Ancient Civilizations - Six Great Enigmas

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    Ancient Civilizations: Six Great EnigmasApril 10, 2013

    Will Hart & Robert Berringer,New Dawn

    Waking Times

    We stand today at an unprecedented turning point in human history. In recent years two versions of

    ancient history have formed. One, we shall call alternative history, the other we shall refer to as official

    history. The former ponders over a variety of anomalies and tries to make sense out of the corpus of

    evidence, i.e., the pyramids and timelines, why they were built, by whom and when. The latter conducts

    digs, catalogues pottery shards, and tries to defend its proposal there are no enigmas, and virtually

    everything is explained.

    At one point perhaps as late as fifteen years ago these two camps seem to be engaged in an informal

    dialogue. That all changed after, 1) the Great Sphinx re-dating controversy caught Egyptologists off guard

    and, 2) the impact of Chris Dunns bookThe Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egyptat the end

    of the last decade.

    There is no more dialogue and no more polite, gloves on debate. The proponents of official history have

    taken an increasingly political and ideological approach to the issue. They now do little more than offer

    pronouncements of the historical truth on the one hand, and denounce of all those who dare challenge

    officialdom on the other. In this context we offer evidence that our scholars, the gatekeepers who control

    our institutions of higher learning, refuse to consider.

    The Great Pyramid Precision Engineering

    This colossal structure, the last of the seven ancient wonders and the largest stone building in the world,

    still provokes awe, controversy and a plethora of theories that inspire bitter debate to this day. Instead of

    going over the well-established mysteries, we would like to shine new light on this important enigma that

    appears out of place in Stone Age Egypt.

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    The real challenge the Great Pyramid still poses to us in the opening decade of the Third Millennium is

    the physical plant itself. Theorists have gone on endlessly speculating about how it was built and the

    metaphysical, cultural and religious significance and/or symbolism behind its construction. Though

    several authors have offered tantalizing possibilities, none have been conclusively proven.

    The mystery remains unsolved.

    To begin with, the massive size the staggering volume and weight of the building blocks remain

    problematic. With an estimated 2.3 million blocks with a weight of about 4 million tons, the pyramid is two-

    thirds the mass of the Hoover Dam. The sheer size and the numbers of blocks that had to be quarried

    and moved into place, presents numerous architectural, construction and engineering headaches.

    These issues have been raised time and again, yet are still unsettled. It is time to move on and define the

    even more difficult issues. We consider the core hard problems to be those that reflect precision

    engineering and assembly line manufacturing accomplished on a massive scale. The primitive tools

    scenario concocted by Egyptologists does not explain the following tasks:

    1. Creating precision-cut casing blocks weighing 16 tons, fitted together and held by a super-glue mortar

    that maintained a tight seal forming a nearly seamless shell.

    2. Leveling the 13-acre limestone bedrock base to a degree of accuracy only recently achieved with laser

    technology.

    3. Squaring the base to True North with minimal deviation.

    4. Excavating the Descending Passage 350 feet into solid bedrock at a 26 -degree angle while keeping

    the tunnel arrow-straight for its length.

    5. Bringing the massive 48-story pyramid together around complex internal structures, retaining the true

    shape to enable the builders to form the apex. (These internal structures include four enigmatic ventilation

    shafts and a coffer in the Kings Chamber that is too large to have been moved through the opening. It

    shows evidence of having been cut with a jewel-tip saw.)

    6. Extensive usage of different types of machined granite inside the Great Pyramid chambers.

    The father of modern Egyptology,Sir Flinders Petrie, marveled at the precision and size of the casing

    blocks. He carefully measure the blocks and found that the mean thickness of the joints are .020 and

    therefore, the mean variation of the cutting of the stone from a straight line and from a true square, is but

    .01 on length of 75 inches up the face, an amount of accuracy equal to most modern opticians straight -

    edges of such a length.

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    The modern international engineering firm of Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Menendhall conducted a forensic

    analysis of the Great Pyramid. Their findings are evaluated in an article published in Civil Engineering.

    The pyramid was oriented with its major sides either north-south or east-west. This in itself was a

    remarkable undertaking, given the accuracy to which it was done, because the Egyptians had to perform

    the work using astronomical or solar observations the compass had not yet been invented. The

    dimensions of the pyramid are extremely accurate and the site was levelled within a fraction of an inch

    over the entire base. This is comparable to the accuracy possible with modern construction methods and

    laser levelling.1

    The summary speaks volumes between the lines. The problems with the Descending Passage are

    numerous. For starters the tunnel is less than 4 x 4 feet, enough for no more than one excavator wielding

    a hammer-stone at any given moment. How would our proposed digging crew negotiate the space in the

    suffocating darkness once they had dug down 50 feet and more? In addition how would the 26-degree

    angle be set and maintained without lights or levels? The lack of carbon deposits on walls and ceiling

    indicate that torches were not used.

    Once again, Petrie measured the passage and found an amazing accuracy of .020 of an inch over 150

    feet and a mere .250 inch over 350 feet of its constructed and excavated length. We submit that this

    passage with its smooth surfaces, squared shape, and accurate angle could not have been tunnelled with

    primitive tools and methods.

    The Great Pyramid remains the worlds greatest wonder and ancient enigma. We suggest researchers

    should pay more attention to these details and ask about the materials used inside the Great Pyramid,

    especially near the ventilation shafts. We now have two doors blocking a very important shaft, the one

    that pointed to the star Sirius in 2450 BCE.

    The Origin Of Dogs Biogenetic engineering

    Now we turn to a mystery that nearly equals the pyramid, though it is a little known conundrum hidden in

    the mists of remote antiquity. Let us start with a simple question that appears to have an obvious answer:

    what is a dog? It turns out geneticists in the past decade have shown the answer is not so obvious. In

    fact, generations of anthropologists, archaeologists and wildlife biologists turned out to be dead wrong

    when it came to the origins of mans best friend.

    Prior to DNA studies conducted in the 1990s, the generally accepted theory posited that dogs branched

    off from a variety of wild canids, i.e., coyotes, hyenas, jackals, wolves and so on, about 15,000 years ago.

    The results of the first comprehensive DNA study shocked the scholarly community. The study found that

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    all dog breeds can be traced back to wolves and not other canids. The second part of the finding was

    even more unexpected the branching off occurred from 40-150,000 years ago.

    Why do these findings pose a problem? We have to answer that question with another question: how

    were dogs bred from wolves? This is not just difficult to explain, it is impossible. Do not be fooled by the

    pseudo-explanations put forth by science writers that state our Stone Age ancestors befriended wolves

    and somehow (the procedure is never articulated) managed to breed the first mutant wolf, the mother of

    all dogs. Sorry, we like dogs too, but that is what a dog is.

    The problems come at the crucial stage of taking a male and female wolf and getting them to produce a

    subspecies (assuming you could tame and interact with them at all). Let us take this one step further by

    returning to our original question, what is a dog? A dog is a mutated wolf that only has those

    characteristics of the wild parent, which humans find companionable and useful. That is an amazing fact.

    Think about those statements for a moment. If you are thinking that dogs evolved naturally from wolves,

    that is not an option. No scientist believes that because the stringent wolf pecking order and breeding

    rituals would never allow a mutant to survive, at least that is one strong argument against natural

    evolution.

    Now, if our Paleolithic ancestors could have pulled off this feat, and the actual challenges posed by the

    process are far more taxing, then wolf/dog breeders today certainly should have no problem duplicating it.

    But like the Great Pyramid, that does not seem to be the case. No breeders have stepped up to the plate

    claiming they can take two pure wolves and produce a dog sans biogenetic engineering techniques.

    The evolution of the domesticated dog from a wild pack animal appears to be a miracle! It should not

    have happened. This is another unexplained enigma.

    Mohenjo Daro Civil Engineering

    Since indoor plumbing did not arrive in modern societies to any extent until the 20th century, and urban

    planning has still not been adopted much to this date in history, what we find in the ancient city of

    Mohenjo Daro is anomalous indeed.

    This city in the Indus Valley was built on a grid system about 4,500 years ago, obviously planned out and

    drawn up before the first brick was laid. It had houses, some with indoor plumbing, a granary, baths, an

    assembly hall and towers all made out of standard size bricks. The streets were about eight to ten feet

    wide on average, and were built with well-engineered drainage channels.

    Mohenjo Daro was divided into two parts; the Citadel was on the upper level and included an elaborate

    tank called the Great Bath that was made of fine quality brickwork and drains. The Great Bath was 40 feet

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    long and 8 feet deep, a huge public facility by any standards. A giant granary, a large residential building,

    and several assembly halls were also on this upper level.

    The Great Bath was made watertight by the use of two layers of brick, lime-cement and then finally

    sealed with bitumen (tar). The bath included a shallow section for children.

    We should wonder how an ancient culture of which nothing is known, not even their language, created

    this sophisticated city at a point in time many thousands of years ahead of the curve? Civil engineers do

    not crawl out of thatched-roof huts able to draw up plans for a complex urban environment. We need to

    address the following question to archaeologists and historians:

    1. Where are the cities that demonstrate the path of urban development, social and technical

    organization, leading to Mohenjo Daro?

    2. How do you explain the sudden emergence of a complex society when 99.99% of the rest of humanity

    were living primitively?

    These issues cannot be brushed aside with some arrogant pretence that the questions have already been

    addressed and answered by digging up and labeling pottery shards and other artifacts. We have been

    and are being overly indulgent with our soft sciences regarding their cavalier assertions about having all

    the answers. In fact, they have very few, so why are they throwing stones at independent researchers

    from behind glass towers?

    Extraordinarily little is known about the Indus Valley civilization that once spanned nearly a thousand

    miles with other cities matching the description of Mohenjo Daro.

    We file this under our list of great enigmas and challenge orthodox scholars to prove differently as with

    the first two of our mysteries.

    We note that the Indus Valley civilization was contemporary with the Great Pyramid. It is often said this

    was one of the first three civilizations, having a written script that has never been deciphered. Now we

    turn next to the mother of all civilizations, Sumer.

    Sumeria The Source Of Civilization

    Are we missing something or are our historians looking at our earliest civilizations through a strange and

    distorted lens? Like Egypt and the Indus Valley, the biblical Land of Shinar the birthplace of Abraham

    was a brutally hot, largely barren, empty desert with a mighty river cutting a swath through it. Does this

    sound like the magnet that would attract late Stone Age tribes to hunker down and pull wonders out of a

    hat?

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    In fact, historians thought Shinar was a piece of biblical fiction until the mid-19th century, but now they

    know everything about it with complete certitude that we, the unwashed masses, dare not question.

    Nonetheless, we encourage readers to maintain an attitude of healthy skepticism and dare to question

    official history.

    As is the case with the culture that built the cities of the Indus Valley, no one knows who the ancient

    Sumerians were or where they came from. They called themselves the black-headed ones and spoke a

    strange language that was unrelated to the languages of the Semitic tribes in the region. Some linguists

    note a similarity between the Sumerian language and that of the Basques, another anomalous culture.

    We find it curious that any primitive peoples would choose the rigours of a hostile desert environment to

    settle in and build a civilisation. Why not a gentle river in a forested mountain valley? Especially in light of

    the fact that Sumeria contained very few resources, no forests, no minerals, not even the rocks that were

    plentiful in Egypt.

    How are we to explain the fact this mysterious culture managed to invent all of the core components of

    civilization under such restrictive conditions? It occurs to us that a culture would need minerals like

    copper, gold, silver and tin immediately available to experiment with over the course of generations in

    order to create process metallurgy. There is nothing simple or accidental about making the connection

    between raw ores, the metals they contain, and how to reduce them out of their native state using high

    heat.

    Nevertheless, the Sumerians not only figured out geology, how to obtained the ore, knew the levels of

    heat needed and how to build kilns to achieve it, they also took very different metals and created the first

    alloy, bronze. As metal-smiths were performing these feats, other citizens were apparently creating the

    wheel, building cities, ziggurats, inventing writing, movable type, the ox-drawn plow, cereal crop

    agriculture, and advanced mathematics, to mention the most notable of their innovations.

    Something is wrong with this picture. Most human beings were counting using their fingers, if at all,

    hunting animals and gathering plants for their meals. Yet, we find the Sumerians in classrooms learning

    the principles of the sexigesimal math system. Yes, the very same 60-base system we use today to keep

    track of hours, minutes and seconds. This advanced system was the first to reveal that a circle has 360

    degrees and can be subdivided using 60, 30, 15, 12, etc., all fractions of the root number.

    Teotihuacn Anomalous Technical Evidence

    Teotihuacn, in Mexico, is an immense, even overwhelming archaeological site, oriented along a twin

    axis. In the 1960s a team of archaeologists and surveyors mapped out the entire complex in great detail.

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    The resultant map revealed an urban grid centered around two principal, almost perpendicular,

    alignments.

    From the Pyramid of the Moon at the north end, the complex extends south along the Avenue of the Dead

    beyond the Ciudadela and Great Compound complexes for about 3.2 kilometers. To this north-south axis

    we must add an east-west alignment that led from a point near the Pyramid of the Sun to a spot of prime

    astronomical significance on the western horizon.

    Anthony Aveni, an astronomer-anthropologist, discovered that on the day the Sun passes directly

    overhead in the spring of the Northern Hemisphere (May 18), the Pleiades star cluster makes its first

    annual predawn appearance. It was at this point on the western horizon that the Pleiades set, and the

    builders aimed the east-west axis.

    Additionally, the Sun also sets at this point on the horizon on August 12 the anniversary of the

    beginning of the current Mesoamerican calendar cycle (5th Sun) determined by a consensus of

    academic and independent scholars to have begun on August 12, 3114 BCE.

    It is very clear Teotihuacn was laid out according to a set of alignments that reflected celestial,

    geographic, as well as geodetic relationships. Walking along the avenue from one pyramid to another, up

    the steps to the top, and surveying the site from a multitude of angles, one is struck by the sense of being

    in the middle of some vast geometric matrix.

    Teotihuacn was the first true urban centre in the Americas. At its peak around 500 CE, it boasted a

    population of an estimated 200,000. George E. Stuart, archaeologist and the editor of National

    Geographicmagazine sums up our ignorance:

    We speak of it with awe, as we do the pyramids of Egypt, but we still know next to nothing about the

    origins of the Teotihuacnos, what language they spoke, how their society was organized, and what

    caused their decline.2

    As for one the most anomalous of artifacts on the planet, in the 1900s archaeologists discovered a sheet

    of mica in the upper tiers of the Pyramid of the Sun. This was no ho-hum pottery shard to catalogue and

    file away in a dusty box, yet that is about how archaeologists treated the find. To anyone with even a

    smattering of technical knowledge, discovering a large sheet of mica in an ancient pyramid site comes asa shock. In fact, it is one of the great smoking guns that turn archaeologists mum.

    Mica is an inflammable and non-conductive mineral that grows in fairly weak plate-like structures. It is not

    at all useful as a structural building material. NASA uses it as a radiation shield in space vehicles. Mica is

    also utilised in electronic components and microwave ovens, and it is a good shield for electromagnetic

    radiation, like radio waves. Like the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun has a subterranean cavity

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    under the middle of the pyramid. A large pyramid with layers of thick mica would be an excellent EMI

    shield.

    Its placement in the complex raises questions that we could only answer today after the development of

    electronic, atomic and space age technologies.

    Thick sheets of mica were also found by archaeologists about 400 meters down the avenue from the Sun

    Pyramid, these precision-cut sheets were of considerable size: 27.5 meters square. They were located

    under a rock-slab floor of a complex now called the Mica Temple.

    What possible reason could the builders have had for including a layer of mica in any structure? It was

    obviously not decorative. To add greatly to the growing mystery, the particular mica used was traced to

    Brazil. Now we are getting in deep. How would a supposedly indigenous Stone Age culture know that

    mica existed 3200 kilometers away in the jungles of Brazil? Not only that, how did they transport these

    large sheets over that long distance intact without wheeled vehicles? Surely not via relay teams on foot

    travelling overland! No large seagoing boats or ports have ever been found in ancient Mexico.

    High Technology In Stone Age Peru

    Lake Titicaca borders Bolivia and Peru in the Andes. The highest large lake in the world, there are many

    signs it was once exposed to the ocean. Megalithic structures like the Gateway of the Sun in Tiahuanacu,

    Bolivia, also indicate a long lost past. The gateway was carved out of one solid block, the hard way to

    make a gate.

    Moving northward near Cuzco, Peru, we find even more large, impressive and mysterious structures.

    Here we find walls built with complex jigsaw type megalithic blocks similar to the more familiar walls found

    at nearby Machu Picchu. Some of the megalithic structures contain complex cut-rocks weighing over 100

    tons; a few were joined together by bronze clamps. Some of the bronze had obviously been poured in

    place, a skill not available in pre-Columbian Peru.

    Like Sumer, the high Andes is an unlikely location for Stone Age cities, evidence of advanced

    technologies, and seminal agricultural discoveries. It is well established that the region around Tiahuanco,

    at 12,500 feet elevation, had been turned into a highly productive agricultural zone. That was achieved by

    the building of dikes, dams, canals and raised beds that created microclimates which protected the plantsfrom frost.

    We have attempted to show our planet is full of ancient wonders and mysteries that have yet to be

    solved. You can find more information as well as our theories on who and what created these enigmas in

    our books, The Genesis Race (by Will Hart) and Ancient Gods and Their Mysteries: Will They Return in

    2012 AD? (by Robert Berringer).

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    About the Author

    Will Hart is a journalist, photographer, and filmmaker who has investigated ancient mysteries and

    evidence of extraterrestrial intervention on Earth since 1969. His first book The Genesis Race: Our

    Extraterrestrial DNA and the True Origins of the Species is the outcome of three decades of research.

    Robert Berringer is the author of Ancient Gods and Their Mysteries: Will They Return in 2012 AD? which

    is distributed by Book Clearing Housewww.bookch.comand available fromwww.CloudriderBooks.com.

    He can be contacted [email protected]

    Footnotes:

    1. Program Management BC, Civil Engineering, June 1999, Craig Smith, P.E.,

    www.pubs.asce.org/ceonline/0699feat.html

    2. The Timeless Vision of Teotihuacn, National Geographicmagazine, December 1995

    The above article appeared in New Dawn No. 90 (May-June 2005).

    If you appreciated this article, please consider adigital subscriptionto New Dawn.

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