.., .. - . . ..; : - , 1995 407. ISBN 5-85382-132-6

Aa- - -. O : , . A chromosome - -. - - . A form - - []. , 75%- , , - 11, - - 2,56 , - 32,7o , - 23 , . Aarskog syndrome, faciogenital dysplasia - . , ; FGD1, q13 X-, , Rho-GTP Cdc42. AAT = aspartate aminotransferase (.). abasic site = AP-site (.). abbreviation - , . C - , . (, ). Abelson leukemia virus - . BALB , -, - . abetalipoproteinaemia - . , : APOB (-), p24-p23 2. abiocoen - . C . abiogenesis - . O : . - . abiotic environment - . C () () , .. . abiotrophic mutation - . , , .. ( ).

abiotrophy - . (.. ) , ; , "." , , , .; "." . 1902 . abnormal division = misdivision (.). AB0 blood groups - 0. C ( ), , , 9. AB0 [heterochromatic] function - 0- . Drosophila melanogaster, abo, 0- . aboriginal - , . O (), ; "" () , "" "". abortive pollen - . , ; - ( .). abortive transcription - . , (); .. 1981. abortive transduction - . , - - , - ("", "") . abortus - . , () . abscisic acid - . , ; . absolute lethal = complete lethal (.). absorption method - . : ( )

, . abundance [of mRNA] - () []. C , ; . . abundant mRNA - . , - 1000 10 000 ; M. 100, 50% . abzymes - . , ; - . . acanthocytaric hemolytic anemia - . , (); - . acceptor branch - "". , : ."." 7 3 (, --3' E.coli). acceptor capacity - . , , ; .. , . acceptor (right, 3'-) site - , . 3'- , ; ... ( / ). accessory chromosome = B chromosome (.). accessory nuclei - . , ; .. . accessory plate - . "" , , , , o . accidental (developmental) hermaphroditism - () . , ; .. . . acclimation - . , ; "." "" . acclimatization - .

, (); . , - ; ., , ( , , , ..). Ac-Dc system = activation-dissociation system (.). acentric (akinetic) chromosome - () . X, ; .. . acentric fragment - . , ; .. , , . acentric inversion = paracentric inversion (.). acetocarmine - , . K, ( ) . aceto-orceine - , . , , - ; . 1%- 45% . acetyl esterases - (. esterases). acetyl serine - -, N--. , , N- () . CH2 CO NH CH(CH2 OH) COOH acetylated tubulin - . , (, ) - . acetylation - . ; , . N- . acetylcholine - . , - . H3C CO O CH2 CH2 N+ (CH3)3

acetyl-coenzyme A - - . A , , , , .. achiasmata - . O ; . , . (, Y) - . achiasmate (achiasmatic) mutant - . O, , , . achondroplasia - , , -, . , (, ) , ; . achromatic - , . "" . achromatin - , , . K ( ), . acid phosphatase - [ 3.1.3.2]. , , , , (4,7-6,0; - 8,4-9,4) ; .. - (ACP). acidic amino acid - . A : .. - . aconidial type - . M , , .. . aconitase , [ 4.2.1.3]. , .

ACP = acid phosphatase (.). acrasin - . , Dictyostelium discoideum, : , . . acrichine = quinacrine (.). acridine dyes - . , 9- ( ); .. - , ( " " ); .

acridine orange - , . K ( , 550 ), , ; .. .

acriflavin - . A , , " " .

acrilamide - , 2-. , -N- ; . . CH2 - CH = CONH acritarchs .

, , , ; 1,5 . . acroblast = acrosome (.). acrocentric chromosome - () . X, , . . (1964), 7,0; .. , .. . acrosin - [ 3.4.21.10]. ( ), ; ( . ). acrosome, acroblast, idiosome - , . , , ; . (c. ), , ; , , . . acrosyndesis - . : . actidione = cycloheximide (.). actin - . ( 42 ), - , , , - . actinomycin D - D. , ( , , , ), Streptomyces chrysomallus; .D - , , ( DAPI) ; - (). activating enzyme = aminoacyl tRNA-synthetase (.). activator - , -. - , - ; . , - ; . , . activator-dissocation system, Ac-Ds system - -. ( ): Ac - () ,

Ds, ( Ac Ds ); Ds , ; ..-. .- 1950, . . 1984. active site - . , , , .. - , .. - ..; .. . activins, transforming growth factors- - , . , : , - . actomyosin - . ; . acute irradiation - . . acytokinesis - . ( ) , ( - ) ; , - (). ADA = adenosine deaminase (.). adaptation - . C (), ; . ( - ..) .; . , . - (.); ( ) . adaptive enzyme = inducible enzyme (.). adaptive norm - . C , , ; .. .. 1948. adaptive peak - . M ( ) . adaptive radiation - . , ; .. - ; .. .. 1875

. 1915. adaptive response - . , ( , , - "conditioning dose" "challenge dose"); .. 6--- . adaptive value, Darwinian fitness - , . , .. () () . adaptor hypothesis - . , , ; .., . 1958, . Ad-cells - Ad-. , ( ; d - dark, ): , Ad-., - , , -, ( ). Addison disease - , . , 12 ; .. , -12- ( -II: TCN2 22); . addition line - () . (), , ( ): , , . additional DNA - []. , ; . , 1 150 ; . . additional nucleolei - . , ( ); .. "-" ( , Drosophila .), ( Drosophila melanogaster); .. , (.). additive factors = polymeric genes (.).

additive theorem - . , -- ( ) : , - - (. ). adducin - . ( - - 103 97 ), , ; - . 4 . adduct - . , - , . adelphogamy - . C , . adenine - . (6-), , , , ; 6 .

adenine deoxyriboside - . : () (), . adenosine - . , () (), . adenosine deaminase - [ 3.5.4.4]. , ; - (ADA). adenosine diphosphate - , . , , , , . adenosine monophosphate, AMP - , . , , , , ; . . adenosine phosphate - . O , , , 1 ( ), 2 ( ) 3 ( ) . adenosine triphosphatases - , -, [ 3.6.1.3]. ,

; . , .. , ; . - (, ). adenosine triphosphate - , . , , ; ( ) , . Adenoviruses - . - , , 70-90 , ( 20-29 106); ., ; . . adenylate kinase - , [ 2.7.4.3]. , ++, ; , ; . - (. 68 ); - (). ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase (.). adichogamy = homogamy (.). adipocyte - . K, ; . - . adipokinetic hormones - . ; (, Schistocerca gregaria AKH-I AKH-II 10 8 ), , , , , , .. adjuvant - . , ; ( , .) ( , , .) . ADP = adenosine diphosphate (.). ADP-ribosilation - -. - : , eEF2 , ; -. ; , -. eEF2 . adrenalin - . , ; .

.

adrenergic receptors - . M , ; - 1, 2, 1, 2A, 2B; .. - . 80- . adrenocorticotropic hormone - , . , . advanced taxon - . derived line. adventitious - , . X ( ), (, ..). adventitious embryony - () . - (, ) ; .. , . adventitious homeosis - . : ( reduplicated legs Drosophila melanogaster - " "). adverse selection - () . () , , ; .. . aeromorphosis - . . aestivate - . , . afibrinogenemia . , , I (), - ; 1920, 70 ; (F1A, F1B, F1G) q28 4. aflatoxins - . , , , , , ; . - .

Africanized honey bee - " ". Apis mellifera, ; . afterbirth = placenta (.). AG protein = argentophilic protein (.). agameon - . , . agamete - . , ; . . agamodeme - . ( ), . agamogony - . P , , . agamospecies - "". , . agamospermy - . "" ; , , "" - , . agar - . , ( .) - . age group - . ( ) . ageing, senescence - . K , , , , , ; . . agglomeration = stickiness (.). agglutination - . (, . ), , - ; .

. . 1890 .. 1891. agglutinin - . A, ; . , ( ), ( ) ..; . "" - , (. ). agglutinogen - . A, . agmatoploidy - . ; , ; . - , . agnation - . P . agouti - "". T , ; , "." - , "." . agranular reticulum - . , ; .. - , , .. ( ); (.. ), (.. ) .. agranulocytosis, Kostmann disease - , . , ( .) , ; - ; . - NDF p21.3 6. agriculturally important species - - . , ; .. , ; .-.. 2. agrin - . , : ; . Torpedo 1984 . agropine - . P , , ( ); . Ti- . Ag-staining = N-banding (.).

Aicardi syndrome - . ( - ), , .; , , AIC p22 -. AID - . artificial insemination. AIDS (Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) - ( ). , - (- ), H- , . AIH - . artificial insemination. air-drying method . : , ( ) - , ( , ), ; ... ( ) - "" . AK = adenylate kinase (.). akaryote = enucleate cell (.). akinetic chromosome = acentric chromosome (.). akinetic inversion = paracentric inversion (.). alanine - . A , (L-. - ; D-. - ); . ( 40%); , , , . Albers-Schoenberg disease = osteopetrosis (.). albinism - . ; . , ( , ); 10 , . albino - . O, . albomaculation - . - , ( ). Albright syndrome, pseudohypoparathyroidism - , . , - , , , ,

, .; - ; GNAS1, - 20. albumins - . , , , ( .), (), (), ; . , , . alcohol dehydrogenases - [ 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2]. , ; . - , e , . - ; . - (ADH), - ( ) ADHS ADHF, ( ADH S ADHF 192- ), 60 . aldolases - . , ; . - [ 4.1.2.13] ( . . 1934), D--1,6 D--3- , ; .- ; (II) . , , . aldose reductase - [ 1.1.1.21]. - , , ; . . aldosterone - . C , , .

aleurone grains - . () . Alexander syndrome = SPCA deficiency (.). alien chromosome - . ( ,

) , ; .. - , . aliphatic - . X , ( ). aliquot - . , - . alkaline hydrolysis - . : , pH , . alkaline phosphatase - [ 3.1.3.1]. , 5'- ; , ( ); E.coli .. . 80 ; .. : .. - Regan isozyme, .. Kasahara isozyme, .. - Nagao isozyme. alkaloids - . , ; ( ) . ; 13 . alkaptonuria, Garrod disease - . , , , .; ; 1584. alkylating agent - . , : .. - , , , , , , .. alkylation - . P - CH3, C2H5 ..; . . allautogamia - . - , . allele, allelomorph - , . O ; . - . e ; ., ; . - . ; "" . . 1902 "." . 1909; , "." , . allele exclusion - . , : . allele substitution - . o; ; a .. ( ) . 1957. allele-specific oligonucleotide - - . , - . allelism, allelomorphism - , . , . allelogenous - . C - . allelomorphism = allelism (.). allelopathy - . (, .) ; . allelosomal - . X , . allelotype - . , ( ) . Allen's rule - . ( ), , (- ), ; . 1877. allergens - . , , , - - , , (, ); . (, , ). allergy, atopy - , . , - ( ); ( .); "." . . 1906, "" () .

allesthetic character - . , , , - , , , .. "alligator boy", Carini syndrome - . ; - . Allium-test - Allium-. P 50 (. 1938) , Allium cepa; ".-." , ( - Pisum sativum Vicia faba) . allo- - -. O : , ( ). allocycly - . , - , , .. - ; . . 1941, . ( Paris quadrifolia). allodiploid - . , ( - ) . allodiplomonosomic . O ( ), . allogamy = open pollination (.). allogenesis - . , , . allogony - . T , : "." . 1915 , "" , "." . allograft - . T, . alloiobiogenesis - . , . alloiogenesis - . , . allomorphosis, idioadaptation - , . ; . ; "." .. 1925.

alloparapatric speciation - . , ( ). allopatric populations - . , ( ). allopatric speciation . , - , , ( , ) , , . allophene - . , . allophenic mice - () . , : .. ( 8 ) , , , ; - .. . 1967. alloplasm - . : , , - , . alloplasmy - . K , ; ., , ; , Agropyron , Aegilops caudata Triticum aestivum . 1951. allopolyploidy - . : , . ( - AABB ..). allosome - . (.. , ); "." . 1906. allosteric effect - . (, , )

, , ( ); .. ., . . 1963. allosteric effector - . O , ( ) , , , (.. ); , .. . allosteric (regulatory) enzyme - () . , . allosyndesis - , . K , ( ); . , (, , - .); . ( - , ) . allotetraploid = amphidiploid (.). allotropy - . H - , , , . allotypic differentiation - . in vitro; ".." . 1963 - .. . allotypy - . P , . allozygote - . O, - ; . - , ( ). "Al-organelles", "Al-structures" "l-". C , ( ), , ".-."; l ".-." ; ".-." . 1983. alpha helix - -. , .. , C=O N-H ; .-. 3,6 , - 5,4 .

alpha peptide - a-. N- 185 , -, N- : M13mp, A-. alpha rays - -. , a ( ), . alpha-amanitin - -. C, Amanita phalloides - ; .-. - : - II ( , ), - I ( -). alpha-satellite DNA - (-) . , Cercopithecus 172 ; 500 000 ( ); .- , ( .- in situ , , - - , ..). Alphaviruses - . - ; 70 ; . Alport syndrome - , . H, ; 6 .. - ( q22-24 ) - - . alteration enzyme - () . 4 , - - (), - , , . alteration of generation, digenesis, heterogenesis - . ; .., ; .. ( ) ( ) - .. ( ) .. ( , - - -

). alternative promoter - . , , : - , .. , (S) ( 2850 ), ( ) , - . alternative segregation of chromosomes - . , () . alternative splicing - . , ; .. ; .. , , . altruistic adaptation - . , . Alu-family Alu-. C , ; Alu- 300 , 170 AluI; 300 000 .-. Alzheimer disease - . , , (, ), , .., , 55 ; , AD1 q21.1 21. amaurosis, amaurotic idiocy - . , ; .. ( a , - .) - . amaurotic idiocy = amaurosis (.). amber mutation - -, ""-. M, -, .. - - . ambivalent - . X , ( ) , -, ; ". " . 1955, . rII- 4 . 1960. ameiosis - . (). amelogenins - . O ( )

, : ., ; . (10-40 ) 4N . Ames test - . , his- Salmonella typhimurium ; , e 12 . his- ( ) ; . 1974. amethopterin = methotrexate (.). amino acid - . O () , , -, -, - ..; . , 20 .; , . ; . (. .), . : - ; C - ; D - ; E - ; F - ; G - ; H - ; I - ; K - ; L - ; M - ; N - ; P - ; Q - ; R - ; S - ; T - ; V - ; W - ; X - - ; Y - . amino acid activation - . P

, : +=-+2, --; . amino acid sequence - . X , ; .. . amino acyl adenilate - . , , . aminoaciduria - . , ; , . aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, activating enzyme - --, . , . aminoacylated (charged) transfer RNA - -. K : , 3'-- . aminoacylation - . , - . -aminolevulinate synthase - - [ 2.3.1.37]. , ( - ), ; ALAS1 p21 3, ALAS2 - p11-q12 -. aminopterin - . A , ; , .. , - .

aminopurine

-

.

A

,

( ), . amitosis - , . ; . ( - .., ); . ; . ( ) , , . : , . ; "." . 1882. amixia - . H . amixis - . ; . . amniocentesis - . () ; . ( ) , ; . 16 ; . . 1956. amnion - . O , (), (). amoeba - . 1 (Amoeba). amorph - , . M , , . AMP = adenosine monophosphate (.). amphi- - -. C " ", "", " , ", , , . amphiapomixis - . , . amphiastral mitosis - . M, , .. .. ""; .. ; ".." . 1887. amphibivalent - . K , I , . amphidiploid, didiploid, allotetraploid - , . , ; . - ; . - Bombyx mori B.mandarina ( ..); . ; "." .. 1927. amphigamy = amphimixis (.).

amphihaploid - . O, . amphikaryon - . . amphilepsis - . () - . amphimixis, amphigamy - , , . ; . - ( ); "." . 1892. amphinucleolus - . , ( ). amphipathic - . , , - ; . - . amphiplasty - . ; , . , .. , ; . ( ); (F 1 ) ; "." .. 1928. amphitoky, deuterotoky, gametotoky - , . , ; . . amphitroph - . A , , . amphogeny - . H ( ). amphoheterogony - . , - , . ampholyte - . . amphoteric compound - . , , - ( .., , , - ); .. , , ..; .. ( ) . amphotropic virus - . , ,

(. ): .. - , .. MLVM ( ) , MLVM - . amplification - . , , ( . "" ) ; . , , , , - , ( . ); . (, ); . - , , N-myc ( ); . . amplification refractory mutation system - . , , , 3'- , .. , 3' . amylases - [ 3.2.1.1 - -.; 3.2.1.2 - -.]. , , , ; . [ 3.2.1.3], - -. -1,4-, -1,6 ; . amylum = starch (.). amyotrophia - . H ; . - . -- , . - . anaboly - , . - ; . - . anagenesis, successional speciation, vertical evolution - . H ( ), .

analbuminemia - . P , . analogous structures - . C, () , (. ). analogue - . , - ; . (, ), ( .), . analogy - . H , ; . - ; "." . 1843. anaphase - . C ( ) , - ( ) ; . ( , . II ). anaphase aberrations - . , , - "" , . anaphase lag = chromosome lagging (.). anaphragmic mutation - . M, . anaphylaxis - . , , . anareduplication - (. interreduplication). anastomosis - . C ( ), , . - , . - . anastral mitosis - . M, (.. ): .. . anatoxins . , (0,3-0,5%- ) (38-40o), . ancestor - . , -

; ( .) ( - . ..); . (, , - . ) . ( , - ). ancestral - . X - ( ) . ancestral karyotype - . K , ( ) (); .. , .. ; , e . 1953, , .. ( ) , (.. ), - , ( Odonata) . anchor loci - . , ( ) ; .. - 1991 .. 200 ; .. ( ). anchorage-dependent cells - . , ( ). ancorosome - . C , ; . .. . ander = male (.). Andersen disease, branching enzyme defect - , IV , . , -1,41,6-, ; - . Andreas-cross figure - " ". , I . andro- - -. : , . androchromatype, homeochrome - . , ( ); . , ; . - , Coenagrionidae. androdioecy - , . H () .

androdynamy - . . androgamon - . , , - , , (). androgamy - . , . androgen - . M , ( ), ; . - ; 10 ., ; . , , "" .. androgen-aromatase = aromatase (.). androgenesis, etheogenesis - . P , , ; . ( ), . ( ) - ; "." . 1891. androgynodioecy - . H (), () . androgynophore - . , ( ). andromerogony - . , . androsteron - . M , , . anemia - , . C, ; . , , , , . ( - , ) . ( ); . (. , , ). anemia pernicitosa = Addison disease (.). anemophily - , . ; . . aneucentric [chromosome] - []. X , .

aneugamy - . O , , . aneugenicity - . , - . aneuploidy - . , , ; . ; . , , , "" o . ; ( .) . ; "." . 1922. aneusomatic - . , ( "" ). Angelman syndrome - . ( , ., ), ; ; .. 15q11-q13 - .. , , - , .. . angenesis = regeneration (.). angiogamy - . K , , . Angstrom unit - , (). , p 10-10 , 10-4 , - ; .. anholocyclic - . X , , , . anhydratic syndromes - . , ( ), - , , e- , - , , , - , , . animal pole - . O , . aniridia - . ;

, . ( ) - ; . - WAGR , 13 11. aniso- - -. X - - () .. anisoautopolyploidy - . , , , . anisocytosis - . : , () () . anisogamete = heterogamete (.). anisogamy - . , - ( ) , , (). anisogenic hybrids - . , . anisogeny - . P , . anisoploid - . O, ; . - , , ..; . . anisotrisomy - . , "" , - , .. ankyrins - . , ; ., . . . anlage - . , . annealing - . () . annidation - . , , ; "." . 1948. annual plant - , . P, ( , , ) .

annule - . P , ; . , , . anorthoploidy, perissoploidy - , . (.. ), , , - ; . . antagonism - . , , , . antagonistic pleiotropy - . , , , Gryllus firmus - "" ( ) , . antecedation - . , "" (. ); . . antedating = anticipation (.). antenatal - . X , . Antennapedia. C , , - pb (proboscipedia ), Sxr (Sex comb reduced - ) Antp ( Antennapedia - ); . Drosophila melanogaster 100 . antephase - . , , , .. . - S- . anther - . O , , (); . . antheridium - . M , ( ) ( ). antherozoid - . A , . anthocyans - . O , , -; . - :

anti-. O , : . antibiotic - . , o ; ., , ; . ( ) . 1925, "." . 1942. antibiotic resistance - . O , - , 86% . antibody - . , , ; . - ; . 5 - IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD. antibody affinity - . M ; .. ; .. -. antibody avidity - . M ; .. . antibody differential staining - [] . , - ( - ) ( - CREST). anticipation, antedating - . X - - , . anticodon - . T ( ), () ; . , , ()

, . . antienzymes - . , : , . , -. antifreeze protein - . ( 60%) , ( ..) . antigen - . , , , .; . . antigenic drift - . C , , ; .. . antimitotic agent - . , (.. = " " ). antimorph - , . M , , ( ) ; , . . antimutagen - . , , - , . , , , ( . , ), , ( .); ( ) . . 1949. antimutator [gene] - -. , , .. , ; (, 43 4). antioncogene - . , : . - Rb , . antiparallel . X (5' 3' 3' 5') (-, -, -), . antipodal cells - . K, ( ; ..

300, - 20-42); .. , , - . Antirrhinum-type - Antirrhinum. O e - , 2n 2n-2/2n+2 (Antirrhinum - , ); Carex (Carex - ) - 2n ; Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum - ) - , , ; Pinus (Pinus - ) , . antisense RNA (asRNA) - (). , , , . antiserum - . C, . antitermination - . () ("" ); . . antitermination factors - , . C , , - , N Q . antithelic generations - . . antitoxin - . A, , ; . G; () . 1894. antitrombin - . O , ; - - ; . - , . ( ) 393- . antitrypsins - . , , ; . 1-., ( ), (PI, Pi). antivitamins - . , ,

; ., , . anucleate cells = enucleate cell (.). anucleolar olistheterochromatin - . O , . anucleolate mutation - . M, , , ; .. ( .. , ). Ap-cells - Ap- (p - pale, ) (. Ad-cells). AP-endonuclease, correcting endonuclease AP-, . , - AP- ; AP-. - 3' AP-, 5'- ; .. (, ) , , 3'- (, 3'- ); .. (APE) q11.2-q12 14. aphasic lethal factor - . , (.. ); ... . apholate - . A , , , .

aplanogamete - . H : , - . aplasia - . - (), - ( - ); . ( , ) ( ..). apnea, apnoea - , . ,

, - . (, ). apo- - -. O , , , : , . apoamphimict - . P, , . apoenzyme - . , , . apogamety = apogamy (.). apogamogony = apomixis (.). apogamy, apogamety - , . , .. , ( - ). apogeny - . ( ) . apolipoproteins - . ; . , , ; , . ( q27 6). apomeiosis - . C , ""; . . apomict - . O, . apomixis, apogamogony - , . P , ; . , , , ; . , , , (, .); "." . 1908. apomorphic character - . , ( ) , : , - .. Mammalia. apophyte - . A , , . apoplastidity - . ()

; . , , . apoptosis - . "" ( , .); . , , ; . . apo-repressor - . , , . aporogamy - . ( ), - () () - . apospory - . ; . - ( .) ( .). apostatic selection - . , : , - , . apothecium - . () . apposition - , . P ; , , ..; . - (e ..). AP-site, abasic site - AP-. , ("AP" - "apurinic" "apyrimidinic"), . aptitude. , . aptogene = aptonuon (.). aptonuon, aptogene - (. potonuon). apurinization - . , AP- . apyrene sperm - . C, ; .. , . aquaporins - . , ,

. . , , , . .-1 ( 24 ) AQP1 p15-14 7. AQP2 , AQP0 . aquired character - . - , ; .. , - ( - ); .. ( ) . aquired immunity - . , , - , ( ..) ( ..). arachnodactyly = Marfan syndrome (.). arbitrary trait model = Fisherian model (.). Arboviruses - . ( ) , , ; . - . archallaxis - . - , ; "." .. 1912. archegonium - . , . archesporium - . O , . archoplasm - . , . area - . , : ( - ) . Arenaviruses - . C ; , 85-300 , - . argentophilic proteins, AG proteins - , Ag-. , ; .. , , , ; .. ; .. .

arginine [Arg] - []. , ( 85%) ; . , ; , , , , , . CH(NH2)(COOH) (CH2)3 NH CNH NH2 argininemia - . , , (), , .; - , - ARG1 q23 6. arginine-rich histone - . ( 20%) : H2A ( ...), H3 ( ) H4 ( ). aristogenesis - . ( ), , ( " "); . . 1931-34. arm ratio - () . K , ; .. - ( ), , , , . arms - "". , - ; Tn- . . aromatase, estrogen synthetase, androgen-aromatase - [ 1.14.14.1]. -450 , ; . ; CYP19 q21.1 15. aromatic amino acid - . A, () , - . aromorphosis - . , ; . .. 1925. arrestin . , ; , ., q24-37 2. arrhenogeny - . . arrhenoid - . O,

( ) . arrhenokaryon = male pronucleus (.). arrhenotokous parthenogenesis = arrhenotoky (.). arrhenotoky, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis - , . ( . 1950 .), , ; .. - ( ) . artifact - . O ( ), ( ), . artificial insemination - . , , : ( ) ; .. - AIH (.. ) .. - AID (c ). artificial parthenogenesis - . ( ) - . artificial population . , () - . artificial selection - . ( ..) ( ..) - , , ; .. (, , , e , , ..). aryl esterases - (. esterases). ascogenious hyphaeum - . , ( "" ); .. . ascorbic acid, vitamin C - , . , L- , , ( ..); , ( .. ); .. ( ) . 1923-27.

ascospore - . ; . ( 8, 1 128), . . ascus - , . O -, , ; . - "" ( "" - Fungi imperfecti - ). asexual generation - . , () ; .. ; .. . asexual reproduction, monogenesis, monogony - . P , ; .. , ; , .. (. ). A-site-P-site model, entry-donor site model - ---. M , : - , - - - ; ( ) , . asparagine [Asn] - []. ; ; , . NH2 CH(COOH) CH2 CO NH2 aspartate aminotransferase - [ 2.6.1.1]. , L- 2-; . - - (AAT); . , 100 . aspartic acid [Asp] - []. , (, , ), ( ); .. ; , . NH2 CH(COOH) CH3 COOH assembly - , . ( ) 16S- RI (1- ), RI*- (2- ), RI*- 30S; .

; . E.coli sad- ; . - ( ); . - ( ) ( ..). assembly proteins - . , (), . assimilation - . - . association, chromosome association []. - , . , ; . ; . = chromosome pairing (.). assortative overdominance - . , , . assortative mating - . C ; .. ; , (.. " "). Astaurov principle - . , - ( ""): .. , , - . aster, astrosphaera, astrocentre - , . C (" "), . astogeny - . , , , . astrocentre = aster (.). astrosphaera = aster (.). asymmetric bivalent - . , , , . asymmetric chromosome rearrangements (mutations) - . ,

"" . asymmetric dyad - . , (. ), I : .. ( ) . asymmetric hybrid - . , () , - , ""; , .. e, ( - ) . asymmetrical sexual selection - . () , . "figure-eight" - "". , , . filler DNA - -. , ( , - , , ..) , "" () ; .- . filter-binding assay - , . , : , , . filtration enrichment - . M , - () , . fimbria, pilus - , . H ; . ; . (. ). fine structure genetic mapping - . K , .. "" .

fingerprint method, fingerprinting - (" "). M , , ; .. , , ; .. - " " . first division - (I) []. , , , , , , . first division restitution - . , "" I: , ... = ; ... , , , . first generation = F1 (.). first polar body - . H , I . first-arriver principle, "king-of-the-mountain" - "", " ". , , ( ), . FISH = fluorescence in situ hybridization (.). Fisherian (runaway, arbitrary trait) model - . K , ; .. ; . 1980 , . ( "" .) . fission = division (.). fissiparous - . (.. - ), , - . fitness - . O

() . fixation - . . fixation of mutation - . ( ) ( .. ); .. . fixative - . , ; . - (, ), , ; . ( , .). fixed allele - . A, 100% ( ), .. ( ); .. . fixed fragment - . , , , . fixity of species theory - . T, , ; ... . 1735 , . flagellin - . , , . ; . - 20 . flagellum - . K , , , ; 1-4 .; . 0,25 150 ; . . flanking [DNA sequence] - [ ]. , (" ", " ") ; 5'- 3'-. [.], .. , , 5'- 3'- .

flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD - -, . K ; - .

flavin mononucleotide - -. K L, -- ; .

flavoproteins - . , . flexibility, genetic flexibility - , . C ( ) . floating mutation - . M, () , , . flora - . C . flow cytometry - . , , (, ), ( 33258 .) - , ; .. . flower . O , ( ), . -

; - ., - , ; . , . fluctuating asymmetry - . K , (, - , ..). fluctuations - . P , ( ). fluctuation test - . C , , ; .. . . 1943 E.coli: , 1 ( Tonr), . fluorescence (nonradioactive, non-isotopic) in situ hybridization, FISH () in situ. in situ , (, ), . fluorescence microscopy - () . ( , ), -, () .. . fluorescent antibody technique - . , ( ). fluorochrome - . K, : - . - 33258 , DAPI, - - , 3, . flush ends = blunt ends (.). f-met-tRNA, formyl methionine tRNA - -. , N- , . foetus - . ( - ) , . 9- ; . ;

. fold back = interarm pairing (.). folded circle - " ". K , -II ( 3'-) ; 5'-""; ".." ( " " ) , . . 1970. folic acid, vitamin B9 - , , , 9. , ; , ; .. .

follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH - . , , , . footprinting - . , , : ( , , - ) - , . Forbes disease, debrancher enzyme defect - , , , III . , -1,6- () -1,4, ; - . forensic genetics - . , ; , D1S7 ( 1), D17S79 ( 17) .; .. ( , .) , , , .

formaldehyde - . - , : H2C = O. formalin - . ( 40% ); . ( 2-10%), ; . . formamide - . , NH2 , .. . H CO NH2 formyl methionine, N-formyl methionine , N. A, , . ( ), ; . . . 1964.

formylkynurenine - . ( , "vermilion" ), .

"forward genetics" - "" . , ( "" ) , ( ) (). forward (direct) mutation - . () . fossil - , . X (), . foundation stock - -. () ( ) ; .-. ( ); .-. (); .-. .

founder cells - -. H , . founder effect . (-"") , .. "" ; .., - , Perccottus glehni . four strand double crossing-over - , . , () , . four-o'clock - . 1 (Mirabilis jalapa). fowl achondroplasia - . , - , o (, , ); . fowl leukosis - . , ; , 1896. fra = fragile site (.). fractionated irradiation, fractionation of exposure - . O, ; .. . fractionation of exposure = fractionated irradiation (.). fragile (fragile chromosomal) site, fra - . , ( ); . .. , ; 104 .., 24 "" , 80 "" : . 1979. fragile X syndrome, Martine-Bell syndrome - -, -. , , , ; q27.3 -; , ()n ( - 45 ), FMR-1 ( , , ): ..-. ( ) .

fragmentation - . X - (, ) , , , ; . . fragmentational hypothesis - . , ; .. . 1949-50. fragments, chromosomal fragments - , . O , ; .; ( ); , . ; . . frameshift (reading frame, phase-shift) mutation - " " [], . M, ( , ) - , , - ( ) ; .".." . framework region - . P , . Franklin syndrome, heavy chain disease - , . , , - (), , , .; - . fraternal rearrangement - . , ( ). fraternal twins = dizygotic twins (.). fre sites - Fre-. " " (RecA-) E.coli; . . 1976; Chi- . free genetic variability - . , ( ). freemartin - . , ;

. freeze-drying, lyophilization - . , , . freeze-etching - -. M , , , ; . freeze-squeeze - -. : , , ( ) , , 60% , . frequency-dependent selection - . , , - , -, . Freund adjuvant - . O , , ; .. , e . Friedreich familial ataxia . , , () ; - , FRDA q13-q21 9. Friend leukemia virus - . ; , ... , . frizzle. M, ( ), . frogs - . 1 (Rana). frontier theory - . T I - ( ), ( - ) ; .. . 1942. fructification - . ,

. fructose - . , - , .

fructose intolerance = fructosemia (.). fructosemia, fructose intolerance - , . , - ; - , ALDOB q21.3-q22.2 9. fructosuria - . ; . - , -1,6- ( , ); - . fruit - []. P ; . - ; ( ) ., . fruit fly - . 1 (Drosophila). Frye test - . , 1923 , , ; .. , , ., . FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone (.). fucosidosis - . , L- [ 3.2.1.51], , , .; - , FUCA1 p34 1. full sibs - . , .. . fully methylated DNA - . , .

fumarase , [ 4.2.1.2]. , () , ( L- ).

fumigation - . C - () . functional diploid - . , . functional gene - . , ; , (.. ) .., . functional half-life - []. , , , 2 ; ... 2 ., .. 2 . , , ; . functional hermaphroditism - (. hermaphroditism). functional unit - . , ( , ..); , .. fungicides - . X , , - , , .., . (, , , ..). fungus gnat - . 1 (Sciara coprophila). funiculus - . , , . ; . , . fused. , - Drosophila

melanogaster, , . fused protein - . () , , ; .. . . 1970, hisD hisC . fusidic acid - . C , , EF-G; EF-G .. , , EF-G+ - - , . fusion gene - . , : .. "" , ( .. ), . fuzzy band - "" . () : , ".". . G G proteins - G-. , : - - , . G0 period - G0. , - ( ), G1; .G0 . G1 period - G1. ( ): (Growth), S . G2 period - G2. ( ), ( S) . GAG-banding - GAG-. G- : .

galactose - . ; D-. , , . .

galactosemia - . , , , , D- ; . -1- ( GALT p13 9), ( GALK - q23-q25 17), --4- ( GALE - p36-p35 1); . - . galactosidase - [ 3.2.1.23]. , , ; 2 . - -. ( ) -. ( , .., -. ); E.coli -. . -galactosidase = beta-galactosidase (.). galanin - . , 29 , , ; . , , , . . gall, cecidium - , . () , (, , , ); . () Ti . gametangeogamy - . C , , (). gametangium - . , ( - ); . - ( ), . - (), . gamete - . P , ; . - . , . gametic isolation - . O

, - ( ) . gametic lethal - . (), , .. . gametic meiosis - . M, , ; .. , .. , . gametic number - . . gametic reduction - , [] . ; .. - (). gametic selection - . , ( ); .. () , .. , . gametic sterility - . (. ), , . gametocyte - . H , ( ) . gametogenesis - . ; . , . ( ) - ( .) , , ( .). gametophyte - . , , ; ( ); . - . , . gametotoky = amphitoky (.). gamma chain - -. O , ; .-. - . gamma globulins - -. , ; .-. . gamma rays - -, -. , e

; .-. ( ..). gamobium - . , . gamogenesis = gamogony (.). gamogony, gamogenesis - . , (); . . gamone - . , ; - ; . , , , . gamont - . , , ; . , , , , . gamontogamy - . . -gamy - -. O (c , ..): , . gangliosides - . C , , , , ; . . gap - , . X , ( ) ; . - - , SV40 (. ). gap filling - . - - ; .. (5-3) . garden pea - . 1 (Pisum sativum). gargoilism, Hurler syndrome, Scheie disease - , , , I. , ( ), , , .; , IDUA p16 4.

garlon-4 - -4. , , ( ).

Garrod disease = alkaptonuria (.). gas = growth arrest-specific genes (.) gastrula - . , , ( ) ; . .. 1865, . . 1874. gastrulation - . (- ) , e ( ), . Gaucher disease - . P , (, .) ; - , - , GCGD q21 1. Gauze law - , . H ( ) , ; .. ; .. 1931-35 . (1926). G-banding - G-. M , (GTG-) (GAG-) , ( , ); G-. , , ; G-. . 1971. G11-banding - G11-. G- , pH (10,4-11,0); G11. ( - 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19 Y). GBI-banding - GBI-. G- : 5- .

GDH = glucose dehydrogenase (.). geitonogamy - . , . gelatinises . . . II, . : - (72 ) - (92 ), . . I, IV, V, VII, X, XI, XIV, TNF- IL-1. gelatine - . . gelding = castration (c.). gender = sex (c.). gene - . , , ( ), . ; . , .; . . 1909, . gene action - . , ; .. . gene activation - . ( ) , . gene bank = genomic library (.). gene cluster - . , , . gene concept - () . , , , , - . . gene conversion - . Aa (3:1 1:3 4:0 0:4 2:2), () , ; .. - , ; . 1928, .. . 1930. gene dosage - . K ; .. , , , , - .. ( ..)

( , ..). gene drift, genetically automatic process - , () , - . (), ( ); , .. ; .. ., - - .. .. 30- . gene expression - . - . gene flow - . , ; .. . gene frequency - . , . gene interaction - . (), , , ; .. - , , , - ..; .. ; .. . 1900- . gene mapping, mapping - . O - ; .. - ( , - ), ( , , .) ( in situ , , .); 4 - ( -), (1 1 ), ( ), ( ); 5 ( 1992-93) , - - . gene mutation, transgenation - . , - , - ( ) , ( , ..).

gene pool - , . , . gene redundancy - . H - , . gene scrambling - . : ( ), ( ) (), - , I Oxytrichia nova 9 8 ; .. . . 1989. gene sharing. , (, -4- ); , gene sharing . gene string = chromonema (c.). gene substitution - . , , ; .. . gene symbol - . - : , w ( white: ), MDH ( ) ..; .. , , , - . gene therapy - . () . genealogy = phylogeny (c.). genecology = ecological genetics (c.). Genentech. (), (, , ..). general repulsion - . , , ; .. , ; .. . generation - , . , ( , , . - ); .

, . generation time, Tg - . , .. , . generational sterility - . , . generative fertilization - . - . generative nucleus - . , , : .. , - ( ). genital disc - . , , ( ), . genetic analysis - . C . genetic assimilation - . ( ) , , , ; .. . 1942-53. genetic bakcground - . , . genetic blocking - . , - , ; - , .. ( ), , .., . genetic burden = genetic load (c.). genetic coadaptation - . ( ), . genetic code - . C , 3 () ; : (3 - 1 ), ( ,

), ( ), ( ), (.. - ), ( ). genetic code dictionary - . T () , 64 , 61 (c. ) 3 - . genetic colonization - . , - - ( ), , ; .. (Agrobacterium), . genetic counselling - . , : , , ( ) () . genetic death - . . genetic disease = hereditary disease (c.). genetic distance - . (, ..), , ; .. . genetic engineering - () . P , , ; .. 1972, . , -, E.coli SV40 . genetic environment = genotypic environment (c.). genetic equilibrium - . - . genetic fixation - . () , .. .. , . genetic flexibility = flexibility (c.). genetic grade - . : - 1 .., () - 2 .., - 3 ..; 1 .. 0,5, 2 .. - 0,25 ..

genetic (population) homeostasis - () . C . genetic improvement - . ( ) . genetic incompatibility - . , ; .. - .., , . genetic instability - . , ( ) ; .. , , . . genetic intersexuality - (. intersexuality). genetic load (burden) - . , , ; .. - , . genetic map - . C ( ) , , ( ). genetic map contraction = map contraction (.). genetic map expansion = map expansion (.). genetic mapping - . , e () , (. ). genetic marker - . , , ; .. () . genetic material - . K , , , a () ; .. - ( - ), ( ), ( ), ( ). genetic mobility - . ,

( .). genetic monitoring - (. monitoring). genetic polymorphism - . , . genetic prognosis - . , , - . genetic ratio - . K e , (.. ). genetic risk - . ; .. x , .. genetic similarity - . (, ..), , (. ). genetic stability - . . genetic structure of population - . X , ( , x ) , ; ... . genetic system - . K ( ), . genetic (hereditary) variation - () . , ( - ). genetically automatic process = gene drift (c.). genetics - . H . genetics of sex - . , . genic balance - , . , ,

- (), / 0.5, - 1.0, - 0.5