Animal & Plant Cell

Cell structure and organization

Living organisms are made up of cells• All animal and plant cells have a nucleusExcept Red Blood Cells do not have nucleusIn animals and plants:- Cytoplasm:

- 70% water- dissolved protein and other chemicals that are used for metabolic reactions

- Membrane:- controls what goes in and out - partially permeable (lets some substances in and out)- strong / flexiable

- Nucleus:- DNA ( 1 long strand of DNA = chromosome)- Chromosomes are easy to see when cells divide

- DNA:- determines the characteristics of the organism- controls all activity in the cell

Nuclear pore

Liver cell under light microscope

Liver cell

Nucleus Nucleolus

Rough EndoplasmicReticulum

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Golgi Apparatus

Vesicles

Lysosome

Ribosome

MitochondriaRibosome

Function of organelles

• Nucleus – controls / directs cell activity• Nucleolus – condensed DNA• Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration / formation

of ATP• Ribosome – site of protein synthesis(free = for internal) • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – site of protein

synthesis (exported out of cell) *w/ ribosome• Lysosome – membrane bound organelles that

contain enzymes• Golgi Apparatus – site of synthesis of chemicals

required for the cell that are packaged and bud off in vesicles

Plant Cell

Lamella

Plant cell under light microscope

Nucleus

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Lamella

Organelle functions• *Cell Wall (not an organelle):- Rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane. -Protecting the cell to regulating the life cycle of the plant organism. -Made of cellulose (a polysaccharide) / arranged in bundles called

microfibrls.- Helps prevent the cell membrane from bursting by maintaining high

internal pressure due to water uptake.• Chloroplast – Specialized organelle that carries out photosynthesis

due to a pigment called chlorophyll (gives cells a green color) • Plasmodesmata - Small tubes that connect plant cells to each

other, providing living bridges between cells.• Plasma Membrane - Regulate the passage of molecules in and out

of the cells.• Lamella – Junction between cells• Vacuole – large fluid filled space that provide structural support, as

well as serving functions such as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth.

• Cell Sap: liquid inside the vacuole

Structure *Seen under light Microscope only

Found in Animal Cell

Found in Plant cell

Function of Structure

cytoplasm yes yes Dissolves proteins/ other nutrients for metabolic reactions

nucleus yes yes Controls activities of cell and contains DNA

Cell membrane yes yes Controls what enters and exits the cell.Surrounds and protects organelles and cells contents

Cell wall no yes Made of cellulose – protects cell membrane from bursting

chloroplast no yes Involved in photosynthesis – converts sunlight to metabolic energy

vacuole no yes Store nutrients and water / waste – contains cell sap

Organ system in plants – the leaf

Structure / FunctionStructure FunctionPalisade / spongy Mesophyll

Make sugar from photosynthesis. Spongy cells – have space for gas exchange / Palisade cells – long to maximize surface area for light exposure

xylem Brings water and mineral from roots to the paliades and spongy cells

phloem Carrie sugar made from leaves to other parts of the plant

Epidermis Top / bottom layers of cells that allows sunlight to come through but stops water vapor from leaving the leaf to stop it from drying out.

Stomata Small opening on the lower epidermis that allows gases to move in and out of cells