Works Cited

Primary Sources

“25th Anniversary East Germany Opens Border.” Associated Press. Associated Press, 2014.

Web 07 Feb. 2016.

This website’s intention is to inform. This article included information such as a time

line, photos, videos, and a thorough explanation of the Berlin Crisis. Along with this, it

included great quotes and a map of Berlin and the Wall that we ended up using. Within

the website, there is elaborations on Berliners' perspectives and the US's involvement

with the Berlin Wall. We know that this information is primary because the Associated

Press writers were stationed in Berlin and experienced the events of the Iron Curtain,

as seen in a photo that they also visited the dismantled Wall weeks after it was

finished being demolished. We will utilize this source for a map of Berlin to put in our

background tab and various photos to include throughout our site as well as use certain

pieces of content and information to elaborate on various points such as the Wall's

significance.

Baldwin, Peter. E-mail Interview. 11 May 2016.

This source is an interview done by us, directed towards Peter Baldwin. We learned about

his experiences in the East and we collected information to support our argument. This is

primary because Professor Baldwin actually visited Berlin numerous times during the

1970s and gained his own experiences from it. We will use this information throughout

our website so readers can learn about how living with the Berlin Wall was like, as well

as for details to support our claims.

Berezovskii, B., and M. Solov’ev. Under the Leadership of Great Stalin- Forward to

Communism! 1951. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.

This is a propaganda poster illustrating Stalin’s leadership involving Communism. It

belongs to the Soviets and was created in 1951 and is sourced from the University of

Pittsburgh. This is primary because it is directly from the Cold War time period. We will

accompany this image with the Ideological Expansion segment of our Cold War page.

Churchill, Winston S. "The Sinews of Peace." Westminster College, Fulton. 5 Mar. 1946. NATO.

Web. 7 May 2016.

This speech is famous for Churchill’s description of an “Iron Curtain.” It was delivered in

the United States after the Allied victory of World War II. We know that this is a primary

source because it is original from that historic event and has not been modified in any

way since. This will be used as a quote on our Background tab to hint why we named the

site the way that we did.

Florent, James R. 1961. N/A. Photograph. National Archives, Washington D.C. Web. 12 Jan.

2016.

James Florent wrote a photo essay retelling his stay in Berlin, which is where we found

these photographs. This source consisted of several pictures taken by James Florent of

East and West Berlin, including the city's cafes, streets, and Western lights. We can tell

that this source is primary because these photographs were taken during the event of the

Berlin Wall and taken by someone who experienced it firsthand. We will use these

photographs as a comparison of East Berlin to West Berlin in our Encountering Two

Worlds tab.

Florent, James R. "Flight to the West." National Archives. Trans. Amanda Weimer, Jennifer

Halpern, and Brewer Thompson. N.p., July 1961. Web.17 Jan. 2016.

This essay’s purpose was inform. Some types of information in this photographic essay

were photos of West and East Berlin, interviews with citizens, comparisons between

lifestyles, and an insight of what sacrifices were made in order to escape to the West. It

does a great job explaining how each side was different from one another in terms of who

they were, what they believed in, and how they lived. We can tell that this source is

primary because the author actually visited the East and the West during this time period

and received a first-hand experience on how the East and West Berliners were living. We

will use this source for the photograph that gives an insight to the time period and to

show what problems Germans encountered because of the wall.

Gelb, Norman. The Berlin Wall: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a Showdown in the Heart of

Europe. N.p.: Times, 1986. Print.

The purpose of this novel is to inform. Within the publication, Gelb describes the rivalry

of two powers, the United States and the Soviet Union. In addition, the author discusses

“the story of the Wall and the circumstances that led to and grew from the construction of

that gruesome monument to human discord.” We can tell this is primary because it was

published during the standing of the Wall. We will use this resource to describe the

background of the wall and the “circumstances” that really defined it.

Irzyk, Albin F. and Teel, Ray, and Rosler, Kurt. “Berlin Crisis 1961.” Eagle Horse, Eagle Horse,

August 2014. Web. Feb. 17. 2016.

This source is a recollection of the events that went down at Checkpoint Charlie in 1961.

From this source we learned about the tense exchange between the U.S and Soviet Union

that happened at the Checkpoint Charlie tank standoff. We know that this source is

primary because it is a summary of what happened during the tank showdown by

members of the military that actually witnessed the event firsthand. This source will be

used in our Exchange part of our website when we explain about the mixed relationship

with the U.S and Soviet Union which the Checkpoint Charlie showdown showcased.

Kemmelmeier, Florian. Email Interview. 17 Feb. 2016.

This source is an interview done over email that has been conducted by us ourselves. This

interview answers many questions of how the Berlin Wall ties to the NHD theme, what it

meant to other people, and the historical significance. With our expert, we were able to

see what it was like to grow up with the Wall, with his firsthand account with a refugee

from the East, as well as more recent information that our expert has collected after the

event as well. From this, we can tell that this source is primary because of how Florian

Kemmelmeier is an expert on the topic as well as someone with a firsthand account of the

topic. This will be a significant section of our research because we can refer to it for

evidence or quotes.

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. "'Ich Bin Ein Berliner Speech." Miller Center, Virginia University.

N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec.2015.

The purpose of Kennedy’s speech is to persuade and inform. Types of information

include the speaker discussing what all of Germany wants; for the wall to come down and

them to be freed from the oppression of the Soviet Union. This source relates to the

theme because it is talking about the U.S.’s involvement with the Berlin Wall, an

exchange and interaction between Germany and the United States. This source is primary

because it is a transcript of the speech that has not been modified, so in other words; it

still is technically the original speech, directly from Kennedy during the 1960s. We will

tie this speech into our website by including the exchange between America and Berlin

that was triggered because of the Berlin Wall.

Leibing, Peter. Leap of Freedom. 1961. Photograph. Checkpoint Charlie Museum, Berlin.

German Missions in the United States. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

This source is a photograph of Hans Conrad Schumann, a border guard, in his mid-air

jump over to West Berlin. This image provides us with an example of an exchange of

people and evidences that Berlin was indeed a place of defection for those wanting to go

to the West. We can tell that this is primary because it was taken during the time period

as it was taken the same year as the Wall was erected. We will use this picture in our

Theme tab of our website, right next to how we explain why the Berlin Wall connects to

the exchange part of the 2016 theme.

"Letter, General Secretary of the SED Egon Krenz to General Secretary of the CC CPSU

Mikhail Gorbachev," November 10, 1989, History and Public Policy Program Digital

Archive, CWIHP Archives.

This source is a letter from Krenz to Gorbachev discussing the fall of the Wall. This

provided our group with information and insight on why they suddenly dropped all travel

regulations, despite the Wall already standing for almost three decades. This source is

primary because it has not been modified in any way, so it is still the same as the original

letter from 1989. We will use a quote from this letter to describe in our Fall of the Wall

tab why the Berlin Wall was suddenly being torn down on November 9, 1989.

N.d. Associated Press. Web. 17 Apr. 2016.

These two photographs display the Berlin Wall’s East Side Gallery graffiti. Here, we can

see the art and thought that went into these pieces of art after the Berlin Wall collapsed.

We can tell that these are primary because they are original from the Cold War time

period. We will use these as backdrops to all the tabs on our site.

N.d. Berlin Wall Memorial. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

This photograph depicts an overview of the Berlin Wall with its barricades, vehicle

obstacles, and barbed wire cutting its way through the city. We can see that the Iron

Curtain did not have a designated and reserved location, but rather a layout that cleanly

cut through anything in its path. We know that this is a primary source because it was

taken during the Berlin Wall time period, when the Wall was still standing. This picture

will be used in the slideshow next to our thesis on the Thesis Tab.

N.d. Discovery Channel. Web. 17 Feb. 2016.

We got this photograph from our TestTube News video (Trapped Citizens: Why Was the

Berlin Wall Built), which we found on Discovery Channel's website. In the photo, it

shows two young adult looking over the Berlin Wall to the other half of their city. This is

a primary photograph because it was took when the Berlin Wall was still being erected, at

least 26 years ago. We will use this picture in our slideshow on our Thesis page.

N.d. Duke University. Web. 27 Feb. 2016.

This photograph from the German Department of Duke University shows a Soviet Guard

paroling the East side of the Berlin Wall. Looking at it, we can see the physical division

of the Wall and how it separated and contained Berliners. This photograph is primary

because it was taken while the Berlin Wall stood, so it is directly from that time period.

We will use this photograph on our Thesis page in our slideshow.

N.d. Eagle Horse. Web 17 Feb. 2016.

From this website, we were able to gather two photos showing tanks entering Checkpoint

Charlie. These photographs evidenced an exchange of U.S and Soviet tanks in Berlin; an

exchange between two countries. We know that these pictures are primary because they

were taken in 1961, which was the same year as the famous showdown of tanks at

Checkpoint Charlie. These pictures will be used in our Checkpoint Charlie tab to support

the exchange between countries during the infamous tank showdown.

N.d. German Missions in the United States. Web 23 Jan. 2016.

The purpose of this online gallery is to inform. Within the site, there are numerous

pictures displayed connecting to the Berlin Wall and Cold War time period, showing

events ranging from the construction of the Wall to the demolition of the artifact. These

photos are primary because they were taken during the time period and portray various

moments in the Berlin Wall’s history. We plan to use these photographs throughout.

N.d. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, Kansas City, Missouri. Harry S. Truman Library

and Museum. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.

We got these Post-World War II photographs from the Harry S. Truman Library and

Museum, where they have the original photograph in print. These 1945 photos captures

the US military holding the defeated Nazi regime flag and the Potsdam Conference in

Germany, along with moments of the Berlin Airlift. These are primary because they were

taken directly after World War II, during the referenced time period. We will incorporate

these into our background and timeline tab where we talk about Post-World War II and

how the Allied victory led to the divided Berlin.

N.d. Libraries University of Oregon. Web. 7 May 2016

This is a chart from a high school East German textbook showing the number of refugees

from East Berlin; or in other words how many had escaped. It covers the years of 1949 to

1960 and its caption reads: “Refugees from the GDR and East Berlin 1949-1961.” It is

primary because it is directly from this event. We will use this on our Escapes tab as a

statistic.

N.d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Web. 23 Jan. 2016.

This website is where we found the museum exhibition called "The Wall: A Border

Through Germany," which is where the majority of our website’s pictures come from.

For example, we found numerous photographs of the Berlin Wall. The photographs from

this museum exhibition are primary because they are from the Cold War time period. We

will use these pictures throughout the site, on almost every single page to elaborate and

show more detail on certain topics.

N.d. Photograph. National Archives, Washington D.C. Web 16 January 2016.

This source provides two pictures relevant with John F. Kennedy’s “Ich Bin Ein

Berliner” speech. These pictures portray his speech cards and a picture of the crowd

gathered close to listen. By looking at these pictures, we can see the US’s role in

encouraging Berliners on the “quest of freedom” and to break away from the Communist

regime. This represents an exchange between the two countries and an encounter between

two worlds. We can tell that these two photographs are primary because one of them was

taken during the time period, while the other was a picture taken more recently of a

historical artifact; President JFK’s original speech cards. We will use these pictures when

we are talking about the US’s involvement with the Berlin Wall, as well as its

significance.

N.d. Sov History. Web. 29 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this picture is to inform. This photograph captures Senators Nixon and

McCarthy looking through microfilm to find evidence of Soviet spies. We know that this

is primary because it was taken during the Cold War time period. The picture will be

used in our Cold War tab to support the idea of a wage over information and a time of

espionage.

N.d. The National Security Archive. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.

This photograph from the George Washington University provided us with another visual

of Checkpoint Charlie. Here, we can see a street-level view of the entrance to it, along

with US tanks entering it. We know that this source primary because it was taken before

the monumental showdown, showing that it is historical. We will incorporate this on our

Checkpoint Charlie tab.

N.d. The New York Times. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.

From this source, we found a photograph of a newspaper discussing the fall of the Berlin

Wall on November 10, 1989. This provided us with how the U.S and the media perceived

this international event. I can tell that this source is primary because it is from 1989, the

year that the Wall fell. We will use this photograph on our Fall of the Wall tab.

N.d. University of Mary Washington. Web. 27 Feb. 2016.

This source provided us with a recent picture of the Berlin Wall monument and the East

Side Gallery. A photograph like this has a gloomy atmosphere that reminds Berliners of

their city's separation. Even though this source was taken recently, the object

photographed (the Wall) is original and hasn’t changed since 1989, so it is primary. We

will use this photo as our main background on our website.

N.d. U.S. Diplomacy Center. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.

This is a photograph sourced from the US Diplomacy Center. It shows the Checkpoint

Charlie and the Soviet and American tanks coming to converge. We know this is primary

because it displays the actual Checkpoint Charlie as of October 27 and 28 1961. We will

use this on our Checkpoint Charlie page, where we mention the tank showdown.

Nov. 10, 1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall. ABC News, 1989. ABC News. ABC News, 6 Nov. 2014.

Web. 16 May 2016.

This source is a “World News” report live from Berlin on November 9, 1989, the day the

Berlin Wall fell. It is from ABC news and discusses the enthusiastic mood that the Wall’s

fall has promoted. We know that this is a primary source because it is directly from that

historic event. We will use this as media on our Fall of the Wall tab.

Phil, Goth. N.d. Stanford Humanities Center. Web. 11 Feb. 2016

This photo was taken of the Berlin Wall and the Brandenburg Gate in present day. This

picture shows two very significant symbols of the Cold War; the Iron Curtain and the

Brandenburg Gate. Even though this picture was taken recently, the monuments are the

same as they were back in 1961, so there really is no difference and it is technically

primary. We will use this picture to help the reader of our website visualize the historical

significance of the Berlin Wall.

Powers Trial. N.d. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. Web. 30 Apr. 2016.

This photograph depicts Gary Power’s in his court trial while he is in Soviet custody.

Following his capture was the prisoner exchange at Checkpoint Charlie, where he was

exchanged for the Soviet- convicted spy Rudolph Abel. This is primary because it is from

the actual trial. We will use this on our Checkpoint Charlie page.

Remarks at the Rudolph Wilde Platz, Berlin. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, n.d. John F.

Kennedy Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Web. 16 May

2016.

This is a video of President Kennedy’s “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” speech. It talks about the

need to make Berlin free again and discusses the line between the free world and

communism. We know that this is primary because it is from the Cold war time period.

We will use this as media on the encountering two worlds tab.

Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin. Ronald Reagan

Foundation & Library. Ronald Reagan Foundation & Library, 2010. Web. 25 Mar. 2016.

This video of the famous Ronald Reagan speech reminds Berliners of the separation

between the totalitarian and free world. This source provided us with information on the

conflict between ideologies and the US's involvement with the Berlin Wall. We know

that this source is primary because it was taken in 1987, directly when he made the "Tear

Down This Wall!" speech. We will use this video on our Significance & Influence page.

Robinson, Peter, and Ronald Reagan. “Tear Down This Wall!” Brandenburg Gate, Berlin. 12

June, 1987. Air University, Web. 03 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this speech's transcript is for Ronald Reagan to inform West Berlin that

the US will stay strong despite Soviet harassment and will work to unite Germany, while

he is also intending to persuade Gorbachev to get rid of the Wall. In this speech, he

challenges Mr. Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall to bring together all Berliners

and give them back freedom. He also talks about how the totalitarian world is trying to

suppress all acts of individuality and freedom. This source is primary because it was

written and performed during this time period. We will utilize this source by evidencing

the two worlds at this wall, and with it, the problems people encountered.

Sheeman, James, and Amir Eshel. “Berlin Wall and the Cold War.” Interview. Stanford

Humanities Center. Stanford University, 1 Nov. 2009. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this interview was to inform readers about the historical significance of

the Berlin Wall. This source was especially helpful for clarifying the Berlin Wall’s

historical significance as well as how it affected Germany afterwards. We can tell this is

primary because it is an interview with experts of the event. We will use this information

in the historical significance of the Iron Curtain as well as use quotes from the experts to

support its importance.

Walker, Barbara, and Walburga Zahn. Into the Navel: A Reading on East German Literature and

Society. Rackhan Graduate School - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Np.:

np., n.d. 1-31. Print.

This source is a conference proceeding for a conference in 1987 at the University of

Michigan. It talks about East Germany’s lifestyle, secrecy amongst each other, and the

contrast between East and West Germany, along with personal experiences from visiting

Berlin. Because at least one of the authors (based on our knowledge) experienced the

Wall, we know that this source is primary as it is based on real experiences. We will use

this information for additional local perspectives of the Berlin Wall throughout our

website.

Walker, Barbara. Personal interview. 13 May 2016.

This source is a personal interview we participated in with Barbara Walker, our

interviewee. We found it very beneficial as it gave us an insight glimpse on local

perspectives of the Berlin Wall, as well as how many reacted to it. This interview is

primary because Barbara at one point lived in Berlin while the Wall existed and regularly

passed from West Berlin to East Berlin on a 24 hour visa. We will use her interview to

introduce new perspectives of life in the divided city.

Secondary Sources

“A Border Through Germany - NATO - Homepage.” Web 06 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this exhibition is to teach people about the Berlin wall and the inner

German border. It includes information on the construction of the Wall, emigration,

impacts of the wall on the people, zones of occupation, and the fall of the Wall. The

pictures and maps were really informational and the content was to the point. We can tell

that this is secondary because it is a look back after the event and the author was not

actually there during the event to witness it firsthand. This will come in handy for our

project because of the many primary images that we can use throughout our website.

“A Look Back: 25 Years Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall.” Central Intelligence Agency,

US Government, 7 Nov. 2014. Web 3 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this article is to inform. The author includes information about the fall of

the Wall, how it was caused, and how it lead to the downfall of the Soviet Union. This

look back answered our question of whether it was a coincidence or not that the KGB, a

soviet spy organization, fell the same year as the Berlin Wall. We can tell that this is

secondary because the author did not witness the event and that this was not written

during or shortly after the time period. We will use information from this source in the

Collapse of The Wall tab, where we would also explain cause and effect from the Berlin

Wall.

A map of Cold War Berlin. Digital image. UMass Amherst. The University of Amherst,

Massachusetts, n.d. Web. 15 May 2016.

This is a computer-generated image of a map of the divided Berlin. It shows the borders

between the two sectors as well as the flags of the country that is governing that sector.

This is secondary as it is not historic. We will use this as a ThinkLink interactive on our

background tab.

"Berlin Wall." Royal Air Force Museum. National Cold War Exhibition, n.d. Web. 29

Feb. 2016.

This source is part of the National Cold War Exhibition that intends to inform. It consists

of several paragraphs discussing why the wall was built and what led up to its

construction, along with a brief description of the difference between East and West

Berlin. We can tell that this is a secondary source because it was written after the Berlin

Wall fell and is not based on a firsthand account. This information provides us with some

useful quotes which we will use in our background tab of our website.

Carmichael, Neil. "A Brief History of the Berlin Crisis of 1961." (2011): n. pag.

National Archives. Web. 4 Jan. 2016.

The purpose of this article is to inform the reader about the relationships and exchanges

that happened during the time period of the Berlin wall. Types of information found in

this source include political relationships and tense exchanges between the US and the

Soviet Union, and how “Berlin was of deep concern not only for the US government but

also US citizens.” “A Brief History of the Berlin Wall Crisis of 1961”, also explains how

Berlin also acted as a point of exchange and traffic between both East and West

Germany. We can tell this is a secondary source because the author of this account did

not have a first-hand experience of the event. In addition, the article is not from the time

period and is the result of declassification of other resources, so it is not primary. This

source will be used to further evidence the historical exchanges between the East and

West halves of Germany, as well as support the tense feelings between

multiple countries.

Church, Christopher. E-mail Interview. 11 May 2016.

This source is a personal interview that we did for Christopher Church, an assistant

professor of history at UNR. With it, we gathered information about Berlin and the Berlin

Wall and its relationship to the Cold War. We know that this interview is secondary

because Christopher Churchy did not witness or experience the Berlin Wall. We will use

this interview as support for our claims throughout our website.

Dowling, Siohan. “Cold War Espionage: 10,000 East Germans Spied for the West – SPIEGEL

ONLINE.” Spiegel Online International. Spiegel, 28 Sep. 2007. Web. 11 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this online article is to inform readers about the espionage associated with

the Berlin Wall. This information was especially helpful with clarifying how the Berlin

Wall was an exchange point for spies, and at the same time how spies from the East

varied from spies in the West, supporting how the Berlin Wall created two worlds. This

source mainly provides information on the spies and their objectives, along with how the

US became involved through military espionage. We can tell that this is a secondary

source because it is composed of information gathered from sources created after the

historical event that have no firsthand accounts. We will use information from this article

to strengthen the exchange of spies in our Exchange tab and possibly in our Encountering

Two Worlds tab, because it provides information on how the East and West were also

different because of their espionage.

Dumont, Rector Gérard-François. "The Berlin Wall: Life, Death and the Spatial Heritage of

Berlin.” Population & Avenir (n.d.): n. pag. Active History. Active History, 20 Oct. 2011.

Web. 29 Feb. 2016.

This article's intent is to inform. This source presents itself with how the Berlin Wall

impacts the city today, how it was much more than a wall, and how it came to be. We can

tell that this a secondary source because it was written after the event of the Berlin Wall,

and the author did not experience this historical event. We will use this source to support

the Berlin's Wall impacts after it fell within our Significance & Influence tab.

Engerman, David C. "Ideologies of the Cold War, 1917-1962." Ideologies of the Cold War,

1917-1962. Vol. 1. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Origins. Ramapo College of New Jersey.

Ramapo College of New Jersey. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.

This is an online chapter selection. This source supplies the reader with information of

the battle of ideas that was occurring between the Soviet Union and the United Stated.

We know that this book is secondary because the author did not witness the event, but

merely researched it. We will use this source for a quote on our Cold War tab.

"Espionage." Royal Air Force Museum. National Cold War Exhibition, n.d. Web. 29

Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this National Cold War Exhibition was to inform. From this source, we

were able to gather information on what espionage was and how it played a major part in

the Cold War time period. We can tell that this source is secondary because it was

developed after the Cold War, and the author did not have a firsthand account of this

event. We will use this source when we are talking about the initial historical context of

the Berlin Wall; the Cold War.

Huygens, Etienne. "Berlin Time Line: 1945 - 1990 Berlin Wall Time Line Starts August 1961."

The Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 15 May 2016.

This source originates from the Cold War Museum website. It is a timeline focused on

addressing significant events regarding the Berlin Wall. We know it is secondary because

it is not from that particular time period and it is not based on personal experiences from

the Berlin Wall. We will use this information on our very own timeline.

“Kennedy at the Berlin Wall.” National Archives, U.S Government, 12 June 1996. Web 23

Jan. 2016.

The purpose of this online exhibit is to inform. It displays information about Kennedy’s

speech in front of the Brandenburg Gate, basic background on what the Cold War was,

and how the speech involved the two worlds of Communists and non-Communists. This

ties into the encounter of two worlds, and could possibly tie into exchange when we are

talking about espionage and spies. Although there is a primary image of his note cards,

the main article is secondary, which we can tell because it is not from the time period, as

it is written shortly after the event, and because we do not know the author, we have to

assume that they were not there during Kennedy’s speech.

Lang, Peter. The Berlin Wall: Representations and Perspectives. Ed. Manfred Keune, Philip

Jenkins, and Ernst I. Schürer. Vol. 79. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Print. Studies

in Modern German Literature.

This publication provided insights of the ideals on both sides of the wall as well as how

the FRG (the Federal Republic of Germany, also known as West Germany) and GDR’s

(German Democratic Republic, also known as East Germany) governing differed. Lang

describes the idea of a democratic society vs. a “democratic” (or totalitarian society) and

the meaning to that. This source is secondary because the publication was written after

the time period of the subject. The publication will be used to further explain how one

would encounter two different worlds at the wall.

Major, Patrick. Behind the Berlin Wall: East Germany and the Frontiers of Power.

Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.

The purpose of this source is to inform the reader about the GDR and FRG during the

Cold War time period. Within this book, Major describes each power’s accomplishments

and struggles that ultimately lead to an outcome. The author goes in depth about life in

each half of Berlin and the realities of isolationism. This publication is secondary because

it was written after the subject’s time period. We plan to use this book’s information to

provide background on the Berlin Wall and provide evidence of problems East and West

Germany encountered in the time period.

Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n.d. Web. 22 Apr. 2016.

This online dictionary provided us with many definitions of terms. We defined acronyms

such as the USSR, GDR, and words like espionage. I know that this is secondary because

these definitions were created after the event, in order to be more accurate. We will use

these definitions on our Terms page.

N/A, N/A. Digital Image. Associated Press, Associated Press, 2014. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.

This source’s purpose is to show the reader where the Berlin Wall was located and how it

divided Berlin in half. This map showed the location of the Berlin Wall and the shape of

East Berlin and West Berlin. We can tell that this secondary because it is a digital image

created after the event, meaning that it is not from the time period. We will use this

source in the Background tab or Encountering Two Worlds tab to help the reader

visualize where the Wall was and what it divided.

Persico, Joseph E. "Spy Versus Spy." The New York Times. N.p., 28 Sept.1997. Web. 12

Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this article is to inform the reader about espionage during the Cold War.

Within the publication, Persico explains how Soviet spies made an attempt to stop the

"hemorrhage" of East Berlin defectors. This source is secondary, as it was written after

the time period of the Cold War and the Berlin Wall. We plan to use the content to

strengthen claims in our thesis as well as provide evidence for exchange at the Berlin

Wall through espionage.

"The 1962 Spy Exchange of powers for Abel." Francis Gary Powers, Jr. The Cold War

Museum, n.d. Web. 14. Mar. 2016.

This article's purpose is to inform. This source provided our project on information about

the spy prisoner exchange that took place at Checkpoint Charlie and a nearby bridge.

This represented an exchange between America and the Soviet Union. We know that this

source is secondary because it was created after the time period with the author showing

no personal account of the event. This site's content will be used to support our idea of

exchange when we are talking about Checkpoint Charlie as well as supplying visual

references of the event such as photographs (specifically the picture regarding the U-2

plane).

“The Berlin Crisis and the Allied Response 1961.” NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 4

Aug. 2014. Web. 07 Feb. 2016.

The purpose of this article is to inform. Within the source, it explains the tense

relationship with the Soviet Union, who had intentions to force the other world powers to

abandon Berlin. However, they held strong and tried to hold onto accessibility to West

Germany. Khrushchev threatened to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany,

which the U.S, Britain, and France wanted to prevent, along with expansion of the Wall.

We can tell this is secondary because it was not written by somebody who had a firsthand

experience and because it wasn’t written around the time period either. This information

will help us support the tense relationship between the U.S and the Soviet Union.

"The Berlin Wall: Barricades Can Be Broken." Marquette University. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec.

2015.

The initial intention of this article is to inform the reader about the Berlin Wall and its

historical significance. It includes background information, historical context, and the

original intention of the construction of the Berlin Wall. It may not have given us

information about exchanges and encounters, but it definitely helped us understand the

significance of this event. We can tell that this is secondary because this article was

written after the event and was written by someone who did not personally experience the

event. The information we find most useful for our project is when the article shows

insight of the importance of the Berlin Wall in history.

"The Potsdam Conference, 1945." Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. United

States Department of State, n.d. Web. 15 May 2016.

This source is an article about the conference that divided Germany. It additionally

recognizes what else the meeting accomplished, for example, settling matters with

Germany and Poland. This source is secondary because it provided information written

after the Cold War and displays a secondhand account of the event.

Trapped Citizens: Why The Berlin Wall Was Built. Discovery Channel, 9. Nov 2015. Web. 18

Jan 2016.

This video had the intention of supplying background information on the Wall. This piece

of media gives us information about the Berlin Wall’s creation, how Berlin was divided

into sectors, what it symbolized, and why it was built in the first place. This video also

does a great job of explaining what lead up to the Wall’s construction as well as

debunking some misconceptions. This source is secondary because this video isn’t from

the time period and does not include someone who has a firsthand experience with the

Berlin Wall, so it cannot be primary. We will use this for background information.

Wagner, Bethany. “Revisiting Life Behind the Berlin Wall.” Azusa Pacific University, Azusa

Pacific University, 22 Apr. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2016.

The purpose of this article is to inform. The types of information that Bethany Wagner

writes about are problems that residents in Germany during the Communist era

encountered. Those in East Germany faced government persecution and food shortages,

along with being a prisoner of their own country. These were major, but sometimes

unrecognized problems that the people of East Berlin sometimes faced. We can tell this is

secondary because it was written and published after our event occurred, and showed no

evidence that the writer had witnessed the event either. We will use this to further

evidence our encountering two worlds claim.