Chapter 22 Section 4 Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848

Radical/Liberal Ideas Begin Challenging Conservative Orders

Case Study 1: The Liberation of Greece-Controlled by Ottoman Empire-Rise in Greek Nationalism

-Led by Alexander Ypsilanti-Religious and ROMANTIC connections cause Western Nations to sympathize

-1827 Great Britain, France, and Russia-1st Success of Nationalism Leading to Political Independence.

Case Study 2: GRADUAL LIBERAL REFORMS IN GREAT BRITAINPrior to 1815, Dominated by Conservative Landed Aristocracy

-8% of Population Could Vote-Rotten Borough Districts extremely overrepresented aristocratic districtsCORN LAWS

-Prohibited import of Foreign Grain-Working Class must buy Expensive Grain from Aristocracy ($$$)

Reform Scared Conservatives in Great Britain (SCARY FRENCH REVOLUTION)- Coercion Acts 1817

-Suspended Writ of Habeas Corpus-Peterloo Massacre August 16, 1819

-Crowd of Liberal Political Reformers assembled in Saint Peter’s Fields-Armed Calvary dispersed crowd killing 11 people

-Six Acts-Almost eliminated public assembly of reformers-Heavily Taxed Press

-1801 Act of the Union-Catholic Ireland is absorbed into the “United Kingdom”-Only Protestant (No Catholic) Irish may serve in British Parliament

-Great Famine-1845-1851-Multiple Failed Potato Crops-1 Million Irish Die and 1 Million Irish Emigrated

-British Parliament: Laissez Faire Economics (Did not intervene to alleviate suffering)-Irish Nationalism and Desire for Independence Intensifies Greatly

HOWEVER: GRADUAL LIBERAL POLITICAL REFORMS DID OCCURWhy??: Liberal Industrial Middle Class Was GROWING in POWER and INFLUENCE

Why???: Industrial Revolution DUH!

Great Reform Bill of 1832-Increase Middle Class Demand for Greater Political Participation-Conservative Aristocratic Tories were replaced by More Liberal Whigs-Whigs Bend for Fear of a Violent Revolution

CONTENTS:-Increased Suffrage BY 50%!!!! (Yeah from 8% to 12% of population)-Not for Everyone, Simply Lowered Property Qualifications to Vote

-Helped Middle Class NOT WORKING Class-Eliminate “Rotten Boroughs”

-Removed Overrepresentation from Rotten Boroughs -Increased Representation to Northern Industrial Cities

1833: Parliament Banned Slavery

1833-1847 -Prohibited Women/Children from Working in Mines -9 Year Min Age for Children to Work - 10 Hour work day max for Women and Children

1846 -Corn Laws Were Repealed

Working Class in United Kingdom-Begin to make appearance-Chartist Movement (The People’s Charter)

-Radicals demand Universal Male Suffrage-Hundreds of Thousands of Signatures on Petitions in 1839, 1842, 1848

-All Rejected By Parliament-Surprisingly Accepted by Working Class and do not Violently Revolt-Liberal Whig Middle Class and Conservative Aristocratic Tory begin competing over their support as

they become better aware of the Working Classes Rising Influence.

1830 Revolution in France (The July Revolution)

King Louis XVIII-Bourbon Monarchy Restored-Constitution Charter of 1814

-Liberal Constitution-Preserved rights and social/economic gains of

revolution-Louis XVIII DIES

Charles X-Reactionary Conservative= EXTREMELY

CONSERVATIVE- MUST RE-ESTABLISH OLD ORDER

-Sided with Aristocracy, Church, Ultraroyalists-Repudiated Constitution Charter of 1814

-Censorship-Church controlled education-Nobles get land-Stripped Voting Rights

July Revolution/Second Revolution

-In 3 Glorious Days-Public Backlash Against Charles-New King is chosen (Louis Phillippe)-Constitutional Monarch is Formed-Inspires other revolutions in Europe, although unsuccessful-MORE REVOLUTION???….TO BE CONTINUED