PowerPoint Presentation

Anatomy & Physiology:An Introduction

1What do you know already about anatomy and physiology???

I thought that this clip demonstrated both ends of the spectrum as far as anatomy is concerned.hopefully I will turn you into a BONE expert!2Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human bodyPhysiology - The study of the functions of the human bodyAn Overview of Anatomy3Branches of Anatomy

Surface anatomy (outside)Gross anatomy (inside)Microscopic anatomy (histology) -tissues

4 Structural OrganizationChemical level atoms & moleculesCellular level cellsTissue level a group of cells performing a common functionOrgan level a structure made up of more than one type of tissueOrgan system organs working together for a common purposeOrganism the result of all simpler levels working together

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Structural Organization6Lets talk about some of the systems that we will study this year

Forms external body coveringProtects deeper tissues from injurySynthesizes vitamin DSite of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

The Integumentary System

7Protects and supports body organsProvides a framework for musclesBlood cells formed within bonesStores minerals

The Skeletal System

8Allows manipulation of environmentProvide mobilityFacial expressionMaintains postureProduces heat

The Muscular System

9Fast-acting control systemResponds to internal and external changesUses senses to collect informationThe Nervous System

10Glands secrete hormones that regulateGrowthReproductionNutrient useSlow actingThe Endocrine System

11The Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels transport bloodCarries oxygen and carbon dioxideAlso carries nutrients and wastesHeart pumps blood through blood vessels

12Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsDisposes of debris in the lymphatic systemHouses white blood cells (lymphocytes)Mounts attack against foreign substances in the bodyThe Lymphatic System

13Keeps blood supplied with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxideGas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungsThe Respiratory System

14Breaks down food into absorbable unitsIndigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

The Digestive System

15Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (urea)Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balanceThe Urinary System

16Overall function is to produce offspringTestes produce sperm and male sex hormonesOvaries produce eggs and female sex hormonesMammary glands produce milkReproductive System

17Necessary Life Functions:List eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life. Compare your answers with your partners answers. List five survival needs of the human body. Which do you think is the most important and why?

Functions: maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

18Maintaining LifeGod has put all parts of our body together in the way that he decided is best. A body isnt really a body, unless there is more than one part. It takes many parts to make a single body. Thats why the eyes cannot say they dont need the hands. Thats also why the head cannot say it doesnt need the feet. In fact, we cannot get along without the parts of the body that seem to be the weakest. 1 Corinthians 12:18-22

Organ systems work together to keep the body healthy.

19When body functions interact to maintain a stable internal environment in the body.NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL and good health. Loss of homeostasis results in illness or disease. (homeostatic imbalance)Homeostasis20homeo same stasis - stayHomeostasisThree components interact to maintain homeostasis.

Now lets see that system at work.22

FeedbackNegative FeedbackAlmost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. The output reduces the original effect of the stimulus..Example: Temperature control, you get hot, you sweat and breathe harderPositive FeedbackThe output enhances the original stimulus.Exact opposite of negative feedback.Example: Childbirth, oxytocin is produced to increase the severity and speed of contractions until the baby is delivered.

A common visual reference point, always assume patient or subject is in anatomical position.Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward.Palms face forward with the thumbs pointed away from the body.Right and left sides are always the PATIENTS!Anatomical Position:

R L27Directional terminologyRefers to the body in anatomical positionStandardized terms of directions are paired.

28Superior: toward the head (above)Ex: The forehead is superior to the nose.Inferior: away from the head (below)Ex.: The naval is inferior to the breastbone.

29Anterior: toward the front (in front of)Ex: The breastbone is anterior to the spine.Posterior: Toward the backside (behind)Ex.: The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

posterioranterior

anteriorposterior30Medial: toward the midline (middle)Ex: The heart is medial to the shoulder.Lateral: away from the midline (outside)Ex.: The arms are lateral to the chest.

31Proximal: closer to the attachment pointEx: The elbow is proximal to the wristDistal: Farther away from attachment pointEx.: The ankle is distal to the thigh.THESE ARE USED TO Describe LIMBS!!!

32USE WITH LIMBS!!!Superficial: toward or at the body surfaceEx: The skin in superficial to the skeletonDeep: Far from the surface of the body, internalEx.: The lungs are deeper than the rib cage.

Superficial Deep 33

Regional TermsYou will need to study and memorize ALL the following terms! These are landmarks we will use for the rest of the year to identify areas of the body.Regional Terms

BuccalDeltoid36Picasso Anatomy LabCreate an anatomically correct mosaic portrait.Find and cut out pictures of all of the new anatomical terminology. Assemble and glue your mosaic portrait to a piece of cardstock. (anterior and posterior views)LABEL all of the pieces you have cut out. NUMBER each of your labels so you can be sure that you have gotten them all. If it is a body region that is not normally visible, please draw an arrow near the spot that the region should be. You may use your diagrams from class or the diagrams in your textbook as a reference.You must cut out a DIFFERENT piece for EACH term. For example, you may use Jennifer Anistons cephalic region but you still must cut out orbitals of another person from your magazine! 37Body Planes and SectionsMIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) PLANE - plane that lies vertically in the midline, divides the body into a right and left side.

38Sagittal means sides, mid-sagittal sides divided down the middleCORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE- vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior partsBody Planes and Sections

TRANSVERSE (AXIAL) PLANE horizontally divides body into superior and inferior parts (think guillotine)Body Planes and Sections

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A- coronal(frontal)B- Midsagittal (median)C- Transverse (axial)41

A B CA) Midsagittal (median)B) Transverse (axial)C) Coronal (frontal)42Body Cavities and MembranesDORSAL BODY CAVITIES:Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.Cranial cavity houses the brain. (A)Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord (B)

43Dorsal body cavities, yellowBody Cavities & MembranesSubdivisions:Thoracic cavityDiaphragmPleural Cavities Mediastinum Pericardial CavityAbdominopelvic cavity

Much larger than dorsal cavity. Houses most vital organs.

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES:

44Thoracic body cavity contains the heart, lungs,Pleural caviies- lungsMediastinum contains trachea, heart (pericardial cavity)

Other body CavitiesORAL CAVITY MouthDIGESTIVE CAVITY Contains digestive organs & opens to the exterior of the bodyNASAL CAVITY nose and area posterior to the nose, part of respiratory systemORBITAL CAVITIES house the eyesMIDDLE EAR CAVITIES house the bones that transmit sound to receptors

Abdominal Regions & QuadrantsABDOMINAL REGIONS divide the abdomen into nine sections47

Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four QUADrants Right upper and left upper quadrantsRight lower and left lower quadrantsREMEMBER: Your patient is in anatomical position, and we always use the PATIENTS right/left48