ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD - Assetsassets.cambridge.org/97805217/64582/frontmatter/9780521764582... · ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD When European notions about angels and

ANGELS, DEMONS AND THE NEW WORLD

When European notions about angels and demons were exported tothe New World, they underwent remarkable adaptations. Angelsand demons came to form an integral part of the Spanish Americancosmology, leading to the emergence of colonial urban and rurallandscapes set within a strikingly theological framework. Belief incelestial and demonic spirits soon regulated and affected the dailylives of Spanish, Indigenous, and Mestizo peoples, while missionarynetworks circulated these practices to create a widespread and gen-erally accepted system of belief that flourished in seventeenth-century Baroque culture and spirituality. This study of angels anddemons opens a particularly illuminating window onto intellectualand cultural developments in the centuries that followed the Euro-pean encounter with America. The volume will be of interest toscholars and students of religious studies, anthropology of religion,history of ideas, Latin American colonial history and church history.

fernando cervantes is Reader in History at the University ofBristol. He is the author of The Devil in the New World: The Impactof Diabolism in New Spain (1994).

andrew redden is Lecturer in Latin American History at theUniversity of Liverpool. He is author of Diabolism in Colonial Peru,1560–1750 (2008).

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-76458-2 - Angels, Demons and the New WorldEdited by Fernando Cervantes and Andrew ReddenFrontmatterMore information

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ANGELS, DEMONS AND

THE NEW WORLD

edited by

FERNANDO CERVANTESAND

ANDREW REDDEN






cambr idge univer s i ty pres s

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521764582

# Cambridge University Press 2013

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2013

Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Angels, demons and the new world / edited by Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden.pages cm

isbn 978-0-521-76458-2 (Hardback)1. Angels. 2. Demonology. 3. Latin America–Religion. I. Cervantes, Fernando,

editor of compilation. II. Redden, Andrew, editor of compilation.bl477.a524 2012

2020.1509–dc23

2012016902

isbn 978-0-521-76458-2 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence oraccuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred toin this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such

websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






In memory of Michael P. Costeloe











Contents

List of illustrations page ixNotes on contributors xi

Introduction 1

Fernando Cervantes and Andrew Redden

PART I from the old world to the new

1 The devil in the Old World: anti-superstition literature,medical humanism and preternatural philosophy in earlymodern Spain 15

Andrew Keitt

2 Demonios within and without: Hieronymites and the devilin the early modern Hispanic world 40

Kenneth Mills

3 How to see angels: the legacy of early Mendicant spirituality 69

Fernando Cervantes

PART II indigenous responses

4 Satan is my nickname: demonic and angelic interventionsin colonial Nahuatl theatre 101

Louise M. Burkhart

5 Where did all the angels go? An interpretation of the Nahuasupernatural world 126

Caterina Pizzigoni

vii






6 Vipers under the altar cloths: satanic and angelic forms inseventeenth-century New Granada 146

Andrew Redden

PART III the world of the baroque

7 Angels and demons in the conquest of Peru 171

Ramon Mujica Pinilla

8 Winged and imagined Indians 211

Jaime Cuadriello

9 ‘Psychomachia Indiana’: angels, devils and holy imagesin New Spain 249

David Brading

List of works cited 274

Index 297

viii Contents






Illustrations

Figure 5.1 Map: Valley of Toluca (Mexico). page 128Figure 7.1 Angel of the Apocalypse (Arequipa, eighteenth

century). Anonymous painting based on anengraving by Juan de Jauregui (1583–1641) whichillustrates Luis de Alcazar’s Commentary on theApocalypse. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 184

Figure 7.2 Esriel Ausilium [Auxilium] Dei (Esriel, Help ofGod). Anonymous painting, typical of the Andeanharquebus-bearing angels of the last third of theseventeenth century. Private collection, Lima, Peru. 186

Figure 7.3 St Bartholomew and beast with lion’s claws.Anonymous, eighteenth century. Image reproducedcourtesy of the Barbosa Stern Collection, Lima, Peru. 190

Figure 7.4 The Reign of the Antichrist. Anonymous, 1739.Iglesia de Caquiaviri, La Paz, Bolivia. 194

Figure 7.5 The Ship of Christ under assault from the hordesof Satan. Allegorical painting by Melchor Perez deHolguın (Cochabamba, 1660–1732), painted forthe church of San Lorenzo de Potosı, Bolivia. 200

Figure 7.6 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala,CoronicaNueva y Buen Gobierno, fol. 694[708] depicting a ‘poorIndian’ on his knees, pleading mercy in the face of sixthreatening animals which are about to devour him alive. 203

Figure 7.7 Line drawing by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala,Coronica Nueva y Buen Gobierno, fol. 302[304]depicting a prisoner locked in a cave inhabited bydangerous animals. 204

Figure 7.8 The devil in the form of a mastiff attacking St Roseof Lima (1586–1617). Anonymous, eighteenth century.Monasterio de Santa Rosa de Santa Marıa, Lima, Peru. 205

ix






Figure 7.9 Allegory of the Church. Anonymous, eighteenthcentury. Image reproduced courtesy of the BarbosaStern Collection, Lima, Peru. 209

Figure 8.1 The fourth apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe toJuan Diego. Anonymous seventeenth-century painting.Museo de la Basılica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. 214

Figure 8.2 Portrait of Fray Pedro de Gante as a catechist.Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. MuseoNacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. 218

Figure 8.3 The boy martyrs of Tlaxcala. Anonymous eighteenth-century mural in the entrance to the convent ofOzumba, Estado de Mexico. 220

Figure 8.4 A friar hears the confession of an indigenous cacique.Anonymous sixteenth-century mural in the conventof Tlaquiltenango, Morelos. 221

Figure 8.5 The Tree of Redemption in the Republicof the Indians. Engraving detail from the RethoricaCristiana [1579] by Diego Valades. 223

Figure 8.6 The apparition of the portrait of Saint Dominic to theBeatus of Soriano. Early seventeenth-century paintingby Luis Juarez. Museo Casa de la Bola, Mexico City. 224

Figure 8.7 Anonymous seventeenth-century ‘True portrait of theservant of God, Juan Diego’. Museo de la Basılica deGuadalupe, Mexico City. 227

Figure 8.8 San Miguel del Milagro [Saint Michael ofthe Miracle]. Seventeenth-century painting byJose de Nava. Coleccion Jaime Cuadriello. 230

Figure 8.9 The apparition of the image of the Virgin de los Remediosto Don Juan Tovar by Miguel Cabrera (1695–1768).Templo de Belen de la Huertas, Mexico City. 233

Figure 8.10 Fray Pedro de Gante and Our Lady of Los Remedios.Anonymous eighteenth-century painting. MuseoNacional de Historia, INAH, Mexico City. 234

Figure 8.11 Our Lady of Tecaxic. Anonymous sixteenth-centurypainting. Museo de la Basılica de Guadalupe, Mexico City. 236

Figure 8.12 The miracle of the Virgin of Ocotlan by Manuel Caro(1781). Sacristy of the Basilica of Ocotlan, Tlaxcala. 237

Figure 8.13 Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos and her fourmiracles. Anonymous eighteenth-century painting.Private collection, Guadalajara. 239

x List of illustrations






Contributors

david brading is Professor Emeritus of Latin American History atthe University of Cambridge. His many books include Miners andMerchants in Bourbon Mexico (1971), Haciendas and Ranchos in theMexican Bajıo (1979), Prophecy and Myth in Mexican History (1984),The Origins of Mexican Nationalism (1985), The First America (1991),Church and State in Bourbon Mexico (1995) andMexican Phoenix (2000).

louise m. burkhart is Professor of Anthropology at the University atAlbany, State University of New York. She is the author of The SlipperyEarth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico(1987), Holy Wednesday: A Nahua Drama from Early Colonial Mexico(1996) and Before Guadalupe: The Virgin Mary in Early ColonialNahuatl Literature (2001). She is co-editor, with Barry D. Sell, of afour-volume set on Nahuatl theatre.

fernando cervantes is Reader in History at the University ofBristol. His publications include The Devil in the New World: TheImpact of Diabolism in New Spain (1994) and Spiritual Encounters:Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in ColonialAmerica (1999), co-edited with Nicholas Griffiths.

jaime cuadriello is a member of the Instituto de InvestigacionesEsteticas and Professor of Art History at the Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico. Among his many books is The Glories of theRepublic of Tlaxcala: Art and Life in Viceregal Mexico (2011).

andrew keitt is Associate Professor of History at the University ofAlabama at Birmingham. He is the author of Inventing the Sacred:Imposture, Inquisition, and the Boundaries of the Supernatural in GoldenAge Spain (2005).

xi






kenneth mills is Professor of History and Director of Latin AmericanStudies at the University of Toronto. He is the author of Idolatry andIts Enemies (1997). Colonial Spanish America (1998) and ColonialLatin America: A Documentary History (2002) were both co-edited withWilliam B. Taylor and Sandra Lauderdale Graham. Conversion: OldWorlds and New (2003) and Conversion in Late Antiquity and the EarlyMiddle Ages (2003) were both co-edited with Anthony Grafton.

ramon mujica pinilla is a Fellow of the Academia Nacional deHistoria del Peru. His many publications include El collar de la palomadel alma: Amor sagrado y amor profano en la ensenanza de Ibn Hazm deCordoba y de Ibn Arabi de Murcia (1990), Ángeles apocrifos en la Americavirreinal (1996), Rosa limensis: Mıstica, polıtica e iconografıa en torno a lapatrona de America (2001) and, as editor, El Barroco Peruano, 2 vols.(2002–3).

caterina pizzigoni is Assistant Professor of History at ColumbiaUniversity, New York. Her recent publications include Testaments ofToluca (2007).

andrew redden is Lecturer in Latin American History at theUniversity of Liverpool. He is the author of Diabolism in ColonialPeru, 1560–1750 (2008).

xii Notes on contributors






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