Anatomy of The Respiratory System

Anatomy of The Respiratory SystemAlkahfi Harifudin1

IntroductionThe respiratory system is composed of structures involved in ventilation and gas exchange.Anatomically, dividing the system into an upper respiratory system and a lower respiratory system2

The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx (throat)The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli of the lungs.3

Upper fungsinya untuk menyaring, menghangatkan, dan melembabkan datangnya udara, dan memproteksi bagian-bagian halus pada lower respiratory system.3

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The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal SinusesExternal naresAir normally enters through paired of these.Nasal Vestibule Space contained within the flexible tissues of the noseThe epithelium of vestibule contains coarse hairs that extend across the extenal nares.Nasal SeptumDivides the nasal cavity into left and right portions.The bony is formed by the fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the plate of the vomer

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Paranasal sinusesSinuses of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary and palatine bonesProduce the mucous secretions to help keep the surface of the nasal cavity moist and clean.The olfactory regionInferior surface of the criibriform plateThe superior portion of the nasal septumThe superior nasal conchae8

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The bony hard palatePortions of the maxillary and palatine bones.Forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from the oral cavityA Flesh soft palatePosterior to the hard palateMarking the boundary between the superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynxThe nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx through a connection known as the internal nares. 12

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Vascularization In the lamina propria, it contains an abundance of arteries, veins, and capillaries that bring nutrients and water to the secretory cell.It warms and humidifies the incoming air.As cool, dry air passes inward over the exposed surfaces of the nasal cavity, the warm epithelium radiates heat, and water in the mucus evaporates. Then, air moving from your nasal cavity to your lungs is heated almost to body temperature14

VakularisasiBagian atas rongga hidung mendapat pendarahan dari a.etmoid anterior dan posterior yang merupakan cabang dari a.oftalmika dari a.karotis internaBagian bawah rongga hidung mendapat pendarahan dari cabang a.maksilaris interna, diantaranya adalah ujung a.palatina mayor dan a.sfenopalatinaBagian depan, mendapat pendarahan dari cabang-cabang a.facialis.Vena-vena hidung mempunyai nama yang sama dan berjalan berdampingan dengan arterinya.15

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PersarafanBagian depan dan atas rongga hidung mendapat persarafan sensoris dari n.etmoidalis anterior, yang merupakan cabang dari n.nasosiliaris, yang berasal dari n. Oftalmikus.Bagian lainnya sebagian besar mendapat persarafan sensoris dari n.maksila.N. Olfaktorius, saraf ini berada di se;-sel reseptor penghidu pada mukosa olfaktorius di daerah sepertiga atas hidung

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Inervation

The PharynxIs a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systemDividing the pharynx into the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynxNasopharynxSuperior portion of the pharynx.Connecting to the posterior portion of the nasal cavity through the internal nares.Lining by the same pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.The pharyngeal tonsil and the auditory tubes.20

Perpajanan dari internal nares dan jalur masuk ke laring dan ke esofagus20

OropharynxExtends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone.The epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar epithelim to stratified squamous epitheliumLaryngopharynxExtends between the hyoid bone and the entrance to the larynx and esophagusLining with a stratified squamous epithelium that resist abrasion, chemical attack, and invasion by pathogens.21

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24Pharynx Vaskularisasi:A. pharingea ascendens, a. palatinus ascendens, a. facialis, a. maxillaris dan a. lingualisVena membentuk plexus pharyngeal v. jugularis internaAliran limfatik: nnll. Cervicalis profundusPersarafan: Motorik: n. X dan XI dan cabang-cabangnyaSensorik: N. V

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The LarynxThen, inhaled air enters the larynx through a narrow opening called the glottis.The larynx begins at the level of vertebra C4 or C5 and ends at the level of vertebra C6. The larynx has incomplete cartilaginous walls that are stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscle.26

Cartilages of The LarynxThree large, unpaired cartilages from the larynx :The thyroid cartilageThe cricoid cartilageThe epiglotisThe larynx also contains three pairs of smaller hyaline cartilages :The arytenoid cartilagesThe corniculate cartilagesThe cuneiform cartilages27

The Thyroid CartilageThe largest laryngeal cartilage.Made of hyaline cartilage.Forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx but posteriorly, it is incomplete.The prominent anterior surface of thyroid cartilage, called the laryngeal prominence or Adams apple.The inferior surface articulates with the cricoid cartilage.The superior surface has ligamentous attachments to the hyoid bone and to the epiglottis.28

The Cricoid CartilageMade of hyaline cartilage.The posterior portion is expanded, providing support in the absence of the thyroid cartilage.It protects the glottis and the entrance to the trachea.The inferior surface is attached by ligaments and the superior surface articulates with the arytenoid cartilages.

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The EpiglottisComposed of elastic cartilage.It has ligamentous atachments to the anterior and superior borders of the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone.During swallowing, the larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis, preventing both liquids and solid food from entering the respiratory tract.30

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Three Pairs of Smaller Hyaline CartilagesThe arytenoid cartilagesArticulate with the superior border of the enlarged portion of the cricoid cartilageThe corniculate cartilagesArticulate with the arytenoid cartilages.It function in the opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound, with arytenoid cartilagesElongated, curving cuneiform cartilagesLie within folds of tissue that extend between the lateral surface of each arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis32

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LigamentsBind together the various laryngeal cartilages.The cricothyroid ligament is the common placement site for a tracheostomy, a tracheal incision to bypass an airway obstruction.The vestibular ligaments and the vocal ligaments are inelastic, they help to prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis and also protect the more delicate vocal fods34

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The Laryngeal MusculatureAssociated with two sets of muscle, they are :Muscle of the neck and pharynx, which stabilize the larynx.Smaller intrinsic muscles that control tension in the vocal fods or open and close the glottis.When swallowing, both sets of muscles work together to prevent food or drink from entering the glottis.Muscle of the neck and pharynx then elevate the larynx, bending the epiglottis over the glottis, so that bolus can glide across the epiglottis rather than falling into the larynx. While this movement is under way, the glottis is closed.36

Coughing ReflexFood or liquids that touch the vestibular or vocal folds trigger the coughing reflex.But the glottis is kept closed while the chest and abdominal muscle contract, compressing the lungs. When the glottis is opened suddenly, a blast of from the trachea ejects material that blocks the entrance to the glottis.37

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Vascularization39

The TracheaDiameter : 2,5 cm and a length of about 11 cm.Begins anterior to vertebra C6 in a ligamentous attachment to the cricoid cartilage.Ends in the mediastinum, at the level of vertebra T5, where it branches to form the right and left primary bronchi.The trachea contains 15-20 tracheal cartilages, which serve to stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the airway.Each tracheal cartilage is C-shaped. Protect the anterior and lateral surface of the trachea.

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The trachealis muscle, connect the ends of each tracheal cartilage.Contraction of the trachealis muscle reduces the diameter of trachea. This narrowing increases the tubes resistance to airflow.It primarly under the control of the sympathetic division of the ANS.Sympathetic stimulation increase the diameter of the trachea and makes it easier to move large volume of air along the respiratory passageways.41

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ReferencesMartini, F.H., Nath, J.L, Bartholomew, E.F., and Ober, W.C. Fundamental of Anatomy & Physiology. 9th ed. San Fransisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings; 2012Rab, T. Ilmu Penyakit Paru. 1st ed. Jakarta: CV Trans Info Media; 2010Paulsen, F. & Waschke, J. Sobotta Atlas Anatomi Manusia. 23 ed. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2010Kuliah Pakar dr. Ahmad Azwar Habibi, M.Biomed FK UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.43