Edisi Khusus Rawa, Desember 2013

Halaman

Emission of Methane and Carbon Dioxide at Management of Organic Matter on Acid Sulphate Soil under Laboratory Experiment

Wahida Annisa, Azwar Maas, Benito H. Purwanto, Jaka Widada ................................................ 1

Relationship between Soil Chemical Properties and Emission of CO2 and CH4 of Guludan under Surjan System in Acid Sulphate Soil

Ani Susilawati , Bambang Hendro Sunarminto .................................................................................. 7

Application of Azolla pinnata Enhanced Soil Available P and Rice Yield

A. Arivin Rivaie, Soni Isnaini, Maryati ..................................................................................................... 13

Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth and Controlling Sheath Blight Diseases at Transplanting Stage on Tidal Swamps

Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, Fachrur Rozy ........................................................... 17

Water Quality Distribution of Peat Swamp of Lowland Areas under Jambi Province

Muhammad Naswir, Susila Arita, Marsi, Salni .................................................................................... 23

JTI Edisi Khusus

Rawa Hal 1 – 32 Bogor, Desember 2013 ISSN 1410-7244

Jurnal TANAH dan IKLIM

Indonesian Soil and Climate Journal

Edisi Khusus Rawa, Desember 2013

Terakreditasi LIPI, No. 471/AU2/P2MI-LIPI/08/2012

Ketua pengarah:

Kepala Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Ketua penyunting:

Dr. Yiyi Sulaeman

Anggota penyunting:

Prof. Dr. Fahmuddin Agus Dr. Budi Kartiwa Dr. Markus Anda Dr. Edi Husen Dr. Dedi Nursyamsi Dr. Rizatus Shofiyati

Penyunting pelaksana:

Drs. Widhya Adhy Wahid Noegroho

Mitra Bestari:

Prof. Dr. Budiman Minasny (Soil Mapping/Pedometrik, The University of Sidney, Australia)

Prof. Shamshuddin Jusop (Soil Genesis and Mineralogy, UPM, Malaysia)

Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setyawan (Hidrologi & Fisika Tanah, IPB)

Prof. Dr. Abdul Hadi (Mikrobiologi/Unlam)

Prof. Dr. Azwar Maas (Pedology, UGM)

Prof. Dr. Antonius Suwanto (Mikrobiologi/Bioteknologi, IPB)

Prof. Dr. Aris Poniman (Geo Informasi Spasial & Inderaja, BIG)

Dr. M. Rokhis Khomaruddin (Inderaja, LAPAN)

Dr. Ali Jamil (Kimia dan Kesuburan Tanah, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. Ai Dariah (Konservasi Tanah dan Air, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. Eleonora Runtunuwu (Agroklimatologi, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. Fadjry Djufry (Agroklimatologi/Crop modeling, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. Ladiyani Retno Widowati (Kesuburan Tanah, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. D. Subardja (Genesis & Klasifikasi Tanah, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Dr. Sukarman (Pemetaan Tanah, Badan Litbang Pertanian)

Penerbit: Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian

Alamat Redaksi:

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Frekuensi terbit:

Dua kali per tahun (Juli dan Desember)

Pengantar Pembaca yang budiman, Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa tahun 2013 diterbitkan dalam rangka International Workshop on Sustainable Management of Lowland for Rice Production, yang diselenggarakan di Banjarmasin, pada tanggal 27-28 September 2012

Naskah yang disajikan dalam Jurnal ini sebanyak lima judul yang merupakan hasil seleksi dan evaluasi dari naskah-naskah yang dipresentasikan dalam workshop tersebut.

Redaksi mengucapkan terima kasih kepada para penulis yang telah memberikan kontribusi dalam pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi di bidang ilmu tanah dan iklim. Redaksi juga mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada para pakar (Mitra Bestari) yang telah meluangkan waktunya untuk menilai artikel yang dimuat pada edisi ini.

Redaksi mengundang para praktisi, akademisi, dan peneliti di bidang ilmu tanah dan iklim untuk mempublikasikan hasil penelitiannya maupun ide-ide atau gagasan baru yang orisinil. Kontribusi dari para pembaca dengan mengirimkan tulisan, saran dan komentar sangat diharapkan.

Sebagai media komunikasi ilmiah dalam bidang ilmu tanah dan iklim, jurnal ini berperan dalam menyebarluaskan berbagai hasil penelitian guna meningkatkan pemahaman masyarakat tentang pentingnya sumberdaya lahan bagi keberlanjutan produktivitas tanah dan tanaman.

Akhir kata, redaksi berharap semoga artikel ilmiah yang dimuat dalam jurnal ini memberi inspirasi bagi para pembaca untuk berperan aktif dalam rangka pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi terutama di bidang ilmu tanah dan iklim.

Bogor, Desember 2013

Redaksi

ISSN 1410-7244

Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013

17

CONTRIBUTION OF ENDOPHYTIC MICROBES IN INCREASING THE PADDY GROWTH AND CONTROLLING SHEATH BLIGHT DISEASES AT TRANSPLANTING STAGE ON TIDAL SWAMPS

Ismed Setya Budi, Mariana, Ismed Fachruzi, Fachrur Rozy

Lecturer, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Jl. A. Yani Po Box 1028 Banjarbaru 70714, South Kalimantan

I N F O R M A S I A R T I K E L

Abstract. Tidal swamps are mostly cultivated with by local paddy varieties and one of the plant diseases that is very crucial in transplanting stage (taradak, ampak and lacak) is soil borne pathogen. The research was conducted on tidal swamps type B in Barito Kuala, South Kalimantan, it was M&M arranged in split plot design with the combination of endophytic microbe and transplanting stage application time as the treatments. Endophytic microbes formulation were Trichoderma viride PS-2.1, Nonpathogenic Fusarium PS-1.5, and Pseudomonas fluorescens PS-4.8. Combination application of endophytic microbes and transplanting stage on tidal swamps could decrease the disease intensity of sheath blight, as about 49.39 to 93.25%. Endophyte could also be able to stimulatethe plant growth that was indicated by the addition of plant height around 2.05 to 24.00 cm, the addition of rice grain weight as 0.7 to 9.3 g/1000 grains, and the addition of seed weight as about 0.3-1.2 kg. The result of soil analysis before and after application the endophyte showed that there was an increase in soil fertility with the element addition of N, P, K and pH.

Riwayat artikel:

Diterima: Disetujui:

Keywords:

Endophyte Rice sheath blight Tidal swamps

Introduction

Sheath blight is one of the most importance disease

that attacks paddy cultivated in tidal swamps of South

Kalimantan. In the field, diseases intensity always increase

because the difficulty to control it on the flooded condition

(Budi and Mariana, 2009). So, it takes a certain control

method which more space effective, efficient, and safe for

the environment.

Thus, the use ofspecificbiological agents should be

done immediately because of consumer demand on

synthetic chemicals free products. On biological control,

R. solani can be parasitized by mycoparasites such as

Gliocladium spp., Trichoderma spp. and Verticillium

biguttatum Gams (Van den Boogert, 1996). The fungus V.

biguttatum is a mycoparasite with biological activity

against the important soil borne pathogen.

According to Howell and Stipanovic (1995), the

growth of R. solani on the cotton plant can be controlled

by seed treatment using Gliocladium virens. Antagonists

of nonpathogenic Fusarium strains which isolated from

supressif soil has a capability to reduce the disruption

caused by Fusarium wiltin some plant (Nel et al. 2006).

While the bacterium Pseudomonas capacia, P. fluorescens

and P.gladiowere alsoable to control the the growth of P.

solanacearum causing wilt on tomato. Other bacteria such

as Bacillus mesentericus, B. megaterium, B. mycoides and

Erwinia sp. Also act as biological control of wilt disease in

several plant (Hartman et al. 1992).

The use of specific biological agents which have had a

coevolution will be able to stimulate the development of

harmful plant rhizosphere microorganisms (von Alten et

al. 1993), and this can always be isolated more than one

kind of antagonist (Budi and Mariana, 2009).

Therefore,what is needed is to select the best combination

of antagonists that can be better protect plants against

various pathogens disorders.

Materials and Methods

This experiment was carried out on tidal swamplands

of B type of Desa Karang Indah, Kabupaten Barito Kuala

Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan during dry session

2009/2010. The experiment employed split plot design to

determine the effects of treatments and the differences

between treatments were tested using DMRT at 5% level.

Isolation and Mass Production of Endophytic Agents

Plant samples were taken from health plants on the

infested area of paddy. Isolation of endophyte was done on

the stem of plants and the rhizosphere zone. Isolation was

*Corresponding author: isb_unlam@yahoo.co.id;

Phone: +6281933753340

Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth

18

based on Homby methods (Fokkema et al. 1959) and

continued with dilution plate method (10-4 to 10-6). Each

isolated of Pseudomonas fluorescens group was then

tested according to Dhingra & Sinclair method (1995).

Inhibition Ability and Sinergism Test of endophytic

fungi and rhizosphere bacteria against R.solani on in

vitro Condition

Tests were carried out on an potato dextrose agar

(PDA) in a petri dish by growing isolates that existin pairs,

then performed measurements to see the growth inhibition

by using the formula of Fokhema (Fokhema et al. 1959);

I = (r1 - r2) (r1) – 1 x 100

Description:

I is the percentage of inhibition

r1 is the radius of A colony that grows in the opposite

direction to B

r2 is the radius of A colony that grows in the direction of

B.

Isolates that have the ability to inhibit the growth of

pathogens in pairs test were then performed to determine

the best combination of paire disolates.

In Vivo Test of Endophytic Hitting Ability on sheath

blight Disease

In-vivo test conducted in field experiment (split plot

design). Endophytic inoculation was performed straw at

one month before seedling . While the application of

antagonists conducted of soil one week before

transplanting stage, and also at the time of planting by

soaking seeds for 24 hoursat10-4 per ml spore suspension.

Observations were carried out three weeks later in

transplanting stage (local term are: taradak, ampak and

lacak) by counting the number of plants that wilt or sheath

blight symptoms and measure the height of the plant, seed

weight and grain weight. To determine effect of the

difference between treatments then tested DMRT at 5%

level test.

Results and Discussion

Effect on Disease Intensity and Plant Height

The results of analysis variance showed that there

wasa significant treatment effect than the controls as

shown in the Table 1 and Fig 1, ie disease intensity and

plant height. In the taradak stage treatment effect T.

viridae + P. fluorescens, T. viridae + FNP, FNP + P.

fluorescens, T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens was not

significantly differentto the intensity ofthe disease,

butthere is a significant difference on plant height. The

treatment gives the best effect on plant height is T. viridae

+ FNP.

In the ampak stage there is no difference effect to

diseases intensity between T. viridae + P. fluorescens and

FNP + P. fluorescens. However, they have effect

differences with T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP +

P. fluorescens. While the T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae

+ FNP + P. fluorescens has a different effect . At ampak

stage there are not differences influence between T.

viridae + P. fluorescens and FNP + P. fluorescens on

disease intensity. However, they are have different effect

with T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP +

P.fluorescens.

While the T. viridae + FNP and T. viridae + FNP + P.

fluorescens have adifferent effect. The best treatment

suppress the intensity of the disease is FNP + P.

fluorescens (smallest intensity, 7.28%). Effect of treatment

on the ampak stage to plant height showed T. viridae +

FNP + P. fluorescens different than T. viridae + P.

fluorescens. T. viridae + FNP. Treatment T. viridae + FNP

+ P. fluorescens give higest effect on plant height (53.40

cm).

On the lacak stage, T. viridae + P. fluorescens have the

lowest disease intensity. This treatment has no effect

differences with FNP + P. fluorescens and T. viridae +

FNP + P. fluorescens, but they have effect difference with

T. viridae + FNP. At T. viridae + P. fluorescens treatments

give effect smallest disease intensity (5.00%). There is no

significantly difference between T. viridae + FNP and T.

viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens, but the both have

significantly differences with other. T. viridae + FNP and

T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens have the best effect on

plant height ( 75.74 and 72.29 cm).

In general, all three phases of the reduction in disease

intensity ranged between 49.39 and 93.34%, while the

addition of plant height ranged between 2.05 and 24.00cm.

Guetsky et al. (2001). Two biocontrol agents, Pichia

guilermondii and Bacillus mycoides, were tested

separately and together for suppression of Botrytis cinerea

on strawberry leaves. The biocontrol agents significantly

inhibited spore germination, lesion formation, and lesion

development. The mixture of B. mycoides and P.

guilermondii suppressed B. cinerea effectively (80 to

99.8% control). Thus, application of both biocontrol

agents resulted in better suppression of B.cinerea, and also

reduced the variability of disease control. Application of

more than one biocontrol agent is suggested as a reliable

means of reducing the variability and increasing the

reliability of biological control.

Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013

19

In treatment has effect to decrease disease intensity and

to increase plant height. In the microbe have capability to

induced plant resistance to disease, therefore they produce

chemical which trigger plant defence response. Yedida et

al. (1999) reported that Trichoderma penetrate epidermis

and outer cortex strengthen it.This is due to deposition of

newly formed barriers. This typical host reaction were

found beyond the sites of potential fungal penetration.Wall

apposition contained large amounts of callose and

infiltrations of cellulose. The wall-bound chitin in

Trichoderma hypahewas preserved, even when the hyphae

had undergone substansial disorganization. Biochemical

analyses revealed that inoculation with Trichoderma

initiated increased peroxidase and chitinase activities

within 48 and 72 h, respectively. Nonpathogenic Fusarium

can induce systemic resistance in plant when invade host

plant species before the pathogen (Kaur et al. 2010).

Another mechanism in the control of plant pathogens

by antagonistic microbes is parasitism, antibiosis, and

competitionsite andnutrients. Trichoderma spp. can

compete with other microorganism for key exudates from

seed that stimulate germination of propagules of plant

pathogenic fungi in soil (Harman et al. 2004).

It have known that some microbe as Trichoderma spp

and P. fluorescens can promote plant growth.

Shanmugalah et al. (2009) reported that Trichoderma

viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens to promote plant

cotton growth as root length, shoot length, fresh weight,

dry weight and vigour index. In our research the microbe

promote plant height, grain weight, and seed weight, but in

grain weight and seed weight just some treatment

significantly different than control (Table 2).

Fuchs et al. (1997), Nonpathogenic Fusarium

oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium

wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F.

oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct

contact were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could

induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.

Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, b-1,3-

glucanase, and b-1,4-glucosidase activity in plants,

confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in

tomato. Microbe nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum

can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants.

As shown Table 2 and Figure 2 the best combination of

treatment to reduce disease intensity and to increase plant

height is T4P1 (smallest intensity, 10.8%, and plant

highest, 172.2 cm). While the best treatment for the

increased weight of grain is T4P4 (the heaviest,

30.2g/1.000grain) and to increase the weight of the seed is

T4P1 (the heaviest, 3.6 g/1.000 seed). In general,

increased grain weight and seed weight, each ranging

between 0.7 and 9.3 g/1.000 grains, and between 0.3 and

1.2 g.

Table 1. Effect of treatment on disease intensity and plant height on three transplanting stage

Treatments

Transplanting Stage On Tidal Swamps

Taradak Ampak Lacak

Symptom Plant Height

Symptom Plant Height

Symptom Plant Height Intensity Reduction Intensity Reduction Intensity Reduction

Control 29.50 c 0.00 18.25 a 46,00 d 0.00 37.20 a 75.12 c 0.00 45.57 a

T. viride+ P. fluorescens 8.73 a 70.41 24.15 b 10,40 a 77.39 44.17 b 5.00 a 93.34 64.15 b

T. viridae + FNP 11.36 a 51.32 29.74 c 18.42 b 60.00 46.12 b 21.18 b 71.81 75.74 c

FNP + P. fluorescens 9.28 a 68.54 21.40 ab 7,28 a 84.17 50.72 bc 10.00 a 86.69 50.12 ab

T. viridae + FNP + P. fluorescens 10.10 a 65.76 25.29 b 23,28 c 49.39 53.40 c 6.47 a 91.39 72.29 c

**Within column, means values followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.01; LSD test).

Figure 1. The intensity of the disease and plant height after application at transplanting stage

Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth

20

Effect of microbes onsoil nutrients and soil pH

The microbe enhance nutrient and pH soil as shown in

Table 3 dan Fig 3. This occurs because the fungi and

bacteria as decomposers of organic material. Thus, the

organic material decompose into compost so that enrich

the soil and available to plants. Thus, the organic material

decompose into compost so that enrich the soil and

nutrients are available to plants. In addition, microbe and

organic composting material change soil pH becomes

more alkaline so the nutrients become available to plants.

This finding is in agreement with Yan et al. (1996) who

found increases in soil pH with glucose addition due to the

decarboxylation of functional groups and aminization of

nitrogen compounds. This contributes to plant growth.

The combined activity was due to the summation of

biocontrol mechanisms of both agents. The modes of

action of the biocontrol agents were elucidated and the

relative quantitative contribution of each mechanism to

suppression of Botrytis cinerea was estimated using

multiple regression with dummy variables. The

improvement in control efficacy achieved by introducing

one or more mechanisms at a time was calculated.Pichia

guilermondii competed with Botrytis cinerea for glucose,

sucrose, adenine, histidine, and folic acid (Guetsky et al.

2002).

Table 3 and Figure 3 show that treatments to elevate

the content of N, P, and K. The increase in N after

treatmen tranged from 0.410 (T. viridae +P.fluorescens)

and 0.456 (T. viridae +FNP+P.fluorescens). While the

increase in Pranged between 0.002 (T. viridae

+FNP+P.fluorescens) and 0.015 (FNP +P.fluorescens). At

K, the increase ranged from 0.383(T. viridae + FNP) and

0.485 (T. viridae +FNP+ P.fluorescens). For pH, the

increase ranged from3.42 ( T. viride+FNP) and 3.63 (P.

fluorescens + FNP). So, does an increasedue to treatment,

but not the best hikes on just one treatment.

Paddy residues can be a source of organic material for

the growth of rice plants in the field. Residues contains a

highcellulose and decomposition process takes time, but

with the activity of the microbial decomposition of

running fast. Decomposition into mono sacchari

decompounds, CO2 ando ther organic acids (Rao, 1994).

Table 2. Effect of treatment on Diseases Intensity, plant height, grain weight and seed weighton tidal swamp type B

Treatmen Diseases Intensity

(%)

Plant height

(cm)

Grain weight

(g)

Seed Weight

(kg)

K 62.4 d 125.7 a 20.9 ab 2.4 a

T1

P1 19.2 b 160.8 bc 23.7 b 2.6 ab

P2 28.1 bc 157.6 bc 21.8 ab 2.8 b

P3 21.2 bc 159.0 bc 22.9 ab 2.8 b

T2

P1 20.3 bc 162.6 c 22.8 ab 3.0 bc

P2 22.7 bc 158.4 bc 22.1 ab 2.7 ab

P3 18.7 bc 165.5 c 27.5 bc 3.2 c

T3

P1 20.5 bc 167.5 c 21.6 ab 2.8 b

P2 23.3 bc 159.9 bc 19.9 a 2.4 a

P3 13.4 ab 167.3 c 23.6 b 3.0 bc

T4

P1 10.8 a 172.2 d 28.4 bc 3.6 d

P2 17.5 b 168.9 c 27.3 bc 2.7 ab

P3 12.4 a 169.5 c 30.2 c 3.1 c

Mean values followed by the different letters are significantly different from each other(P<0.05) accordingDMRT

T1 = Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8

T2 = Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5

T3 = CombinationFNPPS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8

T4 = Combination T. viridae PS-2.1 and FNP PS-1.5 and P. fluorescens PS-4.8

P1 = Application endophytic at straw one month before planting

P2 = Application by soaking seeds for 24hours before planting

P3 = Kombination P1 + P2

K = Control.

Figure 2. Effect of treatment on disease intensity, plant height, grain and seed weight

Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Edisi Khusus Rawa, 2013

21

Soil acidity and pH affects the availability of nutrients,

because in general the acid soils nutrientsless available, at

neutral pH of nutrients available to plants. While the tidal

swamps on South Kalimantan in generalis acidic. So this

treatment helps increase the acidity of the soil to be

neutral. In general, availability of nutrients can help

increaseplant resistance to disease and plant growth.

According to Harman (2006), Trichoderma sp pasplant

symbionts capable of being able to control some of the

root and leaf disease resistance mechanisms affected and

directly attacking pathogens and changing the composition

of microflora roots.

Contribution of pH available to plants on tidal swamps

in South Kalimantan in general is acidic and availability of

nutrients can help increase plant resistance to disease and

plant growth. Maurhofer et al. (1998), of salicylic acid

induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. pchA and

pchB, which encode for the biosynthesis of salicylic acid

in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These constructs were

introduced into two root-colonizing strains of P.

fluorescens and significantly improved its ability to induce

systemic resistance in tobacco against tobacco necrosis

virus. Lewis et al. (1998), Trichoderma spp. and

Gliocladium virens to produce achlamydospores actively

growing hyphae of the biocontrol fungi within a 2- to 3-

day period under no special aseptic conditions. G. virens

and T. hamatum applied to soilless mix at a rate of 1.5%

(wt/wt) reduced damping-off of eggplant caused by

Rhizoctonia solani. The inhibition of pathogen spread

significantly reduced the pos temergence damping-off of

cucumber, eggplant, and pepper seedlings.

Trichoderma effect on plants, and the presence of local

and systemic resistance affected. These fungi colonize the

root epidermi sand oute rcortex and secrete bioactive

molecules that cause the formation ofcell walls

fromTrichoderma thalus. At the same time, the plant

transcrip to meandproteome changes, so willspur

resistance of plants, increasing plant growth and increase

nutrient absorption (Harman, 2006).

Conclusions

Application of microbes used in this study shows that

they have a good effect, which reduces the intensity of the

sheat blight disease, stimulated plant height, grain weight

and seed weight. Microbes also have the effect of soil

fertility, which is made of N,P, and K increased and

available to plants. In addition the research also showed

Table 3. Effect of microbes on soil nutrient and pH

Treatment

Soil Nutrient Analysis

Before Treatment After Treatment

N P K pH N P K pH

CONTROL 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.533 0.020 0.366 5.72

T. viridae PS-2.1 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.956 0.026 0.485 7.50

T. viridae PS-2.1 + FNP PS-1.5 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.984 0.024 0.383 7.39

FNPPS-1.5 + P. fluorescens PS-4.8 0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 0.979 0.036 0.399 7.60

T. viridae PS-2.1 + FNPPS-1.5 +P.

fluorescens PS-4.8

0.546 0.021 0.352 3.97 1.002 0.023 0.457 7.42

Figure 3. The results ofchemicalanalysis ofsoilbefore and afterapplication formulation in tidal swaps

Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth

22

that an increase in soil pH. However, there is no single

best combination for each parameter measured. Thus, this

treatment can be applied to tidal swam price field by

considering the best treatments. This result combination

isolate has important practical implications for biocontrol

of paddy on tidal swamps diseases under commercial.

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Lewis, J. A., Larkin, R. P., and Rogers, D. L. 1998. A

formulation of Trichoderma andGliocladium to reduce

damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and saprophytic

growth of the pathogen in soilless mix. Plant Dis. 82:501-

506.

Lewis, J. A., and Papavizas, G. C. 1991. Biocontrol of cotton

damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in the field with

formulations of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens.

Crop Prot. 10:396-402.

Maurhofer, M., Reimmann, C., Schmidli-Sacherer, P., Heeb, S.,

Haas, D., and Défago, G. 1998.Salicylic acid biosynthetic

genes expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens strain P3

improve the induction of systemic resistance in tobacco

against tobacco necrosis virus. Phytopathology 88: 678-684.

Mao, W., Lewis, J. A., Hebbar, P. K., and Lumsden, R. D. 1997.

Seed treatment with a fungal ora bacterial antagonist for

reducing corn damping-off caused by species of Pythium

andFusarium. Plant Dis. 81:450-454.

Nel, B., C. Steinberg, N. Labuschagne and A. Vilioen. 2006. The

potential of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other

biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt

of banana. Plant Pathol. Journal, 1(55):217-223

Yan, F. Schubert S and Mengel, K. 1996. Soil pH increased due

to biological decarbocylation of organic acid, Soil biology

and biochemistry 28:617-623

Yedidia, E., Benhamou, N., and Chet, I. 1999. Induction of

defence responses in cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L.)

by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum.

Appl.Environ, Microbiol. Vol.65. No.3. p1061-1070.

Von Alten, H., A. Lindemann & F. Schönbeck. 1993.

Stimulation of vesiculararbuscularmycorrhiza by fungicides

or rhizosphere bacteria.

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PETUNJUK BAGI PENULIS

KETENTUAN UMUM Jurnal ini mempublikasikan makalah-makalah penelitian dengan topik-topik penelitian terbaru dan makalah tersebut belum pernah dipublikasikan di jurnal ilmiah lainnya. Jurnal ini selalu mempertahankan standar mutu dan penelaahan (reviewing) yang ketat.

RUANG LINGKUP Jurnal ini menerima makalah-makalah dari berbagai sumber jika memberikan kontribusi yang orisinal terhadap pemahaman teoritis dan percobaan, serta aplikasi dari teori dan metodologi dari berbagai aspek ilmu tanah dan ilmu iklim pertanian di Indonesia. Jurnal dipublikasikan dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris dua kali dalam satu tahun.

PENGIRIMAN MAKALAH Makalah diketik pada kertas ukuran A4 dengan spasi ganda dan pias atas, bawah, kiri, kanan 3 cm, dengan maksimum 20 halaman. Font menggunakan Time New Roman 12pt dalam format MS Word. Makalah harus diberi nomor baris.

Tabel dan gambar harus dipisahkan dari tubuh tulisan dan diletakan setelah daftar pustaka. Lokasi tabel dan gambar harus ditandai di dalam tubuh tulisan.

Untuk pengiriman, makalah harus disusun dalam urutan sebagai berikut:

1. Surat pengantar ke Editor 2. Abstrak (Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris) 3. Tubuh tulisan

a. Pendahuluan

b. Bahan dan metode

c. Hasil dan Pembahasan

d. Kesimpulan

e. Ucapan terima kasih (jika ada)

f. Daftar pustaka

g. Tabel dengan nomor tabel

h. Gambar dengan nomor gambar

i. Daftar judul tabel

j. Daftar judul gambar

4. Lampiran (jika ada)

Makalah beserta kelengkapannya dikirimkan ke alamat berikut:

Dewan Redaksi Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian Jl. Tentara Pelajar 12, Cimanggu, Bogor, Indonesia

Email: jtibbsdlp@gmail.com

Makalah lebih disukai apabila dikirim secara online. Penulis dapat memengirimkannya melalui alamat website:

http://124.81.86.163/ojs/index.php/jti/user

Untuk pengiriman makalah secara online, penulis mendaftar ke sistem yang dipandu secara online. PENYIAPAN MAKALAH

Judul harus jelas, faktual, informatif dan terdiri atas maksimum 15 kata. Nama lengkap penulis ditulis di bawah judul yang dilengkapi dengan alamat penulis.

Abstrak meringkaskan penelitian dalam satu paragraf dan ditulis tidak lebih dari 250 kata. Abstrak menguraikan secara singkat masalah yang dikaji, cakupan penelitian, mengindikasikan data yang penting untuk ditampilkan, dan menyajikan penemuan utama dan kesimpulan.

Makalah terdiri atas Pendahuluan, Bahan dan Metode, Hasil dan Pembahasan, Kesimpulan, dan Daftar Pustaka. Ucapan terima kasih dan Lampiran boleh ditambahkan jika perlu.

Pendahuluan meletakan penelitian dalam persfektif penulis, mengulas literatur secara singkat, dan menyatakan secara jelas tujuan dan arti penting dari penelitian. Detil yang cukup disajikan dalam Bahan dan Metode agar peneliti lain dapat menilai penelitian dan menduplikasi prosedur. Gambar dan tabel disajikan di bagian Hasil dan Pembahasan yang menguraikan hasil dalam hubungannya dengan tujuan dan hasil penelitian lainnya. Kesimpulan ditarik sesuai dengan judul, tujuan dan pembahasan hasil. Ucapan terima kasih disajikan secara singkat (kurang dari 40 kata)

Penyitiran dalam teks menggunakan sistem nama-tahun dalam dua bentuk, yaitu Subandi (1990) atau (Subandi 1990). Jika lebih dari satu sitiran, sitiran harus disebutkan bersamaan dan ditulis dalam urutan tanggal; contohnya, (Partohardjono and Adiningsih 1991; Widjaja-Adhi 1995; Muljadi 1997). Jika lebih dari dua penulis, ditulis nama pertama dan diikuti et al. Singkatan et al. TIDAK PERNAH digunakan dalam Daftar pustaka. Semua sitiran/acuan harus disajikan dalam Daftar Pustaka.

Daftar Pustaka disusun menurut urutan alfabetis. Masing-masing pustaka yang disitir adlah yang tercantum dalam teks. Format pembuatan pustaka adalah sebagai berikut:

Artikel Jurnal Akhter, M. and C.H. Sneller. 1996. Yield and yield

components of early maturing soybean genotypes in the mid-south. Crop Sci. 36: 877-882.

Buku Bosc, A.N., S.N. Ghosh, C.T. Yang, and A. Mitra. 1991.

Coastal Aquaculture Engineering. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Prt. Ltd., New Delhi. 365 pp.

Artikel di Buku/Bab Powers, D.A. and P.M. Schulte.1996. A molecular

approach to selectionist/neutralist controversy. p. 327-352. In J.D. Ferraris and S.R. Palumbi (Eds.) Molecular Zoology: Advances, Strategies, and

Ismed Setya Budi et al.: Contribution of Endophytic Microbes in Increasing the Paddy Growth

24

Protocols. Wiley-Liss, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware (DE).

Disertasi/tesis Simpson, B.K. 1984. Isolation, Characterization, and

Some Application of Tripsin from Greenland Cod (Gadus morhua). PhD Thesis. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. 179pp.

Prosiding Konferensi Tangendjaja, B. and E. Wina. 2000. Tannins and

ruminant production in Indonesia. p. 40-43. In J.D. Brooker (Ed.) Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Adelaide, Australia, 31 May-2 June, 1999. ACIAR Proceedings no. 92.

Artikel Konfrensi Chin, L.J., L.M. Tan, and K. Wegleitner. 2007. Occurrence

of mycotoxins in feed samples from Asia. A continuation of the Bromin mycotoxin survey program. Paper presented in 15th Annual ASA-IM Southeast Asian Feed Technology and Nutrition Workshop, 27-30 May 2007, Bali-Indonesia.

Artikel penelitian (working paper)/laporan/artikel kerja Hanya artikel yang merupakan bagian dari serial publikasi oleh institusi yang dikelompokan sebagai artikel penelitian (Working Paper). Ini harus mencantumkan nomor artikel penelitian yang diberikan oleh institusi.

Contoh: Heidhues, P. and B. Kassogi. 2005. The Impact of

Consumer Loss Aversion on Pricing. Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper 4849.

Artikel online Hawk, A. 2004. Mycotoxins. Proc. Grain Elevator and

Processing Society (GEAPS). http://www.geaps. com/ proceedings/2004/Hawk.ctm. (1 July 2008).

Korespondensi pribadi tidah disebutkan dalam Daftar Pustaka tetapi dapat disitir dalam teks secara langsung: (Z.Harahap, pers. com.).

Tulisan yang telah diterima untuk publikasi tetapi belum dipublikasikan dapat disitir sebagai 'in press' dalam Daftar Pustaka, dan harus disertai dengan nama jurnal.

Contoh: Husen, E., A.T. Wahyudi, A. Suwanto, and R.

Saraswati.2008. Prospectif use of ACC deaminase-producing bacteria for plant growth promotion and defence againstbiotic and abiotic stresses in peat-soil-agriculture. Microbiol. Indones. (in press).

Satuan Pengukuran menggunakan sistem SI untuk semua jenis pengukuran.

Tabel harus diketik dengan spasi ganda, dinomori secara berurut, mempunyai judul yang singkat, dan diacu dalam teks. Garis vertikal tidak diperbolehkan. Catatan kaki menggunakan nomor dengan superscript.

Ilustrasi: gambar garis dibuat menggunakan tinta hitam pada kertas putih. Semua gambar disesuaikan dengan ukuran jurnal dan proporsional tanpa kehilangan detil. Gambar yang dibuat dengan microsoft office dapat dikirim dalam file utuh atau yang sudah dikonversi ke dalam bentuk file .tif. Setiap gambar diberi judul, diikuti oleh deskripsi singkat. Simbol-simbol singkatan yang terdapat dalam gambar harus dilengkapi dengan penjelasan. Setiap gambar dinamai dengan nama penulis, judul tulisan, dan nomor gambar. Foto yang dikirimkan harus memiliki kualitas baik dengan tingkat ketajaman yang cukup.

KOMENTAR EDITOR Semua makalah yang dikirimkan ke Jurnal Tanah dan Iklim dinilai (di-review) oleh Dewan Editor yang terdiri atas Penyunting dan Mitra Bestari yang bertindak sebagai wasit sesuai dengan topik dan cakupan keahlian masing-masing. Para wasit akan menilai apakah makalah yang dikirimkan memberikan kontribusi yang nyata pada Ilmu Tanah dan Ilmu Iklim Pertanian di Indonesia, orisinal, dan hasil penelitian sah dan nyata. Penolakan makalah oleh Dewan Editor bersifat final.

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