ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

• Anatomy-examines structures/morphology of body parts,forms, organization

• Physiology- function of body parts

• Human organism-is an organized unit

Levels of organizationSubatomic part(e−,p⁺,nⁿ)atomsmoleculesmacromolecules

Cells- basic unit of structure + functionTissues- cells organized into layers/masses w/ specific funct. Organs- groups of tissue

- complex structures w/ specialized functionOrgan system- groups of organs that function together Organism- interacting organ system

atoms/molecules Cells small intestine tissue small intestine

Digestive system Human organism

Characteristics of Life• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration• Digestion• Absorption• Circulation• Assimilation• Excretion= metabolism- physical/chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize

energy

Mental Mapping• I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement)• I stop at the traffic light (response)• My body is growing (growth)• I am breathing air (respiration)• I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion)• My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption)• The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation)• The hamburger is changed to things my body needs

(assimilation)• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)• Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)

Requirements of Organisms

1. Water- most abundant subs. In body– Required for metabolic processes– Environment– Transport– Regulating body temp

2. Food- provide nutrients

3. Oxygen-gas (1/5 of air)– Used in process of releasing energy from nutrients– Energy drives metabolic process

4. Heat- energy in body– Product of metabolic processes– Controls rate which process occur– More heat= faster reaction

5. Pressure-force– Plays an important role in

breathing– Hydrostatic Pressure- exerted

by liquid• EX: blood pressure

Homeostasis

• Bodies maintenance of stable internal environment– Remains stable despite changing environment

- Takes most metabolic energy

Homeostatic mechanisms

• Self regulating control systems (3)1. Receptors- give info about conditions in

internal envir. 2. Control center- set point

EX: body temp 98.6˚3. Effectors- response that alter conditions

• Receptors measure deviations from set point effectors activated to return cond. to norm.

• Negative Feedback- deviation is corrected to set pointEx: Room temp 70˚F- air condition/furnace Set point= 70 ˚Air Condition/Furnace = effectorThermostat= Receptor

• Body Homeostatic mechanisms -body temp -reg. of blood pressure-concentration of sugar/glucose

• Positive Feedback – process which moves conditions away from normal state- Ex: blood clotting- chemicals stimulate increase clotting to decrease bleeding

Organization of Human Body

• Axial portion- body, neck, trunk• Appendicular-arms/legs

• Cranial cavity- brain• Vertebral canal- spinal

cord surrounded by backbone vertebrae

• Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity– Viscera- organs within– Diaphragm separates

• Thoracic cavity- lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland– Right Pleural- right lung– Left Pleural- left lung– Mediastinum- esophagus, trachea, thymus gland• pericardial cavity= heart

• Abdominopelvic cavity- upper/lower pelvic portion– Abdominal Cavity-stomach, liver, spleen,

gallbladder, small intestine– Pelvic Cavity-lg. Intestine, urinary bladder, internal

reprod. organs

Small head cavities

• Oral cavity- teeth + tongue• Nasal Cavity- divided into

right/left sect. By nasal septum– Sphenoidal + frontal sinuses

• Orbital cavity- eyes, skeletal muscles, nerves

• Mid Ear Cavity- mid ear bones

• Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs – Outer layer = parietal– Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs)

• Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

• 3 Major Locations1. Pleura: lungs2. Pericardium: heart3. Peritoneal: abdominopelvic cavity

Membrane Names

Parietal Pleura / Visceral PleuraParietal Pericardium / Visceral PericardiumParietal Peritoneum/ Visceral Peritoneum

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Body Covering

Integumentary system- skin, hair, nails, sweat glands- Protects tissues, regulate body temp., house

sensory receptors

Support/Movement

Skeletal System- bones, ligaments, cartilage- framework, protective shields, movement

Muscular System- Muscles- Contract/pull end together= movement,

maintain posture, source of body heat

Integration/Coordination

Nervous System- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs- detects inside/outside changes= body reacts

Endocrine System- pituary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland,

pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus- Glands that secrete hormones

Transport

Cardiovascular system- heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood- Blood transports, gases, nutrients, hormones

Lymphatic system- Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes,

thymus, spleen- Transports fluid- Lymphocytes-cells defend against pathogens

Absorption/Excretion

Digestive System-mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,

esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small/lg intestines

- breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste

Respiratory System- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

lungs- Exchanges gas b/w blood and air

- Oxy in, CO2 out

Urinary System-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra- Removes waste, stores/excretes urine

Reproduction

Reproductive system (male/female)Male- scrotum, testes, urethra, penis- produce/maintain/transfer sperm

Female- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina- produce/transport eggs- Receive sperm- Supports embryo

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical position: – Standing erect– Face forward– Upper limbs at sides– Palms forward

• Superior- above• Inferior- below

• Anterior- toward front• Posterior- toward back

• Lateral – toward side with respect to midlineIpsilateral-pertains to same sideContralateral- refers to opposite side

• Medial- midline divides into equal left/right sides, closer to line is medial

• Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body• Distal- farther from trunk of body

Body Sections• Transverse- (horizontal) divides body into

inferior and superior portions• Coronal- divides body into anterior/posterior

portions• Sagittal- lengthwise cut right/left portions– Midsagittal- sagittal sect. Passes along midline– Parasagittal- sagittal sec passes parallel to midline

• Cross section: cut across structure• Oblique section: angular cut• Longitudinal- lengthwise cut

Body Regions

Pg 23

Quadrants

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