1. a. Pathogen- An organism that causes disease b. Saprophyte- An organism that feeds on dead matter c. Parasite- An organism that feeds on a living host d. Aerobic organism- An organism that requires oxygen e. Anaerobic organism- An organism that does not require oxygen f. Steady state- A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born g. Exponential growth- Population that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population h. Logistic growth- Population growth that is controlled by limited resources i. Conjugation- A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer j. Plasmid- A small, circular section of DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code k. Transformation- The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell l. Transduction- The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another m. Endospore- The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers n. Strains- Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits

2. a. The Plasma Membrane b. The Flagellum c. The Capsule d. The DNA e. The Cytoplasm f. The Cell Wall g. The Fimbriae h. The Ribosome 3. a. The plasma membrane is made up of certain chemicals called phospholipids and other chemicals called proteins. The plasma membrane protects the interior of the cell by determining what chemicals can and cannot enter the cell. b. The flagellum is composed of three parts: the filament, the hook, and the basal body. These parts come together to form an “outboard motor”. If a cell does not have a flagellum, then it is stationary.( to move the bacterium from place to place) c. The capsule is composed of several layers of sticky sugars that help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. It also serves as a protective layer against infection-fighting agents. d. The DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, holds all the information required for this mass of chemicals a living entity. e. The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid substance which supports the DNA and the ribosomes. f. The cell wall is what determines the classification of a bacteria. The actual composition of cell walls vary. (to keep the interior of the cell together and to hold the cell’s shape)

g. The Fimbriae are fibrous bristles used for grasping. They are either used to grasp surfaces to adhere to them, or they grasp other fimbriae as part of reproduction. If used in reproduction, they are called “sex pili”. h. The Ribosomes are chemical factories, they make chemicals called proteins.

4. Most bacteria rely on other (dead) organism for their food.

5. Parasitic bacteria are heterotrophic.

6. a. When a bacterium reproduces, the DNA loop is attached to a point on the plasma membrane. b. The DNA is then copied, and the copy is attached to the plasma membrane close to the place where the original is attached. c. After the DNA copy is made, the cell wall elongates, separating the two strands of DNA. d. Once the two strands of DNA are separated, new cell wall material and plasma membrane begin to grow, closing the two strands off from each other. e. When the cell wall and plasma membrane growth is complete, two bacteria (a parent and an offspring) exist where there was once just one. As long as no mutation took place, the two bacteria are identical.

7. If bacteria are exposed to extreme conditions, they can still survive if there is an endospore around them. (Acid, radiation, cold, and heat are all minimized by the endospore. ??)

8. If just a few bacteria are placed in a resource rich environment, the experience an exponential level of growth.

9. Exponential growth usually cannot be sustained for long. The resources upon which the bacteria feed are quickly exhausted.

10. While genetic recombination does not result in offspring, it can increase the growth of the operation because it diversifies the DNA of the Bacteria involved. This amplifies the likelihood of survival of the individual bacterium.

11. There are three main types of bacteria shape: coccus, bacillus, and spirillum.

12. If a bacterium is Gram-negative and heterotrophic, it belongs to the Phylum Gracilicutes and to the class Oxyphotobacteria. (class: Scotobacteria) 13. If a spirillum bacteria is Gram-positive, it belongs to Phylum Firmicutes and Class Thallobacteria.

14. If a bacterium has no cell wall, it belongs to Phylum Tenericutes and Class Mollicutes

15. If a bacterium can live in boiling hot water, then it belongs to Phylum Mendosicutes and class Archaebacteria.

16. In the six-kingdom classification system, Kingdom Monera is replaced by( split into two) Kingdom Archaebacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria.

17. The ideal conditions in which a bacteria can reproduce and grow include: moisture, moderate temperature, nutrition, darkness, and the proper amount of oxygen.

18. There are several methods of ensuring that food is free from bacteria: prolonged freezing, dehydration, and pasteurization.