Antimicrobial Resistance Summary

SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 338 "Antimicrobial Resistance”

1

Special Eurobarometer 338

Antimicrobial Resistance

Fieldwork: November - December 2009

Publication: April 2010

Eur

obar

omet

er 3

38/W

ave

72.5

– T

NS

Opi

nion

& S

ocia

l

Survey commissioned by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers and coordinated by the Directorate-General Communication (“Research and Political Analysis” Unit). This document does not represent the views of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions expressed are solely those of the authors.

Summary


1

Contents

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................2

1. THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS ....................................................................5

1.1 Antibiotics taken during the last twelve months ..................................5

1.2 How citizens obtained their last course of antibiotics...........................7

1.3 The reason why respondents last took antibiotics................................9

2. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANTIBIOTICS.....................................................10

2.1. Do antibiotics kill viruses?...............................................................12

2.2 Are antibiotics effective against colds and flu?...................................13

2.3 Does the unnecessary use of antibiotics make them ineffective? .......14

2.4 Does taking antibiotics often give rise to side-effects such as diarrhoea? ..................................................................................................15

3. THE ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN..........................................16

3.1 Taking information on board.............................................................16

3.2 Means of conveying information .......................................................18

3.3 The influence of information on opinions on antibiotics.......................19

3.4 The impact of the campaign on behaviour ..........................................20

3.5 The most trustworthy sources of information.....................................21

3.6 The fact that everyone has a role to play to ensure that antibiotics remain effective..........................................................................................22

CONCLUSION.................................................................................................24

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS


2

INTRODUCTION

We now know that an increasing number of patients are infected by micro-organisms

which have developed a resistance to antimicrobial agents. In Europe as in the world

as a whole, this resistance is now a real threat to public health

The European Union has therefore put in place a Community strategy against

antimicrobial resistance1, supported by initiatives to encourage the prudent use of

these substances in human medicine2. To combat the misconceptions surrounding

antibiotics, since 2008 the European Union has organised an annual antibiotic

awareness campaign in the 27 European Union countries, coordinated by the European

Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

In order to ascertain how knowledgeable Europeans are about antibiotics, the

Directorate-General for Health and Consumers commissioned this survey. The study

aims to determine the best ways of raising public awareness of the risk of the

inappropriate use of antibiotics with the ultimate aim of changing behaviour.

The methodology used for this survey is that of the Eurobarometer surveys. A

technical note on the way in which the interviews (which were carried out between 13

November and 9 December 2009) were conducted by the various polling institutes of

the TNS Opinion & Social network is annexed to this report.

This summary is divided into three main parts, structured as follows:

- The use of antibiotics by Europeans.

- Public knowledge and preconceptions about antibiotics.

- The impact of antibiotic awareness campaigns on the knowledge and practices

of Europeans in this area.

1 Commission Communication of 20 June 2001, on a Community strategy against antimicrobial resistance [COM(2001) 333 final Volume I - Not published in the Official Journal]. 2 Council Recommendation of 15 November 2001 on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents in human medicine [COM(2001) 333 final Volume II – Not published in the Official Journal].


3

A full report with a more detailed analysis of the results is also available.

**********

The Eurobarometer web site can be consulted at the following address:

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_fr.htm

We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the respondents throughout the

continent who gave their time to take part in this survey. Without their active participation, this survey would quite simply not have been

possible.


4

In this report, the countries are referred to by their official abbreviation:

ABREVIATIONS

EU27 European Union – 27 Member States DK Don’t know BE Belgium BG Bulgaria CZ Czech Republic DK Denmark DE Germany EE Estonia EL Greece ES Spain FR France IE Ireland IT Italy CY Republic of Cyprus LT Lithuania LV Latvia LU Luxembourg HU Hungary MT Malta NL The Netherlands AT Austria PL Poland PT Portugal RO Romania SI Slovenia SK Slovakia FI Finland SE Sweden UK United Kingdom


5

1. THE USE OF ANTIBIOTICS

1.1 Antibiotics taken during the last twelve months

40% of Europeans have taken antibiotics orally during the past year, either in the form

of tablets, powder or syrup. These results are very much in line with those recorded in

the 2002 Eurobarometer study on antibiotics (that survey was conducted in the then

15 Member States).

Nevertheless, this European average conceals fairly significant differences from one

Member State to another.

Respondents in southern European Union countries are the most likely to use

antibiotics: in Italy (57%), Malta (55%), Spain (53%) and Romania (51%). On the

other hand, the lowest rates of use are found in Sweden and Slovenia, at 22% and

27% respectively, followed by Germany (28%), Denmark and the Netherlands (30%

each).


6

A socio-demographic analysis shows that women are more likely than men to say that

they have taken antibiotics (43% versus 37%), as are young people aged 15-24

(46%), respondents who live in large towns (43%) and those with the least objective

knowledge of medicines of this type (42%).


7

1.2 How citizens obtained their last course of antibiotics

Of all the ways of obtaining antibiotics, medical prescriptions and antibiotics

administered by a medical practitioner were the methods cited most often by

respondents. These methods were mentioned by 95% of respondents, whereas 3%

said that they had obtained antibiotics without a prescription and 2% said that they

had used antibiotics left over from a previous course of treatment. These results are

very similar to those obtained at the time of the last Eurobarometer survey on this

subject in 2002 (that survey was conducted in the then 15 Member States).

Almost all respondents in Finland (99%), Sweden, Germany, Luxembourg, Portugal

and the Czech Republic (all 98%) said that they had taken either medically prescribed

antibiotics or antibiotics administered by a medical practitioner. Romania was the only

European country where fewer than eight out of ten citizens had obtained antibiotics

from a doctor (79%).


8

Unemployed people are the least likely to have obtained antibiotics under medical

supervision (91%). The older the respondents are the more likely they are to have

obtained antibiotics from a medical practitioner: 93% of those aged between 15 and

24 compared with 97% of those aged 55 or over.


9

1.3 The reason why respondents last took antibiotics

A relative majority of respondents (20%) said that they last took antibiotics for flu,

although it is known that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. 14% also said that

they had taken them for a cold, 17% to treat bronchitis and 15% for a sore throat.

QD1c What was the reason for last taking antibiotics that you used?(MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) - EU

(Asked to respondents saying that they have taken any antibiotics in the last 12 months - base = 10803)

17%

9%

6%

5%

1%

14%

15%

4%

2%

20%

8%

7%

20%

9%

Flu

Bronchitis (...)

Sore throat

Cold

Cough

Fever

Rhinopharyngitis (...)

Urinary tract infection

Skin or wound infection

Headache

Pneumonia (...)

Diarrhoea

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

DK

Respondents in Spain (32%), followed by those in Austria (31%), Cyprus (28%),

Bulgaria and Malta (26%), Greece (25%), Slovakia (24%), Italy and Germany (23%)

are the most likely to have taken antibiotics for flu.

Likewise, citizens in Romania (40%), Bulgaria (32%), Latvia (30%), Greece and

Cyprus (27% each), Spain (24%) and Hungary and Austria (23% each) are the most

likely to have made the mistake of taking antibiotics to treat a cold.

Young people are more likely than older respondents to take antibiotics (23% of those

in the 15-24 age group have taken them for flu, compared with 16% of those aged 55

or over; the same applies to their use to treat colds, at 16% and 11% respectively.

Respondents with a better objective knowledge of antibiotics seem to behave

more responsibly: thus, among the most knowledgeable respondents, only 8% have

taken antibiotics for flu and 3% for a cold


10

2. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ANTIBIOTICS

Only 20% of the people interviewed during the survey gave four right answers to the

following statements (the European average number of right answers stands at 2.3 out

of 4): Antibiotics kill viruses (false), Antibiotics are effective against colds and flu

(false), Unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them become ineffective (true), Taking

antibiotics often has side-effects, such as diarrhoea (true).

Respondents in northern countries are clearly among the best informed about

the effects of antibiotics, with most respondents giving four right answers in Finland

(44%), Sweden (39%) and Denmark (37%), followed by Slovenia, Belgium and France

(33% each), and Great Britain (31%).


11

The least well-informed respondents (whose average number of right answers was less

than or equal to 2) are mainly found in Romania (1.5), Portugal and Hungary (1.8),

Austria (1.9) and Bulgaria (2.0).

The socio-demographic analysis shows that the categories who achieved the highest

average scores are the respondents who studied until at least age 20 (2.7), managers

(2.8), and the people who say that they have received information advising them not

to take antibiotics unnecessarily (2.7).


12

2.1. Do antibiotics kill viruses?

53% of Europeans wrongly believed that “Antibiotics kill viruses”. Only a third (36%)

knew that this was false

Respondents were most likely to get this wrong in Portugal and Romania (both 14%),

Austria (17%) and Malta (18%). Conversely, the highest proportion of correct answers

was recorded in Sweden (73%), Finland and France (58%).

Women seem to be better informed than men (39% compared with 34% of men).

Respondents aged 40-54 (42%), those who studied until age 20 or beyond, and

respondents who have been exposed to information about antibiotics during the last 12

months (46%) also have higher scores.


13

2.2 Are antibiotics effective against colds and flu?

47% of Europeans wrongly believed that “Antibiotics are effective against colds and

flu”, while a similar proportion (46%) rightly said that the statement was false.

The best informed respondents are found in Finland (72%), Belgium (69%), Sweden

(68%), the Netherlands (66%), Denmark and the United Kingdom (65%). Those who

are most likely to give the wrong answer are found in Portugal (18%) and Cyprus

(23%) and also in Austria (26%) and Bulgaria (27%).

The socio-demographic variables suggest that women are slightly better informed than

men (48% compared with 42%). Those aged 40-54 (50%), the respondents who

studied longest (59%), managers (64%) and those who have been exposed to

information about antibiotics also have higher scores.


14

2.3 Does the unnecessary use of antibiotics make them ineffective?

83% of Europeans are aware that the unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them

ineffective.

In ten European Union countries, more than nine out of ten of the people interviewed

replied that the unnecessary use of antibiotics makes them ineffective. The ten

countries were: Sweden (97%), Denmark (96%), Cyprus, Slovenia and Malta (94%),

the Netherlands (93%), Greece and Finland (92%), the Czech Republic (91%) and

Slovakia (90%).

The least knowledgeable respondents on this subject were found in Romania (57%),

followed by Italy (65%), Hungary (75%) and Estonia (78%).

89% of Europeans who studied up to at least the age of 20 rightly answered that the

unnecessary use of antibiotics renders them less effective, as did 90% of managers.


15

2.4 Does taking antibiotics often give rise to side-effects such as

diarrhoea?

More than two-thirds of respondents (68%) knew that taking antibiotics could have

side-effects such as diarrhoea. 15% were unaware of this, and 17% gave no answer.

.

Respondents in Finland (82%), Estonia and Cyprus (78%), Lithuania, Germany, Poland

and Slovakia (74% each) are the best informed about these potential side-effects,

while respondents in Hungary and Romania (50%), the Netherlands (55%) and the

Czech Republic (57%) seem least aware of the side-effects of antibiotics.

The socio-demographic analysis reveals that there is a difference of six points

between men (65%) and women (71%). The best informed groups are those aged 40-

54, respondents from the most well-off backgrounds, and those who recall receiving

information on antibiotics during the last 12 months (76% compared with 63% who

have no such memory).


16

3. THE ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN

3.1 Taking information on board

37% of Europeans remember receiving information advising them not to take

antibiotics unnecessarily.

Respondents in France (67%), Finland (60%), Luxembourg (56%), Spain and Belgium

(51%) and Slovenia (50%) are the most likely to remember receiving such

information.

Respondents in Portugal (13%), the Netherlands (15%), Hungary (19%), Estonia

(21%) and Austria (23%) are the least likely to remember receiving this type of

information.


17

Women are slightly more likely than men to remember receiving this type of

information (39% and 35% respectively), as are Europeans aged between 40 and 54

(40%), respondents who studied the longest (50%), managers (48%) and those with a

good objective knowledge of antibiotics (53%).


18

3.2 Means of conveying information

When asked to identify their sources of information about not taking

antibiotics unnecessarily, almost a third of Europeans (30%) replied that they

had been advised by their doctor. 29% said they had seen an advertisement on

television, while 15% said that their source was a newspaper article or the TV news.

QD3b Where did you first get this information about not taking any antibiotics unnecessarily? - EU(Asked to respondents saying that they have got any information about not taking any antibiotics

unnecessarily in the last 12 months - base = 9975)

29%

4%

2%

2%

5%

15%

4%

2%

2%

30%

5%

A doctor told me

I saw it on a TV advertisement

I read it in a newspaper or I saw it on the TV news

A pharmacist told me

A family member or friend told me

I saw it in a leaflet or on a poster

Another health professional (e.g. nurse, physical therapist) toldme

I heard it on the radio

I saw it on the Internet

Other

DK

The role played by doctors is particularly important in Hungary and Italy (59% each),

Romania (53%), the Czech Republic (48%)3. However, respondents in France (10%),

Sweden (13%), Malta (16%), Ireland and Latvia (19%) were the least likely to

mention a doctor as a source of information.

Respondents in France (71% compared with a European average of 29%) are by far

the most likely to have seen a TV advertisement on the subject, followed by those in

Belgium (51%), Luxembourg (40%), Spain (33%), Greece (32%) and Malta (30%).

Respondents in Sweden (47%), Finland (35%), Germany and Cyprus (34% each) are

the most likely to have obtained the information from a newspaper or the TV news

(compared with a European average of 15%).


19

The respondents who are most likely to obtain this information from their doctor are

those who studied the least, mainly house persons and employees. They tend to live in

urban areas. This also applies to 35% of respondents who never use the Internet. On

the other hand, the people interviewed who obtained information on antibiotics from a

TV advertisement tend to be unemployed people (35%), people looking after the home

and manual workers (32%). They live in rural areas and position themselves at the

bottom of the social scale (36% of the latter group).

3.3 The influence of information on opinions on antibiotics

Almost two-thirds of Europeans (62%) said that the information they had received

had not changed their views on antibiotics.

Question asked to the respondents who declared that they had received information about not taking

antibiotics unnecessarily in the last 12 months - base = 9975

3 The results for this question must be analysed with caution given the weakness of some bases in some countries


20

Respondents in Slovakia (57%), Ireland (54%), Spain and Romania (53%)4 seem to

have been the most impacted by the information they received. However, respondents

in the Netherlands (19%), Denmark (22%), Finland (24%), Portugal and Germany

(27% each) were the least likely to be influenced.

The categories which have been most willing to change their views of antibiotics are

young people aged 15-24 (42%), students (43%), house persons (41%), the

unemployed (42%) and interviewees who have taken antibiotics during the last twelve

months (40%).

3.4 The impact of the campaign on behaviour

Among the people who had received information on antibiotics in the last twelve

months and who had changed their views a very large majority (76%) said that in the

future they would always consult a doctor if they thought they needed an antibiotic.

QD3d In what way did this information change your views on antibiotics? (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) - EU

(Asked to respondents saying that they have got an information that changed their views on antibiotics in the last 12 months - base = 3615)

19%

3%

12%

18%

3%

1%

76%You will always consult a

doctor in situations when youthink you need an antibiotic

You will no longer takeantibiotics without a

prescription from a doctor

You will no longer self-medicate with antibiotics

You will no longer keep leftover antibiotics for next time

you are ill

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

None (SPONTANEOUS)

DK



21

Respondents in Cyprus (90%), Malta (88%), Greece (86%), Bulgaria and Romania

(84%)5 are the most likely to say that in future they will always consult a doctor if they

think they need an antibiotic. Respondents in Denmark (56%), Cyprus (41%), Estonia

(40%), Malta, the Netherlands, Romania and Sweden (35%) are the most likely to say

that they will no longer take antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription.

The highest scores for stopping self-medication were recorded in Romania (39%),

Bulgaria (34%), Latvia (30%) and Denmark (27%).

3.5 The most trustworthy sources of information

When asked which source of information they would use to obtain trustworthy

information about antibiotics, a very large majority of Europeans said that they would

choose a doctor (88% on average).

QD4 Which of the following sources of information would you use in order to get trustworthy information on antibiotics?

(MAXIMUM 3 ANSWERS) - EU

42%

4%

5%

4%

2%

10%

18%

2%

1%

2%

1%

3%

5%

5%

88%

6%

A doctor

A pharmacy

A hospital

A nurse

Family or friends

Another health care facility

The Internet site from the National Government\the Ministry ofHealth

The Internet site from the (NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTHINSTITUTE)

Another health related Internet site

A Health Medical Encyclopedia

The Internet site on Public Health from the EU

A national, independent public health body or organisation

A health related magazine

A newspaper or magazine

I am not looking for information on antibiotics (SPONTANEOUS)

Other (SPONTANEOUS)



22

As many as nine out of ten respondents made this choice in Cyprus (96%), the Czech

Republic, Luxembourg and Malta (95% each), Spain and Austria (93% each), Slovakia

and Germany (91% each), followed by Greece, Portugal, Romania and Great Britain

(90% each).

The second most frequently mentioned source was a pharmacy, with an average score

of 42%. The highest scores for this choice were recorded in Ireland (62%), the

Netherlands (61%) and Sweden (59%).

3.6 The fact that everyone has a role to play to ensure that antibiotics

remain effective

Eight out of ten Europeans (exactly 81%) share the view that “Everyone has a role to

play to ensure that antibiotics remain effective”.


23

This view is shared by more than nine out of ten respondents in the Czech Republic

(93%), Malta and Denmark (92% each), Greece (91%) and Belgium (90%).

Respondents in Poland (61%), Bulgaria (68%), the Baltic States (around 70%) and

Austria (72%) tend to be the least convinced. However, these lower scores can be

explained to some extent by the levels of DK answers in some of these countries.

This consensus applies to all the socio-demographic and socio-professional categories

considered in this survey, with few exceptions, though young people aged between 15

and 24 are the least likely to agree with the statement (76% versus 81% for the

European average and for respondents aged 55 or over).

It should also be noted that 88% of respondents who have changed their views on

antibiotics agree with the QD2b statement.


24

CONCLUSION

Let us recall the main lessons of this survey:

- Firstly, 40% of Europeans have taken antibiotics during the last twelve months.

Antibiotic use is the highest in southern European Union countries, and among

the youngest respondents.

- Secondly, antibiotic use is highest among the people whose objective

knowledge is the poorest. The respondents who are the better informed

about antibiotics seem to behave more responsibly.

- Although the vast majority of Europeans are aware that taking too many

antibiotics makes them ineffective (83%), their knowledge of antibiotics could

be improved. The main reason given by Europeans for taking antibiotics

is to treat flu (20%).

- In addition, the respondents who gave the fewest wrong answers are those who

said that they had received information advising against taking antibiotics

unnecessarily. This result suggests that the information seems to have been

absorbed by the people exposed to it. The respondents who are the least

familiar with the effects and role of antibiotics are also the most likely to have

changed their views on antibiotics.

In order for antibiotic awareness campaigns to achieve their goal, it is

necessary therefore not only to prove the public health benefits but also to

demonstrate that antibiotics are totally ineffective against viruses. Campaigns

must be ongoing, and they must also reflect local conditions. This survey has shown

that there are significant differences between Member States.

General practitioners seem to be best placed to convey this type of message and

must be involved in these campaigns, although awareness campaigns via TV

advertisements targeting the general public remain pertinent as a way of reaching the

widest possible audience. A mix of media and sources of information (including

television) might therefore be used in order to raise awareness and have as broad and

lasting an impact as possible.


SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER N°338 “Anti-microbial resistance”


Between the 13th of November and the 9th of December 2009, TNS Opinion & Social, a consortium created between TNS plc and TNS opinion, carried out wave 72.5 of the EUROBAROMETER, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Communication, “Research and Political Analysis”. The SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER N°338 is part of wave 72.5 and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density. In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available.

COUNTRIES INSTITUTES N°

INTERVIEWS FIELDWORK

DATES POPULATION

15+ ABBREVIATIONS

BE Belgium TNS Dimarso 1.003 19/11/2009 07/12/2009 8.866.411 BG Bulgaria TNS BBSS 1.007 13/11/2009 23/11/2009 6.584.957 CZ Czech Rep. TNS Aisa 1.096 14/11/2009 27/11/2009 8.987.535 DK Denmark TNS Gallup DK 1.008 14/11/2009 09/12/2009 4.503.365 DE Germany TNS Infratest 1.522 13/11/2009 02/12/2009 64.545.601 EE Estonia Emor 1.000 13/11/2009 06/12/2009 916.000 IE Ireland TNS MRBI 1.014 13/11/2009 29/11/2009 3.375.399 EL Greece TNS ICAP 1.000 14/11/2009 03/12/2009 8.693.566 ES Spain TNS Demoscopia 1.023 13/11/2009 06/12/2009 39.059.211 FR France TNS Sofres 1.005 13/11/2009 08/12/2009 47.620.942 IT Italy TNS Infratest 1.039 13/11/2009 29/11/2009 51.252.247 CY Rep. of Cyprus Synovate 502 13/11/2009 04/12/2009 651.400 LV Latvia TNS Latvia 1.004 13/11/2009 30/11/2009 1.448.719 LT Lithuania TNS Gallup Lithuania 1.027 13/11/2009 29/11/2009 2.849.359 LU Luxembourg TNS ILReS 502 13/11/2009 05/12/2009 404.907 HU Hungary TNS Hungary 1.017 13/11/2009 30/11/2009 8.320.614 MT Malta MISCO 500 13/11/2009 04/12/2009 335.476 NL Netherlands TNS NIPO 1.004 13/11/2009 06/12/2009 13.288.200 AT Austria Österreichisches Gallup-Institut 1.001 13/11/2009 01/12/2009 6.973.277 PL Poland TNS OBOP 1.000 14/11/2009 02/12/2009 32.306.436 PT Portugal TNS EUROTESTE 1.038 17/11/2009 08/12/2009 8.080.915 RO Romania TNS CSOP 1.008 14/11/2009 27/11/2009 18.246.731 SI Slovenia RM PLUS 1.017 13/11/2009 06/12/2009 1.748.308 SK Slovakia TNS AISA SK 1.047 14/11/2009 27/11/2009 4.549.954 FI Finland TNS Gallup Oy 1.041 17/11/2009 08/12/2009 4.412.321 SE Sweden TNS GALLUP 1.014 13/11/2009 06/12/2009 7.723.931 UK United Kingdom TNS UK 1.322 13/11/2009 03/12/2009 51.081.866

TOTAL 26.761 13/11/2009 09/12/2009 406.827.648

For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed above. Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits:

Observed percentages 10% or 90% 20% or 80% 30% or 70% 40% or 60% 50%

Confidence limits ± 1.9 points ± 2.5 points ± 2.7 points ± 3.0 points ± 3.1 points

Documents

Antimicrobial Resistance Summary