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An eye An eye -tracking study of -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary compounds: Preliminary results results Victor Kuperman, Rob Schreuder, Harald Victor Kuperman, Rob Schreuder, Harald Baayen Baayen Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands The Netherlands

An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

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An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results. Victor Kuperman, Rob Schreuder, Harald Baayen Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Research Goals:. Exploring morphological complexity beyond the level of bi-morphemic compounds in reading. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

An eyeAn eye-tracking study of multiply -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: complex Dutch compounds:

Preliminary resultsPreliminary results

Victor Kuperman, Rob Schreuder, Harald BaayenVictor Kuperman, Rob Schreuder, Harald Baayen

Radboud University Nijmegen,Radboud University Nijmegen,

The NetherlandsThe Netherlands

Page 2: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Research Goals:Research Goals:

Exploring morphological complexity beyond the level of Exploring morphological complexity beyond the level of bi-morphemic compounds in reading. bi-morphemic compounds in reading.

Applying the mixed-effects multiple regression technique Applying the mixed-effects multiple regression technique with subjects and items as crossed random effects.with subjects and items as crossed random effects.

Accounting for recently raised methodological issues in Accounting for recently raised methodological issues in the analysis of visual comprehension, such as the the analysis of visual comprehension, such as the influence of prior trials and fixations.influence of prior trials and fixations.

Exploring gender difference in reading.Exploring gender difference in reading.

Page 3: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Materials:Materials:

1250 existing Dutch compounds with “additional” 1250 existing Dutch compounds with “additional” complexity (source: CELEX). complexity (source: CELEX). Either tri-constituent compounds, or compounds with at Either tri-constituent compounds, or compounds with at least one affixed constituent. least one affixed constituent. Mean index of complexity: 4.3 (0.7).Mean index of complexity: 4.3 (0.7).

Examples:Examples: trap-lop-trap-lop-er er “stair walker”“stair walker”lof-lof-ge-ge-zang “song of praise”zang “song of praise”ver-ver-zet-zet-s-s-liedlied “song of protest”“song of protest”zee-manzee-man--ss--kunst “sailor’s art”kunst “sailor’s art”

Page 4: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Materials:Materials:

1250 neologisms built of existing Dutch words. Same 1250 neologisms built of existing Dutch words. Same requirements to the structure as with the target group.requirements to the structure as with the target group.

Neologisms were rated for interpretability on the 1-7 scale.Neologisms were rated for interpretability on the 1-7 scale.

Target words and fillers were presented in isolation. We Target words and fillers were presented in isolation. We are eliciting strategies for morphological parsing to explore are eliciting strategies for morphological parsing to explore the baseline effects.the baseline effects.

Page 5: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Materials:Materials:

All stimuli were limited to 12 letters in length: All stimuli were limited to 12 letters in length:

8-12 letter-range. 8-12 letter-range.

Mean word length: 11.6 (0.7)Mean word length: 11.6 (0.7)

tight control for the influence of WordLength and tight control for the influence of WordLength and disconfounding of WordFreq vs. WordLength and disconfounding of WordFreq vs. WordLength and WordLength vs. LeftLengthWordLength vs. LeftLength

Page 6: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Materials:Materials:

2500 words were presented in isolation for lexical 2500 words were presented in isolation for lexical decision, while eye movements of subjects were decision, while eye movements of subjects were monitored (right-eye).monitored (right-eye).

80 cm distance from the screen. Words presented in fixed-80 cm distance from the screen. Words presented in fixed-width font, size 12. Foveal view of 5.6 letters. width font, size 12. Foveal view of 5.6 letters.

An asterisk was presented centrally for 500 ms, then the An asterisk was presented centrally for 500 ms, then the word was displayed such that the asterisk position was word was displayed such that the asterisk position was always located after the 4always located after the 4thth letter (close to OVP). letter (close to OVP).

No timing on lexical decision. Drift correction after every No timing on lexical decision. Drift correction after every 3d trial.3d trial.

Page 7: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Materials:Materials:

All 19 subjects were right-handed with normal or All 19 subjects were right-handed with normal or corrected-to-normal vision: 12 females and 7 males. corrected-to-normal vision: 12 females and 7 males.

Two hourly sessions on two different dates. Each session Two hourly sessions on two different dates. Each session contained one 15-min break and 3 to 4 shorter breaks.contained one 15-min break and 3 to 4 shorter breaks.

Page 8: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Data Pool:Data Pool:

Trials with blinking or eye-tracker misreading were Trials with blinking or eye-tracker misreading were excluded from the data pool.excluded from the data pool.Fixations that were finished after the point of lexical Fixations that were finished after the point of lexical decision were excluded. decision were excluded. Fixations shorter that 30 ms and longer than 1000 ms Fixations shorter that 30 ms and longer than 1000 ms were excluded. were excluded. Fixations bordering the micro-saccades (within-letter Fixations bordering the micro-saccades (within-letter saccades) were excluded.saccades) were excluded.

Page 9: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Data Pool:Data Pool:

The remaining pool of valid fixations: 89190The remaining pool of valid fixations: 89190

Distribution of Fixations:Distribution of Fixations:

11 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 66

0.17 0.17 0.35 0.35 0.26 0.26 0.13 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.020.02

Mean fixations per word: 2.7 (1.4)Mean fixations per word: 2.7 (1.4)

Progressive (86%) vs. Regressive (14%)Progressive (86%) vs. Regressive (14%)

Page 10: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Dependent VariablesDependent Variables

First-fixation position (pre-defined)First-fixation position (pre-defined)First-fixation durationFirst-fixation durationProbability of a single fixationProbability of a single fixationFirst saccade lengthFirst saccade lengthSecond-fixation durationSecond-fixation durationProbability of having exactly two fixationsProbability of having exactly two fixationsProbability of regressive fixationProbability of regressive fixationTotal number of fixationsTotal number of fixationsGaze durationGaze duration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Third-fixation position and duration Third-fixation position and duration

Page 11: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Independent Variables: GroupsIndependent Variables: Groups

Measures from previous trials and previous fixationsMeasures from previous trials and previous fixationsOrthographic measures (lengths, n-gram measures)Orthographic measures (lengths, n-gram measures)Morphological variables (word and immediate Morphological variables (word and immediate constituent frequencies)constituent frequencies)Indicators of fine-grained morphological structure Indicators of fine-grained morphological structure (affixes and non-immediate constituents, distance from (affixes and non-immediate constituents, distance from morph. boundaries)morph. boundaries)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Not reported here:Not reported here:Lexical decision dataLexical decision dataSemantic transparency, interpretability of neologismsSemantic transparency, interpretability of neologismsParadigmatic measures (family size, entropy, cumulative Paradigmatic measures (family size, entropy, cumulative root frequency, etc.)root frequency, etc.)

Page 12: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of previous trialsResults: Influence of previous trials

Longer lexical decision RT of the previous trial predicts:Longer lexical decision RT of the previous trial predicts:First fixation is longer (mean: 21ms)First fixation is longer (mean: 21ms)Second fixation is longer (mean: 5ms)Second fixation is longer (mean: 5ms)More fixations on the word (mean: 0.9)More fixations on the word (mean: 0.9)Gaze duration is longer (mean: 70ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean: 70ms)

Summary: Complexity of the previous task predicts more Summary: Complexity of the previous task predicts more and longer fixations in the current trial.and longer fixations in the current trial.

Page 13: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of previous trialsResults: Influence of previous trials

Larger trial number predicts:Larger trial number predicts:Less fixations on a word (0.7)Less fixations on a word (0.7)Shorter gaze duration (mean: 36ms)Shorter gaze duration (mean: 36ms)

Summary: Effects of habituation to the task. Summary: Effects of habituation to the task.

Page 14: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of previous fixationsResults: Influence of previous fixations

If the first fixation is further into the word:If the first fixation is further into the word:Second fixation is shorter (mean: 44ms)Second fixation is shorter (mean: 44ms)

If the first fixation is longer:If the first fixation is longer:Second fixation is shorter (mean: 25ms)Second fixation is shorter (mean: 25ms)

Page 15: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Interim Summary: Methodological IssuesInterim Summary: Methodological Issues

The influence of previous trials and of previous and The influence of previous trials and of previous and following fixations on lexical processing of isolated words following fixations on lexical processing of isolated words is on par with or exceeding the largest morphological is on par with or exceeding the largest morphological effects. Thus, these predictors require tight experimental effects. Thus, these predictors require tight experimental or statistical control.or statistical control.

Page 16: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Orthographic MeasuresResults: Orthographic Measures

A longer word predicts:A longer word predicts:Shorter first and second fixations (45 ms; 5 ms)Shorter first and second fixations (45 ms; 5 ms)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)

Summary: Individual fixations are shorter, but there is Summary: Individual fixations are shorter, but there is more of them. Effects are relatively small due to our more of them. Effects are relatively small due to our experimental control of word length.experimental control of word length.

Page 17: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Orthographic MeasuresResults: Orthographic Measures

A longer left constituent predicts:A longer left constituent predicts:Less probable single fixation Less probable single fixation [HP 98][HP 98]First fixation is shorter (mean 7ms) First fixation is shorter (mean 7ms) [11ms, HP 98][11ms, HP 98]First saccade is longer (0.2– 0.5 letter-size) First saccade is longer (0.2– 0.5 letter-size) [0.5 ms, HP][0.5 ms, HP]Second fixation is shorter (5ms) Second fixation is shorter (5ms) [longer 6ms, ns, HP][longer 6ms, ns, HP]No effect on gaze duration No effect on gaze duration [HP 98][HP 98]

HP 98 = Hyönä & Pollatsek, JEP 1998HP 98 = Hyönä & Pollatsek, JEP 1998

Page 18: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Morphological VariablesResults: Morphological Variables

A higher compound frequency predicts:Less probable second and third fixation [PHB, 2000]First fixation is shorter (mean 10ms) [5ms, PHB]Second fixation is shorter (mean 3ms) [16ms, PHB]Gaze duration is shorter (mean 32ms) [82ms, PHB]

Summary: Shorter fixations and gaze duration, higher probability of less fixations. Effects start at first fixation.

PHB, 2000 = Pollatsek et al., JEP 2000

Page 19: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: ConstituentsResults: Constituents

A higher A higher left-constituent frequencyleft-constituent frequency predicts: predicts:First fixation is shorter, especially for prefixed left First fixation is shorter, especially for prefixed left constituents (mean 18ms) constituents (mean 18ms) [9ms, HP; 8ms, AMR ][9ms, HP; 8ms, AMR ]Second fixation is shorter, only for suffixed right Second fixation is shorter, only for suffixed right constituents (mean 23ms) constituents (mean 23ms) [9ms, HP][9ms, HP]Gaze duration is shorter, especially for prefixed left Gaze duration is shorter, especially for prefixed left constituents (mean 13ms) constituents (mean 13ms) [87ms, HP; 27ms, AMR][87ms, HP; 27ms, AMR]

Summary: Summary: Effects start at first fixation.Effects start at first fixation. Shorter fixations Shorter fixations and gaze duration, higher probability of having less and gaze duration, higher probability of having less fixations. fixations.

AMR = Andrews et al., Eur. J. Cogn. Psy. 2004AMR = Andrews et al., Eur. J. Cogn. Psy. 2004

Page 20: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: ConstituentsResults: Constituents

A higher A higher right-constituent frequencyright-constituent frequency predicts: predicts:Second fixation is shorter, only for suffixed right Second fixation is shorter, only for suffixed right constituents (mean 45ms) constituents (mean 45ms) [8ms, PHB][8ms, PHB]Gaze duration is shorter, especially for suffixed right Gaze duration is shorter, especially for suffixed right constituents (mean 25ms) constituents (mean 25ms) [95ms, PHB; 15ms, AMR][95ms, PHB; 15ms, AMR]

Summary: Effects start at second fixation. Shorter Summary: Effects start at second fixation. Shorter fixations and gaze duration.fixations and gaze duration.

Page 21: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Interim Summary: Orthography and Interim Summary: Orthography and MorphologyMorphology

Effects reported for Finnish and English are replicated in Effects reported for Finnish and English are replicated in Dutch, mostly with similar sizes.Dutch, mostly with similar sizes.Left constituent frequency affects the first fixation Left constituent frequency affects the first fixation duration, the right constituent frequency affects the duration, the right constituent frequency affects the second fixation duration: Evidence for the serial access to second fixation duration: Evidence for the serial access to constituentsconstituentsCompound frequency starts affecting reading earlier Compound frequency starts affecting reading earlier than the right constituent frequency: Evidence for the dual than the right constituent frequency: Evidence for the dual route model in relatively short compounds (8-12 letters)route model in relatively short compounds (8-12 letters)

Page 22: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Morphological ComplexityResults: Morphological ComplexityDoes complexity imply slower processing? Does complexity imply slower processing? YesYes

If the complexity index is higher:If the complexity index is higher:Gaze duration is longer (mean 8ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 8ms)

If the left or the right constituent is a compound in itselfIf the left or the right constituent is a compound in itself((dag+boekdag+boek-schrijver “diary writer”; joden--schrijver “diary writer”; joden-kerk+hof kerk+hof “synagogue”):“synagogue”):

Gaze duration is longer (12 ms, left; 13 ms, right)Gaze duration is longer (12 ms, left; 13 ms, right)

Page 23: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Morphological VariablesResults: Morphological Variables

Does complexity imply slower processing? Does complexity imply slower processing? NoNo

verver-wacht--wacht-inging++ss++gege-voel--voel-enen--s “feelings of expectation”s “feelings of expectation”

For left+suffix, interfix, right+prefix, right+suffix:For left+suffix, interfix, right+prefix, right+suffix:Gaze duration is shorter (range: 3-15 ms)Gaze duration is shorter (range: 3-15 ms)

Page 24: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Interim Conclusion: Sub-Constituent Interim Conclusion: Sub-Constituent ComplexityComplexityComplexity makes processing:Complexity makes processing:Slower, if a stem is added.Slower, if a stem is added.Faster, if an affix is added.Faster, if an affix is added.

Since affixes and stems behave differently in visual Since affixes and stems behave differently in visual processing of words, decomposition is present. processing of words, decomposition is present.

Faster processing of complex constituents than simplex Faster processing of complex constituents than simplex constituents (Raab, 1962, Frauenfelder, Schreuder, 1992, constituents (Raab, 1962, Frauenfelder, Schreuder, 1992, Bertram et al., 1999). Facilitation derives from parallel Bertram et al., 1999). Facilitation derives from parallel processing of the stem and the whole constituent via the processing of the stem and the whole constituent via the parsing route, as opposed to the direct route (the only parsing route, as opposed to the direct route (the only option for simplex constituents). option for simplex constituents).

Page 25: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Gender DifferenceResults: Gender Difference

Males show:Males show:smaller effects of word length and left constituent length smaller effects of word length and left constituent length on fixation durations and gaze durations;on fixation durations and gaze durations;larger inhibition effects of RTs from the previous trials on larger inhibition effects of RTs from the previous trials on gaze duration;gaze duration;smaller facilitation from habituation on fixation and gaze smaller facilitation from habituation on fixation and gaze durations.durations.

Why?Why?

Page 26: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Gender x MorphologyResults: Gender x Morphology

Males, like females, show:Males, like females, show:facilitatory effects of word frequencyfacilitatory effects of word frequencyfacilitatory effects of constituent frequenciesfacilitatory effects of constituent frequencies

Sub-constituent level:Sub-constituent level:

Males, like females, show:Males, like females, show:inhibitory effects of the left constituent being a inhibitory effects of the left constituent being a compound compound facilitatory effects of the left constituent having a prefixfacilitatory effects of the left constituent having a prefix

dagbdagb**oekoekschrijverschrijver ververz*etsliedz*etslied

Page 27: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Gender x MorphologyResults: Gender x MorphologySub-constituent level:Sub-constituent level:ver-wver-w*acht-*acht-ing-s-ge-ing-s-ge-voel-voel-en-sen-s

Males, unlike females, show:Males, unlike females, show:little or no effect of any morpheme located to the right of little or no effect of any morpheme located to the right of the initial fixation, be it a stem (inhibition) or an affix the initial fixation, be it a stem (inhibition) or an affix (facilitation)(facilitation)

Women detect sub-constituent complexity better than Women detect sub-constituent complexity better than men, while men appear to be sensitive to larger, men, while men appear to be sensitive to larger, constituent-level blocks. The difference shows up in the constituent-level blocks. The difference shows up in the right part of the compound.right part of the compound.

Why?Why?

Page 28: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Discussion: Gender x MorphologyDiscussion: Gender x Morphology

Possible explanation:Possible explanation:Women have been reported to have better skills in Women have been reported to have better skills in speech production and perception, including articulation, speech production and perception, including articulation, spelling, recall of words, etc.spelling, recall of words, etc.Possibly, women have better abilities in parsing Possibly, women have better abilities in parsing morphological structure.morphological structure.

Page 29: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Summary of Findings:Summary of Findings:Fine-grained structure (below the level of immediate Fine-grained structure (below the level of immediate constituents) affects visual processing of isolated words,constituents) affects visual processing of isolated words,Added lexical complexity inhibits reading, while added Added lexical complexity inhibits reading, while added morphological complexity facilitates it. morphological complexity facilitates it. Subconstituent morphological effects interact with Subconstituent morphological effects interact with readers’ gender. They are observed for both genders in readers’ gender. They are observed for both genders in the left part of compounds and only for females in right the left part of compounds and only for females in right parts of compounds.parts of compounds.Evidence is found for the serial access and dual route Evidence is found for the serial access and dual route model and previous findings in Finnish and English are model and previous findings in Finnish and English are replicated. replicated. Influence of previous trials and previous/following Influence of previous trials and previous/following fixations needs to be taken into account.fixations needs to be taken into account.

Page 30: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Thank you!Thank you!

Page 31: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: ConstituentsResults: Constituents

Why are the effects of constituent frequencies larger if Why are the effects of constituent frequencies larger if there are affixes present?there are affixes present?

First fixation imposed at 4First fixation imposed at 4thth letter: The view of the initial letter: The view of the initial letters of left constituent stem is better when the left letters of left constituent stem is better when the left constituent has a prefix.constituent has a prefix.

The average position of the 2The average position of the 2ndnd fixation is 7.7 (0.5) letters fixation is 7.7 (0.5) letters into a word. The view of final letters is better when the into a word. The view of final letters is better when the right constituent has a suffix right constituent has a suffix

[Beauvillain, JML 1996][Beauvillain, JML 1996]

Page 32: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of previous trialsResults: Influence of previous trials

Longer lexical decision RT of the previous trial predicts:Longer lexical decision RT of the previous trial predicts:First fixation is longer (mean 12ms)First fixation is longer (mean 12ms)Single fixation is less probableSingle fixation is less probableSecond fixation is longer (mean 20ms)Second fixation is longer (mean 20ms)Two-fixation scenario is less probableTwo-fixation scenario is less probableTotal number of fixations is larger (1-1.5)Total number of fixations is larger (1-1.5)Gaze duration is longer (mean 17ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 17ms)

Summary: Complexity of the previous task predicts more Summary: Complexity of the previous task predicts more and longer fixations in the current trial.and longer fixations in the current trial.

Page 33: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of following fixationsResults: Influence of following fixations

If the fixation is the last one in the trial:If the fixation is the last one in the trial:First-fixation duration is longer (87 ms)First-fixation duration is longer (87 ms)First saccade is longer (0.1 letter)First saccade is longer (0.1 letter)Second fixation is longer (15 ms)Second fixation is longer (15 ms)

Summary: Accounting for the last fixation in simple effects Summary: Accounting for the last fixation in simple effects and interactions with other predictors explains much and interactions with other predictors explains much variance. variance.

Page 34: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Orthographic MeasuresResults: Orthographic Measures

A longer word predicts:A longer word predicts:First fixation position is more into the word (mean 0.2 First fixation position is more into the word (mean 0.2 letter-size)letter-size)First fixation is shorter (mean 45 ms)First fixation is shorter (mean 45 ms)First saccade is longer (2.6 – 3.3 letter-size)First saccade is longer (2.6 – 3.3 letter-size)Second fixation is shorter (mean 5 ms)Second fixation is shorter (mean 5 ms)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)

Summary: Fixations are shorter, but there are more Summary: Fixations are shorter, but there are more fixations.fixations.

Page 35: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Morphological ComplexityResults: Morphological ComplexityDoes complexity imply slower processing? Does complexity imply slower processing? YesYes

If the complexity index is higher:If the complexity index is higher:Second fixation is longer (mean 34ms)Second fixation is longer (mean 34ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 8ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 8ms)

If the left or the right constituent is a compound in itselfIf the left or the right constituent is a compound in itself((dag+boekdag+boek-schrijver “diary writer”; joden--schrijver “diary writer”; joden-kerk+hof kerk+hof “synagogue”):“synagogue”):

Second fixation is longer (9ms)Second fixation is longer (9ms)Gaze duration is longer (12 ms, left; 13 ms, right)Gaze duration is longer (12 ms, left; 13 ms, right)

Page 36: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Morphological VariablesResults: Morphological Variables

Does complexity imply slower processing? Does complexity imply slower processing? NoNo

verver-wacht--wacht-inging++ s s++gege-voel--voel-enen--s “feelings of expectation”s “feelings of expectation”

For left+suffix, right+prefix, right+suffix:For left+suffix, right+prefix, right+suffix:Second fixation is shorter (range: 20-35ms)Second fixation is shorter (range: 20-35ms)Gaze duration is shorter (range: 5-15 ms)Gaze duration is shorter (range: 5-15 ms)

For left+prefix:First-fixation is shorter (3ms, below precision limit)

For interfix:Gaze duration is shorter (3ms, below precision limit)

Page 37: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Influence of following fixationsResults: Influence of following fixations

If the fixation is the last one in the trial:If the fixation is the last one in the trial:First-fixation duration is longer (87 ms)First-fixation duration is longer (87 ms)Second fixation is longer (15 ms)Second fixation is longer (15 ms)

Summary: Accounting for the last fixation in simple effects Summary: Accounting for the last fixation in simple effects and interactions with other predictors explains much and interactions with other predictors explains much variance. variance.

Page 38: An eye -tracking study of multiply complex Dutch compounds: Preliminary results

Results: Orthographic MeasuresResults: Orthographic Measures

A longer word predicts:A longer word predicts:First fixation position is more into the word (mean 0.2 First fixation position is more into the word (mean 0.2 letter-size)letter-size)First fixation is shorter (mean 45 ms)First fixation is shorter (mean 45 ms)Second fixation is shorter (mean 5 ms)Second fixation is shorter (mean 5 ms)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Total fixation number is larger (0.7 – 1.1)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)Gaze duration is longer (mean 5 ms)

Summary: Fixations are shorter, but there are more Summary: Fixations are shorter, but there are more fixations. Effects are small due to experimental control of fixations. Effects are small due to experimental control of word length.word length.