fmovhrsdtemo, doa dt tgh sdroh tenh sustdeoha rhldtemosgeps.

Ny

survhy mj aejjhrhot whdveo` lmfdtemos mo tgh esldoa mj Vuldwhse

hodklha nh tm fgmmsh tgh rhèmo wghrh

E

fmula pdrtefepdth eo tgh whdveo` doa

tghrhky lhdn dkmut tgh kdfcstrdp lmmn wetg d fmoteoumus wdrp,

nel

rma, doa

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh. Pgelh lhdneo` tm whdvh eo Qm'Kdrdod'

E

hdnha

dkmut tgh seòejefdofhmj tgh nel rma, doa ets rhldtemosgep tm tgh wdrpeo systhn,

doa tgh supplhrohotdry whjt thfgoequh. Qges es enpmrtdot thfgoefdl eojmrndtemo

tgdt

gds

omt khho prhvemusly rhfmraha eo tgh loamohsedo thxtelh lethrdturh. Adtd

eo tges stuay whrh fmllhftha dffmraeo` tm wgdt Iuoeus Kera (45:2) gds davesha jmr

thxtelh gestmrefdl sfgmldrsgep. Rdrtefepdtemo o tgh whdveo` prmfhss fmroplenhotha

ny mkshrvdtemos.

Phdveo` eo

Vd'ado Qmrdid

E

hdnha tgdt tgh

fme4

rma ndeotdeos tgh

mrahr

mj tgh wdrp ky gmlaeo` tgh frmss eo tgh wdrp. Et es dlsm usha tm lmfdth prmklhn

wdrps aureo` tgh shtteo` up mj tgh lmmn3 doa tm fmuot mut tgh wdrps ohfhssdry

jmr pdtthros aureo` tgh eoshrtemo

mj

tgh ghaalh rmas doa fmras. Petgmut

comwlha`h

mj

tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss doa

mj

shtteo` up

d

lmmn, et wmula

kh

aejjefult

tm

uoahrstdoa ets ush doa ets seòejefdofh.

E

hdnha tgdt tgh lmmn typh aeftdths tgh wdrpeo` prmfhaurh. Qgh wdrpeo`

nhtgmas drh

frufedl

tm uoahrstdoaeo` thfgoefdl ahtdels. Jmr hxdnplh,

moh

thfgoefdl ahtdel

j

jmuoa

wds

tgdt tgh ndeo ghaalhs

gdvh

do dlthrodjh jmrndtemo

doa tgh

pdtthro

ghaalhs gdvh

d

sperdl jmrndtemo.

E

omtefha tges wgelh

E

wds

lhdroeo` tm wdrp doa putteo` eo tgh ndeo ghaalhs, doa ldthr wgelh wdtfgeo`

roy

whdveo thdfghrs daaeo` hxtrd pdtthro ghaalhs doa rmas. Qgh dlthndth

fmoteoumus

ghaalhs

drh d ghaalh ahseò wgefg fdo moly

kh

dfgehvha aureo`

wdrpeo`. Qges eojmrndtemogds omt prhvemusly khho ahsfrekha eo tgh loamohsedo

thxtelh lethrdturh.

Phdveo` eo tgh Qm'Kdrdod' velld h, mvhr tgh fmursh mj shvhrdl nmotgs

ndah

et pmsseklh tm

wetohss

tgh

retudl fyflh mj tgh

d`refulturdl

yhdr, doa ets hjjhft



mo tgh whdveo`. Edlsm wetohssha museah hjjhfts mo tgh whdveo` doa tgh

whdvhrs,

sufg

ds tmuresn.

Qmuresn ndeotdeos tgh whdveo` trdaetemos ky prmveaeo` tgh ndrcht.

Qgh

thxtelhs khfmnh wnnmaetehs jmr tges ndrcht.

Qgh

nhdoeo` mj tgh thxtelh fgdo`hs

mofh et es eo

tges

aejjhrhot smfedl

doa

hfmomnef fmothxt. Gmwhvhr, tgh whdveo`

thfgomlm`y doa tgh

whdveo`

prmfhss rhndeos tgh sdnh rh`dralhss mj tgh fgdo`h

eo nhdoeo` mj whdveo . Ej whdveo` es amoh jmr sdfrha purpmshs, mr e j et amoh jmr

hfmomnef survevdl, tgh thfgomlm`y rhndeos tgh

sdnh.

Pgdt es lmst, phrgdps, es

tgh sdfrhaqudlety mj whdveo . Qgh mjjhrtmrehs doa eovmfdtemos ndy kh lmst

mr

jmr`mttho, kut tgh dft rhndeos. Qgh nhdoeo`s ndy

kh

lmst, fgdo`ha, mr sgejtha,

kut tgh ndthredl mkihft, tgh thfgomlm`y, doa tgh prmfhss rhndeos tgh sdnh

khfdush et es stell usha. Phdveo survevhs khfdush et es amoh. Ej tgh tmurest

ndrcht whrh omt prhshot phrgdps tgh whdveo` trdaetemo wmula

`m

eotm ahfleoh.

E

khlehvh tges ndy gdvh khho tgh fdsh dt moh pmeot. D pevmtdl nmnhot wds tgh

455; juohrdl fhrhnmoy

tgdt

krmu`gt hxpmsurh

tm

tgh whdveo`

velld`h

jmr ets

odturdl khduty doa ets whdveo`

frdjt,

doa eosperha ets rhvevdl.

Qgh ge`g stdtus wmnho

mj

Qm'Kdrdod' drh dklh tm djjmra tm haufdth tgher

fgelarho eo ge`ghr haufdtemo jdfeletehs prerodrely eo Xiuo` Rdoado` doa Idcdrtd.

Gestmrefdlly, omklh wmnho wmvh, doa

ds

smfehty khfdnh nmahn, wmnho

fgdo`ha tgher trdaetemodl rmlh mj rhndeoeo` eo tgh velld`h. losthda tghy lhjt tm `ht

haufdtha, tgho rhtunha,

gda

jdnelehs, doa wmrcha. Lettlh tenh wds lhjt jmr

lhdroeo` tgh whdveo` prmfhss, omt tm nhotemo tgh ldfc mj eothrhst. Petg tgh

eojlux

mj tmuresn eo Qm'Kdrdod', supplhnhotdry whjt whdveo` mo kdfcstrdp lmmns wetg

fmoteoumus ferfuldr wdrps gds

khho

rhvevha, doa tgus, sustdeoha. Pgelh, tgh

smfedl stdtus

mj

tgh

whdvhrs

es omt tgh sdnh ds et

wds

eo tgh pdst, nmrh fgelarho

gdvhdffhss tm tgh lmmn khfdush et

es

hvhrywghrh drmuoa tghn.

Ahspeth tgh smfedl fgdo`hs tgdt drh mffurreo`, tgh ndimrety mj tgh

Qm'Kdrdod' whdvhrs comw tgher nhaeun doa wmrc wetgeo ets lenetdtemos tm juljell

tgher jdnely's hfmomnef ohhas. Qgh whdvhrs

wmrc

wetgeo tgh kmuoadrehs

mj

dadt.



Dadt es fmoohftha tm tgh shdsmodl, doa tgus tgh d`refulturdl fyflhs, doa sm tgh

whdvhrs eoth`rdth tgh

hjjhft

mj nmahnezdtemo doa tmuresn

eotm

tgher wmrla vehw.

Qgh whdvhrs phrfhevh doa pdrtefepdth eo tgh wmrla tmady,

doa

tgho evh tgher

eothrprhtdtemo mj et tgrmu`g tgh omo-vhrkdl nhaeun mj whdveo`. Qges gdpphoha eo

tgh pdst doa et es gdpphoeo` tmady. Dt tgh sdnh teroh, whdveo` dpphdrs tm

kh d

ge`gly vdluha doa rhsphftha dftevety. Rhmplh vdluh tgh lmmn khfdush tghy vdluh

ets thxtelhs, doa nmrh eropmrtdotly, ds d `rmup tghy rhsphft doa gmomur tgh scell

doa pmesh mj d whdvhr. Eo nhnmry mj ghr tghy well seo` dkmut ghr comwlha`h doa

khduty dt tgh lmmn. Qghsh pmeots dffmuot dt lhdst eo pdrt jmr tgh phrsesthofh mj

whdveo .

Ky

ameo` jehla wmrc E omtha tgh wdy

eo

wgefg supplhnhotdry whjl whdveo`

es aejjhrhot fmnpdrha tm ahsfreptemos mj mtghr supplhnhotdry

whjt

thfgoequhs eo

mtghr drhds mj Eoamohsed. "Qm comw gmw tm lmmc dt d lmmn,

moh

nust comw tgh

kdsef preofeplh mj whdveo` mo tgh lmmro typh, doa tgh khst wdy tm ht tges

comwlha`h es tm am et mohshlj khfdush tges wdy moh rody khtthr lhdn tgh

pmssekeletehs doa lenetdtemos

mj

tgh lmmn (Kmlldoa,

4554 p.

4

76).

Ny whdveo`

scell

dllmwha

nh

sphfedl dffhss tm whdvhr comwlha`h. Lmmn thfgomlm`y doa tgh

supplhnhotdry whjt thfgoequh, ds prhshotha eo ahtdel eo fgdpthr jevh,

ndy

kh

fmnpdrha ds d wgmjh tm shh ej tghrh es

d

pdtthro eo tgher aestrekutemo.

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn typh

D

(Jeùrh 6:d) ndy kh do eothrnhaedth lmmro

khtwhho lmmn typhs K doa F (Jeùrhs 6:k, 6:f). Et es

d

senplh kdfcstrdp lmmn

wetg

d

woteoumus wdrp, kut fdnplefdtha thfgoequhs ndy kh wmvho mo et

auh

tm

tgh daaetemo

mj

pdrtefuldr fmnpmohots sufg ds tgh fme4 rma doa hxtrd pdtthro

ghaalhs. Dll tgh lmmn pdrts rhndeo eo tgh wdrp tgrmu`gmut tgh whdveo` prmfhss.

Gmwhvhr, lmmn typhs

:,

F,

doa A

dl4

gdvh frmss stefcs

eo

tgh wdrp eo mrahr tm

chhp tgh frmss

eo

et. gdvh eoaefdtha tgrmu`gmut tges tghses tgdt lmmn typhs

F

doa A drh rhldtevhly ohw tm Vuldwhse. Qges wmula eoaefdth tgdt tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid

lmmn typh

D

es tgh hdrlehst lmmn mut mj dl4 jmur

lmmn

typhs jmuoa mo Vuldwhse. D

lmmn wetg d fme4 rma es fmoseahrha

do

mla typh lmmn ky Kmlldoa

(4504).

Vgh



stdths tgdt

sufg

lmmns ndch sdfrha thxtelhs, hsphfedlly wgho useo` fmttmo

ds

tgh

whdveo` nhaeun. Jurtghr rhshdrfg eomtghr pdrts

mj

loamohsed es ohfhssdry tm

lmfdth tgh Vd'ado lmmn nmrh prhfeshly eo tgh rdo`h

mj

thfgoefdl pmssekeletehs

mjjhrha ky tgh kdfcstrdp

lmmn.

Nmrh fmnpdrdtevh rhshdrfg wmula ghlp tm

fldssejy tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid lmmn.

Qgrmu`g

jehla

rhshdrfg

E

`deoha

do

uoahrstdoaeo`

mj, doa

hxphrehofha,

tgh nhdoeo` mj whdveo` eo ets smfem-fulturdl fmothxt ky mkshrveo` doa

pdrtefepdteo`

eo

tgh whdveo`

mj

Vd'ado Qmrdid thxtelhs eo Vd'ado Qmrdid. Et

wds

ohfhssdry tm fmoauft htgom`rdpgeh jehlawmrc eo Qm'Kdrdod', mtghrwesh

Ewmula

omt gdvh dfgehvha dffhss tm tgh whdveo` doa wdrpeo` adtd tgdt

4

ahsfrekh eo tges

tghses.



Dpphoaex

E

Qhxtelh Qyphs

4.

Rd'kuo`d kuo`d9 supplhnhotdry wdrp*

;.

Rd'oece9

supplhnhotdry whje

6. Rd'rdnkd9 nulte-fmlmurha strepha shlvd`hs wetg pldeo wgeth fhotrh

1.

Rd'aurh' aurh'

doa

pd'kmrmo`9 nulte-fmlmurha strephs

8. Rd'nereo`9 kldfc, rha, doa wgetha strephs wetg pldeo wgeth fhotrh

'moly wmvho

eo

Vdo`cmnkmo`.



@lmssdry

E

Vd'ado QmrdidEHo`lesg

dldo`

-

refh

kdro

dluc

-

retudl

dluc rdnphndtd442

-

retudl mj tgh hdst, tgh leveo`

dluc rdnph ndtdnpu' - retudl mj tgh whst, ahdtg retudls

dluc tm'amlm tgh

wdy

mj tgh dofhstmrs

dnkh' - jdtghr

dodc aedrdc

-

jmsthr fgela

kdlusu'

- purh

kdrdod'

-

kdoydo trhh

kmkm

-

refh

amam -

tukuldr scert

ldotdo`

-

thnpmrdry sghlthrs jmr fhrhnmoehs.

lhnkdo` -

flusthr

mj

velld`hs, fdomh

ndId rhsest thxtelh, gherlmmn flmtg

nd'kdamo`

-

d

retudl Vmo` doa adofh jmr tgh ahda

phrjmnha

dt juohrdl

fhrhnmoehs

ohoh'

-

dofhstmr, `rdoapdrhots

pd'rdpudo - rdnd`h

pudo` ge`ghst rdoceo` omklh

rdnku tucd - snmch reseo`

rdnku smlm - snmch ahsfhoaeo`

rdpu

-

rdnd`h,

jdnely

sd'ado sdfrha

sdretd

-

rhsest thxtelh, gherlmmn flmtg

shoadod sdoadlwmma

trhh

shppmI

- sereg

pmufg,

kd`

shcmo`

-

stylezha



sere'

- gmomurlsgdnh

tidpem

-

sereg

pmufg,

kd`

tmo

-

flusthrha strdoas, pldfh

tm - phrsmo

Qm'Kdrdod' tgh pldfh mj tgh kdoydo trhhs

tm'

pdrho`h - dadt lhdahr mj velld`h

tmoamc

- fmnnuoety, shttlhnhot

tmo`cmodo - dofhstrdl

gmush



@lmssdry

EE

loamohsedolHo`lesg

dadt -

rhle emus doa smfedl

wstmns

doa

orlhs

khrds - guscha

refh

kupdte

-

rh`hot

fdndt - aestreft fgehj

adtu -

rulhr

ahsd

-

`rmup mj velld`hs

ecdt

- d

rhsest teh doa

ayh

thfgoequh

cdkupdtho

-

rh`hofy

chfhndtdo - aestreft

odse -

refh

mkyhc

wesdtd tmurest ahsteodtemo seth

pdae

-

refh jehla

sdrmo`

- tukh scert

sereg - khtdl out fghweo` wetg

tmkdffm

lhdj,

sthn

doa lenh

smo`cht

-

supplhnhotdry

whjt

wesnd ùhst gmush



@lmssdry EEE

Phdveo` Qhroes eo Vd'ado QmrdiaHo`l

sg

dodc

nhsd

- wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh

dodc pdo`cd

-

wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh

dpe

-

flmtg khdn

kdlead - swmra

ade tdoaeydo - prmfhss mj putteo` wdrp motm lmmn

amch amch

-

pdtthro ghaalh rmas

amredood - wdrp

cdld' ghaalh fmra, streo`

cdkh - whdveo` `hsturh, sgejteo`

sgha

rmll tm frhdth odturdl sgha

cdkhrdo

-

sgha rmll

cdldrdo - wdrpeo` ph` mo jrdnh tgdt tgh ghaalhs doa frmss

drh

ndah mo

ldm - hrrmrs mr errhùldretehs eo wdrp

lenuludo - f a ma

nd'cdreaec prmfhss mj weoaeo` ydn motm kmkkeo

nd'rhoaho

-

prmfhss mj wdrpeo`

nd'tmnkh' cdld' - tm daa lmo` ghaalhs aureo` tgh wdrpeo` prmfhss

pd'cdreaersdo- kmkkeo wetg whjt ydn mo et

pdcdo

-

whjt

pdleadrdo- wdrp khdn

pdodtd- frmss stefcs

pdoùrhdo- spmml gmlahr

rhoaho tdouo - wdrpeo`

sdo`cd thnplh

setmpm stefcy wdrps

smrmo`

-

whdveo` hsturh jmr lejteo` ghaalh rma

tdlecurdo

-

kdfcstrdp

teo`ch cdld' - ghaalh rma



teoteI whdveo `hsturh

wgho

lejteo` ghaalh

rma

teotedo cdld' ghaalh cdld

tmnpmdo - klmfcs

mj

wmma

jhht

rhst

d`deost

eo

mrahr tm

gmla thosemo

eo

wdrp

tmrdc sguttlh

tuItuo wdrpeo`

jrdnh

uluo`

-

teh tgdt

gmlas

tgh kdfcstrdp mot2 tgh

flmtg

khdn



[hjhrhofhs

Dadns, C.

N.

(4558) . Ndceo`-up tgh Qmrdid=

tmuresn, dotgrmpmlm`y, doa nushun pmletefs eo upldoa

Htgomlmqy. 61

;).

16-486.

Qgh dpprmpredtemo mj

Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed.

Dadns, C. N. (4556)

.

Aesfmursh mj smuc eo

Qdod

Qmrdid,

Eoamohsed9 loae`homus omtemos doa Fgrestdeo fmofhptemo. Htgomlmdv. 6;

l),

8:7

Drd`mo, Lmrrdeoh Z. (455:) . Qwesteo` tgh ejt9 Qrdosldteo`

prhfmlmoedl eotm fmlmoedl hxfgdo`hs eo Fhotrdl Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed.

Dnhrefdo Htgomlmdest.

;6

e),

6-:2.

Drd`mo. Lmrrdeoh Z. (4552)

.

Kdrcflmtg prmauftemo eo Fhotrdl

Vuldwhse9 D vdoesgeo thxtelh thfgomlm`y eo muthr esldoa Eoamohsed.

Hxphaetemo. 6; (4 ,

66-17.

Dvhleo`, G. (Ha.) . (4505) . Qgh ahvhlmpnhot mj loamohsedo Vmfehty.

Jrmn tgh fmroeod mj Esldn tm tgh Arhshot adv.

Vt.

Lufed, Tuhhosldoa9

Xoevhrsetymj Tuhhosldoa Rrhss.

Khllwmma, R. (4505)

.

Ndo's fmoduhst

mj tgh

Rdfejef9 Qgh prhgestmrv

mj Vmutghdst

Dsed

doa Mfhdoed.

Ohw

Umrc9

Mxjmra

Xoevhrsety Rrhss,

4;;-

;6;.

Kera, I. (4505) . Ohw Pmrla

jdkref

prmauftemo doa tgh aestrekutemomj

tgh kdfcstrdp lmmn. Eo

4

Hnhry doa

R.

Jesch (Has.), Lmmns

doa

tgher

prmaufts9 lrhoh Hhnry rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods

(448-4;:)

.

Pdsgeo tmo, A.F.9 Qgh

Qhxtelh

Nushun.

Kera, I. (45:6) . Qhfgomlm`y doa drt eo Rhoevedo thxtelhs, eo

Qhfgoequh doa Rhrsmodletv (pp. 1:-00) . OhwUmrc9 Qgh Nushun mj

RrenetevhDrt,

Kera, I. (45:2)

.

Vu``hstemos jmr rhfmraeo` adtd mo speooeo doa

whdveo` doa

tgh

fmllhfteo`

mj

ndthredl, Crmhkhr Dotgrm~mlmdefdl mfehtv

Rd~hrs, ;,l-5.

Ke`dlch, Q. (4571) . @mvhnnhot doa Nessemo eo Qmrdido Pmrla mj

Ndcdlh doa [dothpdm. Eoamohsed.67 (Mft), 44-;1.



Ke`dlch, Q. (4574) . D smfedl gestmw

mj

Qdod Qmrded 4702-45:8.

Xopuklesgha amftmrdl aesshrtdtemo, Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo, Ndaesmo.

Klust,

[. (4

571) . Dustrmohsedo fulturh gestmry9 smnh leoùestef

eojhrhofhs doa tgher rhldtemos tm tgh drfgdhmlm efdl rhfmra. Eo R. vdo ah

Zhlah

(Ha.),

Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.

D

[hdahr (pp.

;4

7-;14) . Amrrhfgt,

Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.

Kmlldoa,

[. (4554) .

Umu ohha d lmmn tm prmaufhd thxtelh. Eo

C.

vmo

Phlc (Ha.)

,

Rrmfhhaeo`s mj tgh shfmoa synwseun mo Eoamohsedo

thxtelhs. Cmlo.

4578 (pp.

405-471). Fmlmòh9 [duthoVtrdufg.

Kmlldoa, [.

(4505) .

Ahnmostrdtemo mj

tgrhh

lmmns. Eo 4 Hnhry &

R.

Jesch (Ha . ) , Lmmns doa tgher ~rmaufts9 rhoh Hnhrv rmuoatdklhmo

nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods (pp

.

5-08)

. Pdsgeo`tmo, AF9

Qgh

Qhxtelh Nushun.

Kmlldoa,

[. (4504) . D

fmnpdresmo khtwhho tgh lmmns

usha eo Kdle

doa Lmnkmc jmr whdveo` sdfrha flmtgs, Qrm~efdlNdo, 1,404-4 7;.

Kungdn,

A.C. (4572) .

Pdrp doa whje9

D

thxtelh thrneomlmdv.

Qmrmotm9 [mydl Motdrem Nushun.

Flejjmra,

I. (4

577) . Qgh nhaefdnhot mj fulturh. Qwhotehtg

fhoturv

htgomdrdpgv. lethrdturh. doa drt. Fdnkrea`h, Ndssdfgushtts9

Gdrvdra

Xoevhrsety Rrhss.

Fmhahs, @ . (45:7) . Qgh loaedoezha Vtdths mj Vmutghdst Dsed.

Gmomlulu9 Hdst Phst Fhotrh Rrhss.

Fmlleo`wmma,

R.

(4570) . Qhxtelh doa whdveod strufturh9 D smurfh

kmmc jmr ndchrs doa ahsedohrs. Lmoamo9 K.Q. Kdtsjmra.

Frystdl,

H.

(4505)

.

Nmuotdeo ecdts doa fmdstdl selcs9 trdaetemodl

thxtelhs eo Vmutg Vuldwhse. EoI.

Jesfghr

(Ha

.

)

,

Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9

thxtelhs

mj

loamohsed doa Vdrdwdc (pp

.

86-:;) . Khrchly, FD9 Lmweh

Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y,



Frystdl,

H.

(4500)

.

Qmuresn eo Qdod Qmrdid (Vuldwhse, Eoamohsed).

Eo

Z.

H.

Vnetg

(Ha

.

)

,

Gmsts doa duhsts9 Qgh dotgrmpmlmdv

mj

tmuresn

(pp .

425-;8)

. Rgeldahlpged9 Xoevhrsetymj Rhoosylvdoed Rrhss.

Frystdl. H. (4501) . Fmmceo` pmt pmletefs9 D Qmrdid velld`h stuay.

Eoamohsed, 47'445-84.

Hllho, [.J. (Ha . ) (4571) . Htgomdrdpgef [hshdrfg.

D

@ueah tm

@hohrdl Fmoauft. Qmrmotm9 Dfdahnef Rrhss.

Hnhry,

4 (4572) .

Qgh ~r endrvtrufturh mj jdkrefs. do ellustrdtha

fldssejefdtemo. Pdsgeo`tmo,

A@9

Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.

Jesfghr, I.

(4

505)

.

Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9 Qhxtelhs mj loamohsed doa

Vdrdwdc. Khrclhy, F.D.9 Lmweh Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y.

Jmx, I.I. (4572)

.

Jeùrh sgdrc doa pdtthro frmfmaelh9 Qgh

jmuoadtemos mj

tgh

thxtelh trdaetemos mj [mte doa Oadm. Eo N. @etteo`hr (Ha . ),

Eoamohsed Qhxtelhs9 lrhoh

Hnhw

rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4505

prmfhhaeods

(pp

.

65-88)

. Pdsgeo`tmo, A.F.9

Qgh

Qhxtelh

Nushun.

Jrdnh,

N.

(4575) .

D jdroelv djjder9 Ndceod flmtg eo Qdduelh. Rhru.

Nushun Omth

Om. ;:.

X.K.F.

Nushun mj Dotgrmpmlm`y. Zdofmuvhr,

Fdodad9

Qgh

Xoevhrsety

mj Kretesg Fmlunked.

Jrdnh, N. (455;) . Dofehot flmtg

..

Dofehot fmah= Hxgeketemo ky

Ndry Jrdnh dt

tgh

Nushun

mj

Dotgrmpmlm`y. Zdofmuvhr, K.F.9 Qgh

Xoevhrsety

mj

Kretesg Fmlunked.

Jrdnh,

N. (4

57;) . Dofehot Rhruvedo

sprdod jdkrefs. Xopuklesgha

Ndsthjs Qghses, Xoevhrsety mj Kretesg Fmlunked, Zdofmuvhr. Pdsgeo`tmo,

AF9 Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.

@dthwmma, I.

K.

(4571) . D sgmrt typmlm`y mj htgom`rdpgef horhs9

mo

wdys

tm

wreth

dkmut mtghr phmplh,

eo Dotgrm~mmlmdv oa Gundoesn

Tudrthrlv. 5,812.

@hlahr, L. vdo (4505) . loamohsedo ecdt jdkrefs doa tgher thfgoequhs.

Eo

I.

Jesfghr (Ha . ) , Qgrhdas mj trdaetemo9 Qhxtelhs mj loamohsed doa

Vdrdwdc

(pp . 68-12.



@hmr h, C. N. (4554) . Ghdaguoteo , gestmry doa hxfgdo`h eo

upldoa Vuldwhse. Imurodl mj Dsedo Vtuaehs.

82 (6),86:-8:1.

@hrleo`s, I. I. j e (458;) .

V~rhchoahPhhjshls. Dnsthradn9

[mydl Qrmpefdl Eostetuth.

@etteo`hr,

N.

(457;) . Ndsthr ayhrs tm tgh wmrla9 Qhxtelhs doa

trdaetemo eo Eoamohsed. Pdsgeo`tmo,

A.F.9

Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.

@etteo`hr, N. (4505) . Vplhoaea svnkmls9 Qhxtelhs doa trdaetemo eo

Eoamohsed. Pdsgeo`tmo,

AF9

Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.

@etteo`hr, N.

(4505)

.

Do eotrmauftemo tm tgh kmay-thosemo lmmns doa

senplh lmmns mj Vmutghdst Dsed. Eo 4 Hnhry

&

R. Jesch (Ha . )

.

Lmmns

doa tgher prmauas9

lrhoh

Hnhw rmuoatdklh. 4500 ~rmfhhaeo`s

pp

.

81-

:7).

Pdsgeo`tmo,

A.F.9 Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun.

@rdkun, O.

(Ha

.

)

.

(450:)

.

Htgoef

doa tmurest drts9 Fulturdl

hxprhssemos jrmn tgh jmurtg wmrla. Khrchlhy,

F.D.9

Xoevhrsety mj

Fdlejmroed

Rrhss.

Gdushr-Vfgdukleo, K. & Odkgmlz-Cdrttdsfgmjj,N-L, [dnshyhr

(4554)

.

Qhxtelhs eo Kdle. Vhdtlh, PD9 Xoevhrsety mj Pdsgeo`tmo Rrhss.

Gheoh-@hlahn, [. (4

571)

. Dofehot gmnhldoa doa hdrlv

wdoahreods mj tgh Dustrmohsedos. eo Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed. D [hdahr.

Amrarhfgt, Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.

Ghreo`d, [. (4

575)

. Ayh prmfhss doa lejh shquhofh9 tgh fmlmureo`

mj thxtelhs eo do hdst Idvdohsh velld`h. Eo N. @etteo`hr (Ha . , Qm s ~ h d c

wetg flmtg. stuaehs eo Eoamohsedo thxtelhs (pp .

420-46;).

Lms Do`hlhs,

F.D.9

Qgh Nushun

mj

Fulturh Gestmry.

Getfgfmfc, N. (4554 . Eoamohsedo Qhxtelhs. Lmoamo9 Kretesg

NushunRrhss eo dssmfedtemo wetg

Qgh

Fhotrh jmr Vmutghdst Dsedo Vtuaehs,

Xoevhrsety

mj

Gull.

Idsphr,

I.

H. &

Ren`daeh, N. (454

;)

. Ah

eoldoasfgh

Cuostoeevhrghea eo Ohahrldoasfg Eoaeh. ;.

Ah

Phhjcuost. Qgh Gdùh9

Nmutmo.



Imgosmo, 4. P. (4505) . Qgh reo`-wdrp lmmn eo Nhxefm. Eo 4

Hnhry

&

R.

Jesch

(Ha

.

,

Lmmns doa tgher prmaufts9 lrhoh

Hnhrv

rmuoatdklh.

4500 ~rmfhhaeoms pp . 468-485) . Pdsgeo tmo, A.F.9

Qgh

Qhxtelh

Nushun.

Choohay, [. (4586) . Jehla omths eo Eoamohsed9 Vmutg Fhlhkhs 4515-

82. G. F. Fmocleo (Ha.

)

. Ohw Gdvho, Fmoo9 Gundo [hldtemosDrhd

Jelhs.

Ldfg, A. [. (45:7)

.

Vmutghdst Dsed. eo tgh hvhs mj Hurm~h.

gh

sexthhotg fhoturv. Fgefd`m9 Qgh Xoevhrsety

mj

Fgefd`m Rrhss.

Leo`,

[.G. (4

574)

.

Vtuaehs eo prenetevh lmmns. Khajmra,

XC9

[utg

Khdo.

NdfFdoohll, A. (450:) . Qgh tmurest. d ohw tghmrv mj tgh lhesurh

fldss.

Ohw Umrc9 Vfgmfcho Rrhss.

Nfceoomo, V. (4554) . Jrmn d sgdtthrha Vuo. gehrdrfgy. dhoahr.

doa

dlledofh eo Qdooekdr Esldoas. Ndaesmo, Pesfmoseo9 Qgh Xoevhrsety mj

Pesfmoseo Rrhss.

Ndttuldad (Iuoh, 4556)

.

Rhrsmodl fmnnuoefdtemo dt @da`d

Ndad

Xoevhrsety eo Um`ydcdrtd, Eoamohsed.

Ndttuldad (4

507)

. Rrh-lsldnef Vmutg Vuldwhse. EoG. Vmhkdaem &

F. D. au NdrfgehVdrvds Has .

,

Avodnefs mj loamohsedo Gestmry

(pp .

4;6-412) . Xoevhrsety mj Eoamohsed. Dnhrsthradn9 O M OGmlldoa

Ruklefdtemos.

Ndxwhll, [. (4552) . Qhxtelhs mj Vmutghdst Dsed9 Qrdaetemo. trdah,

doa trdosjmrndtemo.

Ohw

Umrc9

Mxjmra

Xoevhrsety Rrhss.

Nells, [. J. (4508)

. Qgh

rhfmostruftemomj prmtm Vmutg

Vuldwhse.

Drfgephl. 42,;28-;1.

Oehssho, V. (4556)

.

Fmropmurea ghaalhsdoa twell eo tgh Kdtdc drhd

mj

Omrtg Vundtrd. Eoadohsed9 Phdveod thfgoeduhs ds d

rh~msetdrv

j

gestmrefdl eojmrndtemo. Xopuklesgha ndousfrept.

Oehssho, V.

(4554)

. Nhdoahreo tgrmu`g Kdtdc thxtelhs. Drs

Qhxtreod. 4:, 0-10.



Oehssho, V. (4577-75) . Hxfgdo eo` wdrp eo tgh Kdtdc [dèaup doa

Kuluo , Qgh Qhxtelh Nushun Imurodl.

;0

&

;7,1ó-88.

Oehssho, V. (4578) . Nmtejs mj lejh eo Qmkd Kdtdc thxts doa thxtelhs.

Amrarhfgt, Gmlldoa9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.

Ommy-Rdln, G. (4575) .

Qgh

sdfrha flmtgs mj tgh Qmrdid. Eo N.

@etteo`hr

(Ha

. ,

Qm

s~hdc etg flmtg. stuaehs eo loamohsedo thxtelhs

(pp

.

4:6-4

72) .

Lms Do`hlhs, FD9 Qgh

Nushun

mj Fulturdl Gestmry.

Ommy-Rdln,

G.

(457:)

.

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded9 D stuav mj tgher smfedl

Eejh doa rhledemo.

EE.

[etudls mj tgh hdst doa whst. Amrarhfgt, Gmlldoa9 Jmres

Ruklefdtemos.

Ommy-Rdln, G. (457;) . Qgh rmlh mj tgh sdfrha flmtgs eo tgh

nytgmlm`y doa retudl mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdid mj Vuldwhse, loamohsed. Eo N.

@etteo`hr (Ha . ) , loamohsedo thxtelhs9 lrhoh Hnhrv rmuoatdklh mo nushun

thxtelhs. 4505 prmfhhaeods (pp. 74-58) . Pdsgeo`tmo, AF9 Qhxtelh

Nushun.

Ommy-Rdln,

G.

(4505) . Qgh Vd'ado Qmrded9 D stuav mj tgher smfedl

lejh doa rhledemo,

4

Mrfedoezdtemo. svnkmls doa khlehjs. Qgh Gdùh9

NdrteousOeimjj.

Ommy-Rdn, G. (4507)

.

Vuwhy mj stuaehs mo tgh dotgrmpmlm`y mj

Qdod Qmrdid, Vuldwhse. Drfgephl. 48,4:6-5;.

Ommy-Rdln, G. (4508) . Eotrmauftemomj tgh VdsadoQmrdid phmplh

doa tgher fmuotry. Drfge~hl. 2,8;-5;.

Rhlrds,

F.

(4556) . [hleèmo, trdaetemo, doa tgh ayodnefs mj

lsldnezdtemo eo Vmutg Vuldwhse. Drfgephl, 80 (Dprell466-81.

Vmhimom, [. R. (4571) . Rrhgestmref loamohsed. Eo R.

Zdo

ah Zhlah

(Ha

.

)

,

Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.

d

rhdahr

(pp

.

15-07)

.

Amrarhfgt,

Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.

Vmhtresom,

V.

(4556) . Rhrsmodl fmnnuoefdtemo dt @daid Ndad

Xoevhrsety, Um idcdttd, Eoamohsed.



Vmlymn, @.

&

Vmlymn, K. (4578)

.

Jdkref trdaetemos mj Eoamohsed.

Rullndo,

P.D.9

Pdsgeo`tmo Vtdth Xoevhrsety Rrhss.

Vmrhosho, R. (4577) . Drfgdhmlmqefdl Hxfdvdtemos eo Qgdeldoa.

Vurjdfh jeoas doa neomr hxfdvdtemos. Vfdoaeodvedo lostetuth mj

Dsedo

stuaehs Mffdssemodl Rdphrs Om.

4. (pp.

427-417)

.

Lmoamo9 Furzmo Rrhss

Lta.

Vprdalhy,

I.

R. (4572)

.

Rdrtefepdtemo mkshordtemo. Ohw Umrc9 Gmlt,

[eohgdrt doa Peostmo,

Vprdalhy,

I.

R. (4505) . Qgh htgomàerdpgef eothrvehw. Ohw Umrc9

Gmlt, [eohgdrt doa Peostmo.

Vtmfceo`,

@.

P. Ir. (Ha . ) .

(4578) .

Mkehfts doa mtghrs9 Hssdvs mo

nushuns doa odtevh fulturh. Gestmrv mj Dotgrmpmlmdv,

6.

Ndaesmo,

Pesfmoseo9 Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo Rrhss.

Vtmfceo`, @. P. Ir. (4576) . Mkshrvhrs mkshrvha9 Hssdvs mo

htgomdrdpgef jehlawmrc. Ndaesmo, Pesfmoseo9 Xoevhrsety mj Pesfmoseo

Rrhss.

Vuttmo, D. (4

57;) .

Qgh strufturh mj jdkrefs. Dsgvellh, OF9 Ldrc

Fmnnuoefdtemos.

Qdnnu,

I., 7

G. vdo ahr Zhho. (450;)

. Cdnus

Qmrdaed

-

Eoamohsed.

[dothpdm9 Idsdo Rhrùrudo Crestho Qmrdaid.

Qdylmr,

R.

7 Drd`mo, L.D. (4554)

.

Khvmoa tgh Idvd Vhd9

Drt

mj

Eoamohsed's muthr esldoas. Pdsgeotmo,

AF9

Odtemodl Nushun mj Odturdl

Gestmry, Vnetgsmoedo Eostetutemo.

Qrdukh, H.

@.

(457:)

.

Fmsnmlmdv doa smfedl lejh. retudl hxfgdodh

dnmod

tgh Ndrode

mj

Hdst Qenmr. Fgefd`m9 Xoevhrsety mj Fgefd`m Rrhss.

Zhho, G. vdo ahr

(45::) .

Qgh Vd'ado Qmrdaed fgdot jmr tgh

ahfhdsha. V'@rdvhogd`h9 Ndrteous Oeigmjj.

Zhho, G. vdo

ahe-

(4

5:8)

.

Qgh

Nhrmc jhdst mj tgh Vd'ado Qmrdaed.

V'@rdvhogd`h9 Ndrteous Oeimjj.



Zhlah, R. vdo ahr (4571) . Rrhgestmref Eoamohsed.

d

rhdahr.

Amrarhfgt, Ohtghrldoas9 Jmres Ruklefdtemos.

Zmlcndo,

Q.

D. (4551)

.

Mur draho

es

tgh shd9 Fmoteo`hofy doa

enprmvesdtemo eo Ndoadr wmnho's wmrc. Dnhrefdo Htgomlmdest. ;4 (6),

8:1-878.

Zmlcndo, Q.

D.

(4552) . Zesemos doa rhvesemos9 Qmrdid fulturh doa

tgh tmurest `dzh. Dnhofdo Htgomlmdest. 40 (4).

54

4 42.

Zmlcndo, Q.D. (4578)

.

Jhdsts mj

Gmomr.

[etudl doa Fgdodh eo tgh

Qmrded Gedgldoa-. Fgefd`m9 Xoevhrsety Rrhss.

Zmllnhr, I. H. (4505) . Drfgdhmlm efdl hveahofh jmr lmmns jrmn

Uuoodo. Eo 4 Hnhry doa R. Jesch (Has.

)

, Lmmns doa tgher prmaufts9

lrhoh Hnhw rmuoatdklh mo nushun thxtelhs. 4500 prmfhhaeods (pp.

07-

75)

. Pdsgeo tmo, AF9

Qgh

Qhxtelh Nushun.

Pdthrsmo,

[.

(4577) . Gmush

doa

tgh Pmrla. Fdnkrea`h,

N.

D.

Documents

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