IndiaIndiaStandard GS-1.4Standard GS-1.4

Explain the impact of religion in classical Explain the impact of religion in classical Indian civilization, including Hinduism and Indian civilization, including Hinduism and the effects of its beliefs and practices on the effects of its beliefs and practices on

daily life, changes that occurred as a result daily life, changes that occurred as a result of Buddhist teachings, and the influence of of Buddhist teachings, and the influence of

religion on culture and politics.religion on culture and politics.

Essential Question:Essential Question:What were the effects of Hinduism and Buddhism What were the effects of Hinduism and Buddhism on the daily life, culture, and politics, of classical on the daily life, culture, and politics, of classical Indian civilizations?Indian civilizations?

1.1. Indus RiverIndus River2.2. Ganges RiverGanges River3.3. HarappaHarappa4.4. Mohenjo-DarroMohenjo-Darro5.5. NepalNepal6.6. PakistanPakistan7.7. Indian OceanIndian Ocean8.8. Sri LankaSri Lanka9.9. ChinaChina10.10. Himalaya Himalaya

MountainsMountains

Chapter 3 Key TermsChapter 3 Key TermsTerm Definition

monsoon Seasonal wind pattern in southern

Sanskrit Writing system developed by the Aryans

raja Aryan prince or leader

Hinduism Religion of the majority of ; originated with the Aryans

ascetics People who practiced self-denial to achieve understanding of ultimate reality

Buddhism Philosophy founded by Siddhartha Gautama in in the 6th century

Silk Road Trade route that linked China to the Mediterranean Sea and made the Kushan kingdom of India very prosperous

pilgrim A person that travels to religious sites often bringing wealth to those areas and helping to spread ideas.

I. The Land of IndiaI. The Land of IndiaThe summer The summer monsoonsmonsoons bring bring heavy rains, which farmers heavy rains, which farmers depend on to grow their depend on to grow their cropscrops. . If the rains come too early or If the rains come too early or too late, or if there is too much too late, or if there is too much or too little rain, crops are or too little rain, crops are ruined and many people ruined and many people starvestarve..

Label the following on the India map Label the following on the India map provided:provided:

II. ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND II. ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND SOCIETYSOCIETY

1.1. Both Both citiescities were carefully planned were carefully planned1.1. Buildings were made of Buildings were made of mudmud bricks. Some bricks. Some

neighborhoods were surrounded by walls.neighborhoods were surrounded by walls.2.2. Public wells supplied a regular supply of Public wells supplied a regular supply of

waterwater..3.3. Bathrooms featured advanced Bathrooms featured advanced drainagedrainage

systems.systems.4.4. Wastewater was carried to Wastewater was carried to sewagesewage pits pits

beyond the city walls.beyond the city walls.5.5. Trash was collected in street-level Trash was collected in street-level garbagegarbage

bins.bins.

2.2. Rulers and the EconomyRulers and the Economya)a) Power based on belief in divine assistancePower based on belief in divine assistanceb)b) Religion and political power closely linkedReligion and political power closely linked

i.i. Royal palace and temple combinedRoyal palace and temple combined

c)c) Economy based on farming and extensive Economy based on farming and extensive tradetrade..

A. Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroA. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

1.1. The Aryans were a group The Aryans were a group of of Indo-EuropeanIndo-European nomadic nomadic peoples who conquered peoples who conquered the the IndiansIndians and created a and created a new new IndianIndian society based society based on their culture and on their culture and institutions. institutions.

a)a) Eventually settled along the Eventually settled along the Ganges RiverGanges River

2.2. Pastoral people with a strong Pastoral people with a strong warrior traditionwarrior tradition

a)a) The creation of the iron The creation of the iron plowplow, along with the use of , along with the use of irrigation, made it possible irrigation, made it possible for the Aryans and their for the Aryans and their subject peoples to clear the subject peoples to clear the dense jungle growth along dense jungle growth along the the GangesGanges River and turn it River and turn it into a rich into a rich farmingfarming area. area.

b)b) Governed by Aryan princes Governed by Aryan princes called called rajasrajas

3.3. Developed their first writing Developed their first writing system, known as system, known as SanskritSanskrit, , around 1000 BCaround 1000 BC

B. Arrival of the AryansB. Arrival of the Aryans

1.1. Caste systemCaste system a)a) a rigid set of social a rigid set of social

classesclasses

b)b) Determined one’s Determined one’s occupation, economic occupation, economic potential, and position potential, and position in societyin society

c)c) Based, in part, on skin Based, in part, on skin colorcolor

C. Society in Ancient IndiaC. Society in Ancient India

2. Untouchables2. Untouchables

5% of India’s population5% of India’s population

not treated as humans not treated as humans and were separated from and were separated from the rest of societythe rest of society

Given menial and Given menial and degrading tasks such as degrading tasks such as handling trash and handling trash and collecting dead bodiescollecting dead bodies

C. Society in C. Society in Ancient India Ancient India (continued)(continued)

1.1. Extended family; patriarchalExtended family; patriarchala)a) Villages were run by a Villages were run by a

headman and council of eldersheadman and council of elders

2.2. MenMena)a) Could inherit propertyCould inherit propertyb)b) Educated and served as priestsEducated and served as priestsc)c) Could take a second wife if first Could take a second wife if first

was infertilewas infertile

3.3. WomenWomena)a) Marriages arranged by parentsMarriages arranged by parents

a)a) Women were an economic burden Women were an economic burden on their parentson their parents

b)b) SutteeSuttee required a wife to throw required a wife to throw herself onto her dead herself onto her dead husband’s flaming funeral pyre.husband’s flaming funeral pyre.

D. Family in Ancient IndiaD. Family in Ancient India

III. Hinduism and BuddhismIII. Hinduism and Buddhism

Religions of India SongReligions of India SongTo the tune of “Mary had a Little Lamb”To the tune of “Mary had a Little Lamb”

India has 2 religionsIndia has 2 religions

Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism and Buddhism

Both believe in karma, Both believe in karma, dharma,dharma,

ahimsa, and reincarnationahimsa, and reincarnation

Hinduism is the oldest oneHinduism is the oldest one

with thousands of gods but with thousands of gods but no founderno founder

3 of the most important are3 of the most important are

Brahma, Vishnu, and ShivaBrahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism Unlike Hinduism, Buddhism rejects the caste systemrejects the caste system

They offer hope to all who They offer hope to all who want to achieve nirvanawant to achieve nirvana

India has 2 religionsIndia has 2 religions

Hinduism and BuddhismHinduism and Buddhism

Both believe in karma, Both believe in karma, dharma,dharma,

ahimsa, and reincarnationahimsa, and reincarnation

Hinduism and/or BuddhismHinduism and/or Buddhism

ReincarnationReincarnation is the belief that the individual is the belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. soul is reborn in a different form after death.

Karma is the force generated by a person’s Karma is the force generated by a person’s actions that determines how the person will actions that determines how the person will be be rebornreborn in the next life. in the next life.

DharmaDharma is the divine law in Hinduism that is the divine law in Hinduism that requires all people to do their requires all people to do their dutyduty..

YogaYoga is a method of training designed to lead is a method of training designed to lead to union with to union with BrahmanBrahman..

Hinduism: OriginsHinduism: Origins

No single founderNo single founder– Developed from the Developed from the

overlapping beliefs overlapping beliefs of Indus and Aryans of Indus and Aryans as well as othersas well as others

– Hinduism is one of Hinduism is one of the most complex the most complex religionsreligions

Hinduism: Major BeliefsHinduism: Major BeliefsEverything in the universe is Everything in the universe is part of the unchanging, all part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual force called powerful spiritual force called Brahman.Brahman.

Hindus worship many gods Hindus worship many gods that are part of the Brahmanthat are part of the Brahman

– BrahmaBrahma: the creator: the creator– VishnuVishnu: the preserver: the preserver– ShivaShiva: the destroyer: the destroyer

Hinduism: Major Hinduism: Major BeliefsBeliefs

Every person Every person has an essential has an essential self or self or atmanatman which is just which is just another name another name for Brahman, for Brahman, and the ultimate and the ultimate goal is moksha, goal is moksha, or union with the or union with the Brahman, thus Brahman, thus reincarnationreincarnation makes this makes this possiblepossible

Hinduism: Sacred Hinduism: Sacred TextsTexts

No No singlesingle sacred text sacred text– Vedas, Upanishads, Vedas, Upanishads,

Ramayana, Bhagavad Ramayana, Bhagavad Gita, and Mahabharata Gita, and Mahabharata

Vedas and Upanishads Vedas and Upanishads recorded Hindu teachingsrecorded Hindu teachings

The Bhagavad-Gita spells The Bhagavad-Gita spells out many ethical ideas out many ethical ideas central to Hinduism such as central to Hinduism such as ahimsaahimsa, or nonviolence., or nonviolence.

Effects of Hinduism on Daily Effects of Hinduism on Daily LifeLife

o The ultimate goal in Hinduism to reach moksha, The ultimate goal in Hinduism to reach moksha, or union with the Brahman and escape from the or union with the Brahman and escape from the cycle of reincarnation. cycle of reincarnation.

o This process is not completed within one life This process is not completed within one life time so Hindus believe that one’s karma time so Hindus believe that one’s karma determines their status in a next life through determines their status in a next life through reincarnation. reincarnation. o Karma is ruled by dharma, divine law, which requires Karma is ruled by dharma, divine law, which requires

all people to do their duty. all people to do their duty. o This belief supports the caste system developed by This belief supports the caste system developed by

the Aryans. the Aryans. o Brahmins are believed to be the closest to moksha while Brahmins are believed to be the closest to moksha while

Untouchables are the ones that are farthest away from the Untouchables are the ones that are farthest away from the goal.goal.

Buddhism: Buddhism: OriginsOrigins

Prince Siddhartha Gautama Prince Siddhartha Gautama enjoyed a happy life, married enjoyed a happy life, married and had a sonand had a sonOne day he left the palace One day he left the palace and he saw suffering for the and he saw suffering for the first time and set out to first time and set out to discover “the realm of life discover “the realm of life where there is no suffering or where there is no suffering or deathdeathOne day he sat down to One day he sat down to meditate for 48 days until he meditate for 48 days until he became enlightened and became enlightened and understood the cause and understood the cause and cure for suffering and pain he cure for suffering and pain he then became the Buddhathen became the BuddhaSome of his followers Some of his followers collected his teachings into collected his teachings into the Tipitaka or “Three the Tipitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom”Baskets of Wisdom”

BuddhismBuddhism

Siddhartha accepted the idea of Siddhartha accepted the idea of reincarnationreincarnation, but rejected the Hindu division , but rejected the Hindu division of human beings into rigidly defined of human beings into rigidly defined castescastes, , based on previous reincarnations. based on previous reincarnations. – He taught that all human beings could reach He taught that all human beings could reach

nirvananirvana as a result of their behavior in this life. as a result of their behavior in this life. Siddhartha rejected the multitude of Siddhartha rejected the multitude of godsgods that that has become identified with Hinduism. has become identified with Hinduism.

– He forbade his followers to worship either his He forbade his followers to worship either his personperson or his or his imageimage after his death. after his death.

BuddhismBuddhism

Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving Achieving wisdom is a key step to achieving nirvananirvana, or ultimate reality – the end of the self , or ultimate reality – the end of the self and a reunion with the and a reunion with the Great World SoulGreat World Soul..

  List the Four Noble Truths.List the Four Noble Truths.– Ordinary life is full of Ordinary life is full of sufferingsuffering..– This This sufferingsuffering is caused by our is caused by our desiredesire to satisfy to satisfy

ourselves.ourselves.– The way to end The way to end sufferingsuffering is to end is to end desiredesire for selfish for selfish

goals and to see others as goals and to see others as extensionsextensions of ourselves. of ourselves.– The way to end The way to end desiredesire is to follow the is to follow the Middle Path.Middle Path.

Four Noble Four Noble TruthsTruths

All life is full of All life is full of suffering, pain, suffering, pain,

and sorrowand sorrow

The cause of The cause of suffering is the suffering is the desire for things desire for things that are really that are really

illusionsillusions

The only cure The only cure for suffering is for suffering is to overcome to overcome desiredesire

The way to The way to overcome desire overcome desire is to follow the is to follow the Eightfold PathEightfold Path

Through meditation a Through meditation a person might achieve person might achieve

enlightenment or enlightenment or NirvanaNirvana: the union : the union

with the universe and with the universe and release from the cycle release from the cycle

of rebirth.of rebirth.

Other DifferencesOther Differences

Buddhism rejected the priests, formal Buddhism rejected the priests, formal rituals, and existence of many godsrituals, and existence of many gods

Buddhists rejected the caste system Buddhists rejected the caste system offering hope of nirvana to alloffering hope of nirvana to all

Buddhism SpreadsBuddhism Spreads

It split into two major It split into two major schools of thought…schools of thought…

– TheravadaTheravada: more like : more like Buddha’s original teachings, Buddha’s original teachings, main scriptures Tripitakamain scriptures Tripitaka

– MahayanaMahayana: easier for : easier for everyday people to follow, everyday people to follow, and worshiped Buddha as and worshiped Buddha as god, main scriptures Sutarasgod, main scriptures Sutaras

IV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRESIV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRES

Mauryan Empire Gupta EmpireDates

GovernmentWho governed?

EconomyHow did they gain wealth?

Cultural DevelopmentsLiterature, architecture, science, math?

IV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRESIV. ANCIENT INDIAN EMPIRES

A. Maurya EmpireA. Maurya Empire1.1. Chandragupta Maurya was the founder Chandragupta Maurya was the founder

and ruled from 324-301BC.and ruled from 324-301BC.a)a) Created a highly centralized state, divided Created a highly centralized state, divided

the empire into provinces, maintained order the empire into provinces, maintained order through secret police.through secret police.

b)b) He feared assassination so much that he He feared assassination so much that he had secret passageways, taste-testers, and had secret passageways, taste-testers, and women warriors for protection.women warriors for protection.

2.2. Asoka Maurya, Chadragupta’s Asoka Maurya, Chadragupta’s grandson, conquered most of the grandson, conquered most of the Indian subcontinent through war and Indian subcontinent through war and violence.violence.

a)a) Eventually he converted to Buddhism and is Eventually he converted to Buddhism and is considered the greatest Indian emperor.considered the greatest Indian emperor.

i.i. He built hospitals, shelters for travelers, and He built hospitals, shelters for travelers, and treated his people as his own children.treated his people as his own children.

ii. Elephant Army Video

B. Kushan KingdomB. Kushan Kingdom1.1. Silk Road = trade route that linked China to Silk Road = trade route that linked China to

Mesopotamia and Rome.Mesopotamia and Rome.2.2. The Silk road helped the Kushan kingdom of The Silk road helped the Kushan kingdom of

India become very prosperous in the first India become very prosperous in the first couple of hundred years AD.couple of hundred years AD.

C. Gupta EmpireC. Gupta Empire

1.1. 320 AD a new Empire 320 AD a new Empire emerged at the site of the old emerged at the site of the old Maurya capital, Pataliputra.Maurya capital, Pataliputra.

a.a. Golden Age of Indian civilizationGolden Age of Indian civilization

b.b. Trade led to prosperous cities.Trade led to prosperous cities.

c.c. Religious pilgrims brought Religious pilgrims brought wealth.wealth.

2.2. Eventually the Huns invaded in Eventually the Huns invaded in the 5the 5thth century AD and the century AD and the empire collapsed.empire collapsed.

D. D. Achievements Achievements

and Cultureand Culture

1. Literature 2. Architecture 3. Science

Vedas, earliest known literature from Aryans, Ramayana= world’s

longest poem

Rock Chambers, Pillars, and Stupas: Dome

shaped Buddhist Shrines

Earth=Sphere, Concept

of Zero, Algebra

SummarizingSummarizing

How did religion influence political, How did religion influence political, economic, and cultural developments in economic, and cultural developments in ancient India?ancient India?– Political –Political –– Economic-Economic-– Cultural - Cultural -