AP European History: Unit AP European History: Unit 2: New Monarchs, 2: New Monarchs,

Reformation, Religious Wars Reformation, Religious Wars and Exploration, 1400-1648and Exploration, 1400-1648

Seminar: 2005(#1) - Seminar: 2005(#1) - Compare and contrast the Compare and contrast the

motives and actions of Martin motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German States Luther in the German States

and King Henry VIII in and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about England in bringing about

religious change during the religious change during the Reformation Reformation

I. Although reformations had been going on I. Although reformations had been going on for decades, two leaders, Martin Luther and for decades, two leaders, Martin Luther and Henry VIII rose during the 16Henry VIII rose during the 16thth century to century to

transform the churches. transform the churches.

A. Background informationA. Background information1. The reformation refers to the religious movement in the 1. The reformation refers to the religious movement in the

1616thth century that had for its object the renewal of the Roman century that had for its object the renewal of the Roman

Catholic Church and that led to the establishment of the Catholic Church and that led to the establishment of the Protestant churchesProtestant churches

2. Before the 16th centuries, Christian humanists like More 2. Before the 16th centuries, Christian humanists like More and Erasmus wanted a reform of the church through and Erasmus wanted a reform of the church through educational and social changeeducational and social change

3. It was popular for critics in every period to call for reform3. It was popular for critics in every period to call for reform

B. Martin Luther (1483-1546)B. Martin Luther (1483-1546)1. Attended University of Erfurt, where he earned a master’s 1. Attended University of Erfurt, where he earned a master’s

degree at the age of 21degree at the age of 212. Ordained a priest in 1507 at the monastery of the 2. Ordained a priest in 1507 at the monastery of the

Augustinian friarsAugustinian friars3. Became a professor at the University of Wittenberg3. Became a professor at the University of Wittenberg

C. Henry VIII (1491-1547)C. Henry VIII (1491-1547)1. Ruled England from 1509-15471. Ruled England from 1509-15472. Married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and 2. Married Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and

IsabellaIsabella3. Re-married six times throughout his lifetime in order to 3. Re-married six times throughout his lifetime in order to

produce a male heirproduce a male heir

II. The reformation in the German States II. The reformation in the German States resulted from Martin Luther’s religious resulted from Martin Luther’s religious

motives where as Henry’s were religious along motives where as Henry’s were religious along with social and economical motives. with social and economical motives.

A. Condition of the Christian Church in A. Condition of the Christian Church in the German Statesthe German States1. Priests were often reported on immoralities1. Priests were often reported on immoralities2. Priests were uneducated2. Priests were uneducated3. The buying and selling of indulgences 3. The buying and selling of indulgences beganbegan

B. Condition of the English ChurchB. Condition of the English Church1. It was in healthy condition throughout the 1. It was in healthy condition throughout the early 16th centuryearly 16th century2. Traditional Catholic beliefs had a strong 2. Traditional Catholic beliefs had a strong hold on the loyalty of peoplehold on the loyalty of people3. Well-educated clergy3. Well-educated clergy4. Christianity was represented throughout 4. Christianity was represented throughout the nation the nation

C. Luther’s motivesC. Luther’s motives 1. Opposed the traditional Catholic belief that stated that 1. Opposed the traditional Catholic belief that stated that

salvation could be earned by both faith and good workssalvation could be earned by both faith and good works 2. Strongly believed in the idea that salvation was earned 2. Strongly believed in the idea that salvation was earned

through faith in God alonethrough faith in God alone 3. Argued that indulgences were a sin and did not grant 3. Argued that indulgences were a sin and did not grant

salvationsalvation

D. Henry’s motivesD. Henry’s motives 1. Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled 1. Wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled

so he could marry Anne Boleynso he could marry Anne Boleyn 2. When Pope Clement VII refused to admit papal error 2. When Pope Clement VII refused to admit papal error

and annul the marriage, Archbishop Cranmer finalized and annul the marriage, Archbishop Cranmer finalized the divorcethe divorce

3. Since Rome almost got in the way of his matrimonial 3. Since Rome almost got in the way of his matrimonial plans, he removed the English church from the papal plans, he removed the English church from the papal jurisdictionjurisdiction

4. This led to the nationalization of the English church 4. This led to the nationalization of the English church and a break with Rome as Henry used parliament to and a break with Rome as Henry used parliament to reform reform

III. Though both Luther and Henry VIII III. Though both Luther and Henry VIII longed for big changes in the churches, longed for big changes in the churches, both headed for different directions in both headed for different directions in

how they achieved it.how they achieved it.

A. Luther’s actionsA. Luther’s actions1. “The Ninety-five Theses”1. “The Ninety-five Theses”

a. Rejected the idea that salvation could be a. Rejected the idea that salvation could be achieved by good works such as achieved by good works such as indulgencesindulgences

b. Stated that Pope Leo X authorized the b. Stated that Pope Leo X authorized the selling of indulgences in order to finish the selling of indulgences in order to finish the construction of St. Peter’s Basilicaconstruction of St. Peter’s Basilica

c. Criticized Papal wealthc. Criticized Papal wealthd. Denied the authority of the pope and was d. Denied the authority of the pope and was

excommunicated and declared an outlaw at excommunicated and declared an outlaw at the Diet of Worms in 1521the Diet of Worms in 1521

2. Luther brought forth the Protestant thought2. Luther brought forth the Protestant thoughta. Salvation comes through faith alonea. Salvation comes through faith aloneb. Used the Latin phrase b. Used the Latin phrase “sola scriptura” “sola scriptura” to to

mean that authority in the church rested on mean that authority in the church rested on the biblethe bible

c. The church consists of all Christian believersc. The church consists of all Christian believersd. Every person should serve God in their own d. Every person should serve God in their own

callingcalling

B. Actions taken by Henry VIIIB. Actions taken by Henry VIII1. The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1553) 1. The Act in Restraint of Appeals (1553)

declared the Crown as the highest legal declared the Crown as the highest legal authority in the land authority in the land

2. The Act of the Submission of the Clergy 2. The Act of the Submission of the Clergy (1534) required churchmen to submit to the (1534) required churchmen to submit to the king and prohibited the publication of king and prohibited the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permissionecclesiastical laws without royal permission

3. Under the Supremacy Act (1534) Henry was 3. Under the Supremacy Act (1534) Henry was declared the supreme head of the church of declared the supreme head of the church of EnglandEngland

4. Dissolved English monasteries for their 4. Dissolved English monasteries for their wealth under the advisement of Thomas wealth under the advisement of Thomas CromwellCromwell

5. Cromwell reformed and centralized the king’s 5. Cromwell reformed and centralized the king’s household, the secretarial and the Exchequerhousehold, the secretarial and the Exchequer

IV. The decisions made by Luther and Henry IV. The decisions made by Luther and Henry VII left a great impact in both churches.VII left a great impact in both churches.

A. The Impact of Luther’s BeliefsA. The Impact of Luther’s Beliefs1. Luther’s ideas had a social impact among all 1. Luther’s ideas had a social impact among all the different classes of people the different classes of people

a. His ideas attracted many preachers who a. His ideas attracted many preachers who then became protestant leadersthen became protestant leaders

b. Peasants cited Luther’s b. Peasants cited Luther’s On Christian On Christian Liberty Liberty to defend their revolts for social and to defend their revolts for social and economical reformeconomical reform

c. His beliefs gave a new importance to c. His beliefs gave a new importance to womenwomen

2. Political Impact of Luther’s beliefs 2. Political Impact of Luther’s beliefs a. The Protestant Reformation caused a. The Protestant Reformation caused nationalistic feelings in Germanynationalistic feelings in Germany

b. He earned support of German princesb. He earned support of German princes c. Protestantism promoted fragmentation c. Protestantism promoted fragmentation

in Germanyin Germany

B. Impact of Henry VIIIB. Impact of Henry VIII1. The changes during the English Reformation 1. The changes during the English Reformation resulted in greater efficiency and economyresulted in greater efficiency and economy2. Growth in the modern centralized 2. Growth in the modern centralized bureaucraticbureaucratic3. After his death he left behind three heirs 3. After his death he left behind three heirs that helped transform the churchthat helped transform the church

a. Edward VI (r. 1547-1553): throughout a. Edward VI (r. 1547-1553): throughout his short reign wrote the first his short reign wrote the first Book of Common Book of Common Prayer Prayer that became the order for all services in that became the order for all services in the church of Englandthe church of England b. Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558): decided to b. Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558): decided to bring the nation back to Catholicismbring the nation back to Catholicism

c. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): inaugurated c. Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603): inaugurated the beginning of religious stability in the the beginning of religious stability in the Anglican Church (translation of the church of Anglican Church (translation of the church of England)England)