Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

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American Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data, 1880-1940

Compiled by Kenyon Zimmer 2014

(Note: Periodicals that lasted for fewer than four issues have been omitted, as have those for which no circulation data was found.)

Title

Language

Years in Print

Circulation Per Issue

Sources

Notes

Di Abend Tsaytung (New York)

Yiddish 1906 7,000 Chaikin, 198 Daily paper

L’Adunata dei Refrattari (New York)

Italian 1922-1971 c. 1922-1939: 5,000 Berman

The Advance (Mount Juliet, TN)

English 1911-12 1911: c. 300+ Koenig, 127 154 subscribers, not including those in Chicago

The Agitator (Home, WA)

English 1910-12 1910-12: c. 800 See entry for The Demonstrator

Previously The Demonstrator; continued as The Syndicalist

The Alarm (Chicago; New York)

English 1884-89 1884: 2,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 3,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 3,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

L’Allarme (Chicago) Italian 1915-17 1915: 2,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:37

1916: 6,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:37

Amerikanskie Izvestiia (New York)

Russian 1920-24 1922: 3,000 Davis, 126 Davis’s estimate

L'Ami des Ourvriers (Hastings, PA)

French 1894-96 1894-96: c. 5,000 See entry for Le Rèveil des Mineurs

Previously Le Rèveil des Mineurs

Zimmer, Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data

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L’Anarchica/Il Diritto/Il Refrattario (New York; Providence, RI)

Italian 1918-19 1919: 2,000 Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:852, 2004

Der Anarchist (Chicago) German 1886 1886: 300 Hoerder, ed., 3:355; Nelson, Beyond, 124

The Anarchist Soviet Bulletin (New York)

English 1919-1920 1919: 2,000 Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004

Government estimate

Arbeiter Zeitung (Buffalo) German 1886-1898? 1898: 1,569 American Newspaper Directory, 1900

Der Arme Teufel (Detroit) German 1884-1900 1887: 2,750 Oestreicher, 159

1890: 3,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:376

1894: 3,500 N. W. Ayer 1894

1895: 7,000 Oestreicher, 157

1897: 3,525 N. W. Ayer 1897

1898: 2,700; 3,525 Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W. Ayer 1898

Ayer’s figure is an estimate

1900: 3,525; 3,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:376; N. W. Ayer 1900

L’Avvenire (Steubenville, OH; New Kensington, PA; Pittsburgh; New York)

Italian 1910-17 1912: 4,000 Pernicone, “War,” 81

Budoucnost (Chicago) Czech 1882-86 1884: 360 Hoerder, ed., 2:241

1886: 750 Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100

Il Bollettino de L’Era Nuova (Paterson, NJ)

Italian 1919 1919: 3,000 See entries for L’Era Nuova and La Jacquerie

Previousuly L’Era Nuova, continued as La Jacquerie


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Challenge (New York) English 1938-39 1938: 5,000 Abe Bluestein to Mollie Steimer and Senya Fléchine

Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung (Chicago)

German 1879-1910 1880: 3,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124 Daily paper; ceased being an anarchist paper in 1910 1881: 4,500 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 4,850 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 5,200 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 5,326 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 5,110 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 5,780 Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:389

1888: 5,000 Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100




1895: 15,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:389



1900: 10,000; 15,000 Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100; Bekken, 18

1910: 15,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:389


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El Corsario (New York) Spanish 1910?-1919 1919: 1,400 New York Times, 24 Feb. 1919

Cronaca Sovversiva (Barre, VT; Lynn, MA)

Italian 1903-1919 1912: 3,200 Pernicone, “War,” 81

c.1917: 4,000 Avrich, Sacco and Vanzetti, 50

1918: 5,000 Cartosio, 425

Cultura Obrera (New York)

Spanish 1911-1927 1925: c. 4,000 The Road to Freedom, September 1925

Continued as Cultura Proletaria

Cultura Proletaria (New York)

Spanish 1927-1953 c.1927-1939: 4,000 Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 392

Previously Cultura Obrera

Dĕlnické Listy (New York) Czech 1890-1917 1896: 1,200 Hoerder, ed., 2:244

Delo Truda (New York) Russian 1927-1939 1939: 200-300 Hoerder, ed., 2:118

The Demonstrator (Home, WA)

English 1903-08 1904: c. 800 Veysey, 36 Previously Discontent; continued as The Agitator

Discontent (Home, WA) English 1898-1902 1900: 1,200; 800-1,000 Ghormley; Koenig, 138 Continued as The Demonstrator

Domani (Brooklyn) Italian 1919 1919: 1,500; 1,000 Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2005; Hoerder, ed., 3:60

Continued as L’Ordine

L’Emancipazione (San Francisco)

Italian 1927-1932 1931: 3,000 L’Emancipazione, June 1931

L’Era Nuova (Paterson, NJ)

Italian 1908-1917 1908-1917: 3,000 See entries for La Questione Sociale and La Bullettino de L’Era Nuova

Previously La Questione Sociale; continued as Il Bollettino de L’Era Nuova

Eresia (New York) Italian 1928-1932 c. 1928-1930: 2,000 Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 174

1931-32: 3,000-3,100 Eresia, January 1932, 65

Die Fackel (Chicago) German 1879-1910 1880: 5,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:407

Ceased being an anarchist paper in 1910


5

1881: 5,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 7,150 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 9,300 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 10,035 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 10,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1886: 12,200 Nelson, Beyond, 124


1890: 16,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:407; Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100



1895: 25,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:407




1910: 24,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:407; Bekken, 18

The Firebrand (Portland, OR)

English 1895-97 1896: 2,189 American Newspaper Directory, 67

Continued as Free Society


6

1897: 3,000 La Questione Sociale, 15 October 1897

Fraye Arbeter Shtime (New York)

Yiddish 1890-94, 1899-1977 1890-94: 3,000-4,000 Sanders, 112; Michels, 100

Calculated as ½ the circulation of the socialist Arbayter Tsaytung

1899: 4,000; 8,000 Gordin, 249 4,000 earlier in the year; 8,000 by December

1901: 7,000 Hapgood, 192

1904: c. 20,000? Gordin, 294 “roughly twenty thousand readers”

1906: 8,500 Burgin 651

1909: 20,000 Gordin, 314

1910: 15,000 N. W. Ayer 1910

1911: 15,000 N. W. Ayer 1911 Ayer’s estimate

1914: 30,000 Gordin, 314



1920: 12,000 Revolutionary Radicalism 2:2004; N. W. Ayer 1920




1935: 5,000 Cohn to Nettlau


Di Fraye Gezelshaft (New York)

Yiddish 1895-1900 1895: 2,000 Hoerder, ed., 2:579

1897: 2,500 Frumkin, In friling, 85


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Di Fraye Gezelshaft (New York)

Yiddish 1910-11 1910: 6,000, 8,000 Di Fraye Gezelshaft, January 1910 and May 1910

Free Society (San Francisco; Chicago; New York)

English 1897-1904 1897: 3,115 American Newspaper Directory, 67

Previously The Firebrand

Free Society (New York) English 1920-22 1921: 1,000+ Busha 1,000 copies delivered to Philadelphia alone

Freedom (New York; New Brunswick, NJ)

English 1919 1919: 2,500 Freedom, April-May 1919

Freedom (New York) English 1933-34 1933: c. 2,000 Freedom, 18 March 1933 Previously The Road to Freedom

Freiheit (New York) German 1882-1910 1883: 5,000 Carlson, 205

1884: 5,000 Carlson, 205

1885: 5,000 Carlson, 205

1886: 5,000 Carlson, 205

1892: 4,300 Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1894: 4,300 N. W. Ayer 1894

1896: 5,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1897: 5,000 N. W. Ayer 1897

1900: 3,000 New York Herald, 31 July 1900

1904: 3,500 N. W. Ayer 1904

1905: 3,500 N. W. Ayer 1905; Hoerder, ed., 3:411

1906: 5,000 N. W. Ayer 1906


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1907: 5,000; 3,500-4,000 N. W. Ayer 1907; International Anarchist Congress, 5

1908: 5,000 N. W. Ayer 1908

1909: 4,500 N. W. Ayer 1909

1910: 4,250 N. W. Ayer 1910; Hoerder, ed., 3:411

Germinal (Paterson, NJ) French 1899-1902 1902: 1,500 Bianco et al.

Golos Truda (New York) Russian 1911-17 c. 1917: c. 2,800 “Mailing List—‘Golos Truda’—Russian Nihilist Newspaper”

Il Grido degli Oppressi (New York; Chicago)

Italian 1892-94 1892: 5,000 Il Grido degli Oppressi February 10, 1893

1893: 3,000 Il Grido degli Oppressi February 10, 1893

La Jaquerie (Paterson, NJ)

Italian 1919 1919: 3,000 United States Congress, 536

Previously Il Bollettino de L’Era Nuova

Khleb i Volia (New York) Russian 1919 1919: 4,547 Revolutionary Radicalism, 1:862

Lampcka (Chicago) Czech 1885-86 1886: 750 Nelson, “Arbeiterpresse,” 100

Land and Liberty (Hayward, CA; San Francisco)

English 1914-15 1915: 3,500 Land and Liberty, June 1915

The Liberator (Chicago)

English 1905-6 1905: 1,000 The Liberator, 3 September 1905

Liberty (Boston; New York)

English 1881-1908 1890: 1,000 Martin, 268

1894: 800 N. W. Ayer 1894


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1898: 750 N. W. Ayer 1898

Lucifer (Valley Falls, KS; Topeka, KS; Chicago)

English 1883-1907 1884: 900 N. W. Ayer 1884

1885: 850, 600-700 N. W. Ayer 1885; Koenig, 77

1886: 850 N. W. Ayer 1886

1887: 2,000 Koenig, 77

1888: 850 N. W. Ayer 1888

1889: 1,250 N. W. Ayer 1889

1890: 1,676, 1,500 N. W. Ayer 1890; Koenig, 77

Man! (San Francisco; Los Angeles; New York)

English 1933-1940 1933-1940: c. 5,000+ Man! January 1934; Graham to Inglis

Minimal estimate based on statements in the sources cited that it was the “[anarchist] paper with the most subscribers,” and reached “the largest reading circle that any libertarian publication may perhaps ever had.”

Il Martello (New York) Italian 1916-1946 1919: 2,500 Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2004

1923: 6,500 Pernicone, Carlo Tresca, 105



The Modern School (New York; Stelton, NJ)

English 1912-1922 1920: 500 Revolutionary Radicalism, 2:2006

Government estimate


10

Mother Earth (New York) English 1906-1917 1906-1917: c. 3,000-4,000 Pateman Continued as Mother Earth Bulletin

1907: 3,000-4,000 International Anarchist Congress, 5

1910: 6,000 New York Times, 8 May 1910

1917: 10,000 (only for special June issue)

Pateman

Mother Earth Bulletin (New York)

English 1917-18 1917-18: c. 3,000 See entry for Mother Earth

Previously Mother Earth

Den Nye Tid (Chicago) Danish 1877-1884 1880: 1,600 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1881: 1,600 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 2,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 2,400 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884: 2,800 Nelson, Beyond, 124

L’Ordine (New York) Italian 1919-1920 1919-1920: c. 1,250 See entry for Domani Previously Domani

Di Parole (St. Louis) German 1884-1891? 1884-85: 2,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:453

1888: 2,200 Hoerder, ed., 3:453

1890: 1,600 Hoerder, ed., 3:453

Pingdeng (San Francisco) Chinese 1927-29 1927: 2,000 L’Emancipazione, November 1927

La Plebe (New Kensington, PA; Pittsburgh)

Italian 1906-9 1906-9: 3,000+ Caminita, 47 3,000 subscribers

Práce (Chicago) Czech 1886-87 1886-87: 500 Hoerder, ed., 2:253

Punto Rojo (El Paso, TX) Spanish 1909-1910 1909-1910: 10,000 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Práxedis_Guerrero


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La Questione Sociale (Paterson, NJ)

Italian 1895-1908 1897: 3,000 La Questione Sociale, 30 June 1897

Continued as L’Era Nuova

1899: 3,250 La Questione Sociale, February 1899

1900: 3,000 Carey, 291

1908: 3,000 Rigazo, 205

Regeneración (Los Angeles)

Spanish 1910-18 1910: 11,000; 17,000 Mother Earth, April 1911; Freedom (London), December 1922

Founded in Mexico in 1900, but did not become explicitly anarchist until 1910-1911

1911: 25,000; 21,000 Turner, 37; Mother Earth, August 1911, 161

1915: 3,986 Sandos, 59

1916: 10,500 N. W. Ayer 1916 Ayer’s estimate based on earlier years, probably too high to be correct

Le Rèveil des Masses (New York; Newfoundland, PA)

French 1888-1890 1888-1890: c. 5,000 See entry for Le Rèveil des Mineurs

Continued as Le Rèveil des Mineurs

Le Rèveil des Mineurs (Hastings, PA)

French 1890-93 1890-93: 5,000 Creagh, 149 Previously Le Rèveil des Masses; continued as L'Ami des Ourvriers

Revolt (Chicago) Swedish 1911-16 1911: 1,000 Hoerder, ed., 1:164

The Road to Freedom (Stelton, NJ; New York)

English 1924-1932 1925: 1,200 De Leon, 26 Continued as Freedom

c.1926-32: 3,000+ Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 432

3,000 subscribers

Secolo Nuovo (San Francisco)

Italian 1894-1906 1906: 1,700 Edward P. Remington’s, 22

La Sferza (Westfield, NJ) Italian 1924-25 1925: c. 1,000 Hugo Rolland Archive, Folder 15.

673 subscribers


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Solidarity (New York) English 1892-98 1898: c. 1,000 American Newspaper Directory, 1900

Spanish Revolution (New York)

English 1936-38 1936-38: 7,000 Vanguard, October-November 1936; Dolgoff, 19

The Syndicalist (Chicago) English 1913 1913: c. 800 See entry for The Agitator Previously The Agitator

Terra (Stockton, CA) Italian 1906-1910 1909: 2,750 N. W. Ayer 1909

Vanguard (New York) English 1932-33, 1935-39 c.1936: 3,000 Avrich, Anarchist Voices, 450

Di Varhayt (New York) Yiddish 1889 1889: 2,500 Hoerder, ed., 2:654, Burgin, 161

Der Verbote (Chicago) German 1874-1910 1880: 5,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124 Ceased being an anarchist paper in 1910 1881: 6,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1882: 6,500 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1883: 7,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1884 7,115 Nelson, Beyond, 124

1885: 8,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124; Hoerder, ed., 3:492

1886: 8,000 Nelson, Beyond, 124






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Volné Listy (New York) Czech 1890-1917 1910: 4,500 New York Times, 8 May 1910

The Woman Rebel (New York)

English 1914 1014: 2,000+ Sanger, 109 2,000 subscribers

The Word (Princeton, MA) English 1872-1893 1880: 1,050 N. W. Ayer 1880 Ayer’s estimate

1881: 1,200 N. W. Ayer 1881

1882: 1,300 N. W. Ayer 1882



1885: 2,050 N. W. Ayer 1885

1886: 2,050 N. W. Ayer 1886

1888: 2,050 N. W. Ayer 1888

1889: 2,025 N. W. Ayer 1889

1890: 2,040 N. W. Ayer 1890


Die Zukunft (Philadelphia) German 1884-85? 1885: 2,000 Hoerder, ed., 3:504


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Sources Cited

American Newspaper Directory. New York: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1900. Avrich, Paul. Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. Avrich, Paul. Sacco and Vanzetti: The Anarchist Background. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991. Bekken, Jon. "The First Anarchist Daily Newspaper: The Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung," Anarchist Studies 3 (1995), 3-23. Berman, Paul. “The Torch and the Axe: The Unknown Aftermath of the Sacco-Vanzetti Affair.” The Village Voice, 17 May 1988. Bianco, René, Ronald Creagh, and Nicole Riffaut-Perrot, Quand le coq rouge chantera: anarchistes français et italiens aux États-Unis d'Amérique; bibliographie.

Marsielle/Montpellier: Editions Culture et Liberté/CIRCAN, 1986. Bluestein, Abe to Molly Steimer & Senya Fléchine, 3 June 1938. Folder 9, Senya Fléchine Papers, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Burgin, Hertz. Di geshikhte fun der idisher arbayter bevegung in Amerike, Rusland un England. New York: Fareynigte Idishe Geverkshaften, 1915. Busha, S. “Free Society.” 25 February 1921. National Archives and Records Administration, Bureau of Investigation Records, File 202600-1081. Caminita, Ludovico. “Twenty Years of Experience in the Radical Movement,” n.d. [c. 1923], unpublished manuscript. File 61-115, Bureau of Investigation Records, National

Archives and Records Administration, Maryland. Carey, George. “‘La Questione Sociale,’ an Anarchist Newspaper in Paterson, New Jersey (1895-1908).” In Lydio Tomasi, ed., Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian

Immigration and Ethnicity. Staten Island: Center for Migration Studies, 1985. Carlson, Andrew R. Anarchism in Germany: The Early Movement. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1872. Cartosio, Bruno. "Italian Workers and Their Press in the United States, 1900-1920." In Christian Harzig and Dirk Hoerder, eds., The Press of Labor Migrants in Europe and North

America, 1880s to 1930s (Bremen: Publications of the Labor Newspaper Preservation Archive, 1985), 423-42. Chaikin, Jospeh. Yidishe bleter in Amerike: a tsushteyer tsu der 75 yoriker geshikhte fun der Yidisher prese in di Fareynikte Shtatn un Kanade. New York: Farlag M. Sh. Sklarski,

1946. Cohn, Michel A. to [Max] Nettlau, 8 February 1935. Max Nettlau Papers, folder 307, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Creagh, Ronald. “Socialism in America: The French-speaking Coal Miners in the Late Nineteenth Century.” In Marianne Debouzy, ed. In the Shadow of the Statue of Liberty:

Immigrants, Workers, and Citizens in the American Republic, 1880-1920. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 143-156. Davis, Jerome. The Russian Immigrant. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1922. De Leon, Solon, ed. American Labor Press Directory. New York: Rand School of Social Science, 1925. Dolgoff, Sam. Fragments: A Memoir. Cambridge: Refract Publications, 1986. Edward P. Remington’s Annual Newspaper Directory. Edward P. Remington Newspaper Advertising, New York: 1910. Frumkin, A. In friling fun idishn sotsializm: zikhroynes fun a zshurnalist. New York: A. Frumkin Yubiley Komitet, 1940. Ghormley, Kenneth O. “The L.F.D.B.A. Celebrates Its Centennial: Anarchy at Home.” The Fortnightly Club of Redlands, California.

http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/papers/ghorm99.htm. Gogura, Heather. “The Agitator,” The Labor Press Project. Online at <http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/laborpress/Agitator.htm>. (Accessed 1/22/08) Gordin, Abba. Sh. Yanovsky: zayn lebn, kemfn un shafn, 1864-1939. Los Angeles: Sh. Yanovksy Odenk Komitet, 1957. Graham, Marcus to Agnes Inglis, 30 December 1935. Box 4, Agnes Inglis Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Graur, Mina. An Anarchist “Rabbi”: The Life and Teachings of Rudolf Rocker. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Hoerder, Dirk (with Christiane Harzig), ed. The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: An Annotated Bibliography. 3 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. Hugo Rolland Archive, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands.


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The International Anarchist Congress Held at the Plancius Hall, Amsterdam, on August 26th-31st, 1907. London: Freedom, 1907. Koenig, Brigitte Anne. “American Anarchism: The Politics of Gender, Culture, and Community from Haymarket to the First World War.” Ph.D. diss., University of California at

Berkeley, 2000. “Mailing List—‘Golos Truda’—Russian Nihilist Newspaper.” n.d. [c.1917]. File 54235/36-C, Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, National Archives and Records

Administration, Maryland. Martin, James J. Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908. De Kalb: Adrian Allen Associates, 1953. Maximov, Grigorii Petrovich to Mark Mrachnyi, 22 June 1925. Mark Mrachnyi Papers, Joseph A. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Michels, Tony. A Fire in Their Hearts: Yiddish Socialists in New York. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1885-1909. N. W. Ayer & Son’s American Newspaper Annual Directory. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1910-1929. N. W. Ayer & Son’s Directory of Newspapers and Periodicals. Philadelphia: N. W. Ayer & Son, 1930-1940. Nelson, Bruce C. “Arbeiterpresse und Arbeiterbewegung: Chicago’s Socialist and Anarchist Press, 1870-1900.” In Elliot Shore, Ken Fones-Wolf, & James P. Danky, eds., The

German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture, 1850-1940. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 81-107. Nelson, Bruce C. Beyond the Martyrs: A Social History of Chicago’s Anarchists, 1870-1900. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988. Oestreicher, Richard. “Robert Reitzel, Der Arme Teufel.” In Elliot Shore, Ken Fones-Wolf, & James P. Danky, eds., The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left

Political Culture, 1850-1940. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, 147-67. Pateman, Barry (Emma Goldman Papers, University of California at Berkeley). Correspondence with the author. Pernicone, Nunzio. Carlo Tresca: Portrait of a Rebel. New York: Palgarve Macmillan, 2005. Pernicone, Nunzio. “War among the Italian Anarchists: The Galleanisti’s Campaign Against Carlo Tresca.” In Philip V. Cannistraro & Gerald Meyer, eds., The Lost World of Italian-

American Radicalism: Politics, Labor, and Culture. Westport CT: Praeger, 2003. Revolutionary Radicalism: Its History, Purpose and Tactics with an Exposition and Discussion of the Steps Being Taken and Required and Curb It, Being the Report of the Joint

Committee Investigating Seditious Activities, Filed April 24, 1920, in the Senate of the State of New York. 4 vols. Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1920. Rigazo, Francesco. “Alberto Guabello, Firmino Gallo e altri anarchici di Mongrando nella catena migratori dal biellese a Paterson N. J.” Archivi e storia, no. 23/24 (2004): 143-258. Sanders, Ronald. The Downtown Jews: Portraits of an Immigrant Generation. New York: Harper & Row, 1969. Sandos, James A. Rebellion in the Borderlands: Anarchism and the Plan of San Diego, 1904-1923. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company 1938. Turner, Ethel Duffy. Revolution in Baja California: Ricardo Flores Magón's High Noon. Edited by Rey Devis. Detroit: Blaine Ethridge, 1981. United States Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Rules. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against Department of Justice by Luis F. Post

and Others. 66th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920. Veysey, Laurence. The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures in Twentieth Century America. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.

Documents

Anarchist Periodicals Circulation Data