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AP WORLD HISTORY AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 Review Session 6 1900 – Present 1900 – Present The Modern Era The Modern Era

AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

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Page 1: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

AP WORLD HISTORYAP WORLD HISTORYReview Session 6Review Session 6

1900 – Present1900 – PresentThe Modern EraThe Modern Era

Page 2: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

The 20th Century

• MAJOR THEMESMAJOR THEMES– World conflict & the decline of empiresWorld conflict & the decline of empires– Decolonization and NationalismDecolonization and Nationalism– Cold War conflictsCold War conflicts– Social ReformsSocial Reforms– GlobalizationGlobalization– Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Page 3: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

WORLD WAR IThe Great War, 1914-1918

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I– M -- Militarism– A -- Alliances– N -- Nationalism– I -- Imperialism

Page 4: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

EUROPE IN 1914• The Balkan region is the powder

keg…

Page 5: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

WORLD WAR I• Promises of self-

determination• Use of colonial soldiers• Machine guns, trench

warfare, submarines, planes, tanks = major death and destruction

• Financial strains on empires

• Treaty of Versailles ends the war but will set the stage for World War II

Page 6: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

WORLD WAR I

• Germany, Austria-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire make up the Triple Alliance

• Britain, France, Russia and eventually the U.S. make up the Triple Entente, or Allies

• Fighting was concentrated in Europe between France and Germany, in trenches, with very little progress made in 3 years

• Between 16 and 28 million people died as a result of World War I

Page 7: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919

• Germany must take responsibility for starting the war and pay reparations to the victors

• Germany had to disband its military and give up land they considered Germanic

• Britain and France take the lands held by the Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Palestine, etc.)

• League of Nations is created (President Wilson’s idea but the U.S. does NOT join)

Page 8: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

EUROPE’S NEW LOOK, 1919EUROPE’S NEW LOOK, 1919

Page 9: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE 1920’s

• The U.S. becomes a recognized world power

• Britain and France regain strength as Germany suffers

• Russia is now in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution of 1917

• Economic boom time until 1929 when a global depression hits

Page 10: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

ACTS OF AGGRESSION lead to World War II

Page 11: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

GERMANY AND ITALYGERMANY AND ITALY• Hitler and Mussolini were both Fascists (a

militaristic nationalism that would stop at nothing to make the country powerful)

Page 12: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

WORLD WAR II, 1939-1945WORLD WAR II, 1939-1945

• CAUSES: Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI and the problems of the global depression

• Fighting took place in Europe, Northern Africa (colonies of European powers), Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean

• Total Warfare = destruction of entire cities with firebombing; much deadlier weaponry than in World War I

Page 13: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE END OF THE WAR• Germany surrendered in 1945 but Japan refused to surrender

• The U.S. dropped two nuclear bombs (a new technology only America had) on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• Finally Japan surrendered, ending World War II

• At least 65 million deaths from World War II

Page 14: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

The Impact of World War II

• Empires no more…colonies fight for independence and gain it – India, China, Vietnam, Israel, Afghanistan, and

African nations all begin the struggle for freedom from western domination

Page 15: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II IMPACT OF WORLD WAR II (continued)(continued)

• The Cold War begins with the The Cold War begins with the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. beginning U.S. and the U.S.S.R. beginning an arms race, a space race, an arms race, a space race, fighting proxy wars around the fighting proxy wars around the globeglobe– The Domino TheoryThe Domino Theory– The Containment TheoryThe Containment Theory– Détente Détente

Page 16: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

POST WORLD WAR II• The United Nations begins and is

headquartered in New York…American isolationism is over and a new era of global involvement begins

• The U.N. has the goal of keeping peace between nations by promoting free trade and attempting to negotiate conflicts rather than fight wars

Page 17: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

20th Century Revolutions

• After World War II, colonies and developing world nations struggle for independence and change

• Issues confronting these nations:– The need to industrialize rapidly– Corrupt and unresponsive political systems– Harsh living and working conditions– Foreign intervention– Need for land reform

Page 18: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

The Mexican Revolution, 1910• Mexico had a second revolution

after the initial one to gain independence from Spain in the 19th century

• This one forged a new government and a new constitution of 1917 with some real changes– Land reforms with limits on foreign

ownership of key resources– Guaranteed rights of all workers– Restrictions on the power of the

Catholic Church– Educational reforms (public

schooling for all)

Page 19: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, 1917

• The Czar was seen as corrupt and selfish by most Russian people, who were poor and powerless

• The Bolsheviks, a Communist rebel group led by Vladimir Lenin (aided by Stalin and Trotsky) overthrew the Czar’s regime and took over (after a long war)

• The Soviet Union was formed in 1922 with Russia being the key nation in the new Communist powerhouse

• Authoritarian rule with new political, economic, and cultural structure in place

Page 20: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

COMPARING REVOLUTIONS

MEXICO•Sought the end of corrupt government•Land reform to help the peasants gain a better life as well as the working class

RUSSIA•Sought the end of corrupt government•Centered more on improving the lot of industrial workers (Proletariat) along with some land reform

Page 21: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

CHINA in the 20th Century • Qing Dynasty falls in 1911• Japan invades and brutalizes

China for decades• Nationalists led by Chang

Kai-shek fight against the Communists led by Mao Zedong

• Mao wins and China becomes a Communist nation in 1949; Nationalists flee to Taiwan

• Mao promised land redistribution, rights for women, education access, tax reform, and cooperative farming

Page 22: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Cuban Revolution, 1959• Fidel Castro and Che Guevara

lead rebel forces against dictator (Batista) in Cuba for years

• Batista is backed by the U.S. because he allowed American business interests to control his nation’s resources…and he wasn’t a Communist (remember how the Cold War made the U.S. operate in a very black/white fashion)

• Castro seizes control in 1959 and executes opponents, nationalizes industries, and creates a Socialist nation just miles from the coast of Florida

• He threatened to spread Communism to other Latin American nations which will create a lot of Cold War tension….just what we needed!

Page 23: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

IRANIAN REVOLUTION, 1979• Also known as the Islamic Revolution• 1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi came to power in Iran with the

help of the CIA; he repressed all opposition and violated their constitution and promoted western values, angering his conservative Muslim population

• 1979 the Ayatollah Khomeini led a revolution and overthrew the Shah, creating a new constitution based on Islamic law

• 55 American hostages were taken and held for 444 days

• 1980-1988 Iran fought a war with Iraq over oil fields

Page 24: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Patterns of Decolonization and Nation-Building

• THREE PATTERNS– Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China,

Algeria, Vietnam, Palestine)– Non-violent, negotiated independence

(India, Ghana, Turkey)– Both violent and non-violent methods

(Kenya, Egypt, South Africa)

Page 25: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Palestine and Israel• Zionism led thousands of

Jews to migrate to Palestine, controlled by Britain after World War I (Balfour Declaration helped)

• Palestinians living there (Arab Muslims) resented the flood of immigrants and began fighting

• The UN promised nationhood to both groups but only delivered for Israel in 1948

• Israel had to fight several wars to defend herself against neighboring nations who resented a Jewish state in their region (Israel won all of these wars thanks to the support of the U.S.)

• Israel took more land after victories

Page 26: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

ALGERIA vs. FRANCE

• Algeria broke away from French colonial rule after a war lasting from 1954-1962

• Arab nationalism vs. French colonialism• 300,000 lives lost

Page 27: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

INDIA• Indian National Congress formed in

1885 which got nationalist sentiment started

• Gandhi and other nationalist leaders tried to prevent violent uprisings and concentrated instead on non-violent resistance – Boycotts, marches, hunger strikes

were designed to make the British realize their policies in India were immoral and India deserved independence

– 1947 India is partitioned and becomes 3 nations (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)

– Many died as a result of religious violence between Muslims and Hindus after partitioning

Page 28: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Decolonization in AfricaGHANAGHANA

• 1957 - Ghana (the Gold Coast) gained independence, 1957 - Ghana (the Gold Coast) gained independence, led by western educated led by western educated Kwame Nkrumah Kwame Nkrumah

• Used non-violent methods like GandhiUsed non-violent methods like Gandhi• Developed a parliamentary democracy similar to the Developed a parliamentary democracy similar to the

British modelBritish model• By 1963, all of British African colonies except for By 1963, all of British African colonies except for

Rhodesia were independentRhodesia were independent

Page 29: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

KENYAKENYA• Presence of many British

settlers prevented a smooth transition of power

• Jomo Kenyatta used non-violent protests

• Mau-Mau Revolt of 1952 led by tribal group known as Kikuyus was suppressed by the British

• Finally in 1963 Kenya was granted independence and Kenyatta was the new leader of the new nation

Page 30: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

SOUTH AFRICA

• Small white minority ruled over large black majority using system of Apartheid (separateness)

• No protests tolerated and leaders and members of the African National Congress were imprisoned or executed

• 1990 – ANC becomes legalized and Apartheid finally ends after 80 years

• Nelson Mandela is freed from prison and becomes the president of the new South Africa

Page 31: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Challenges of Independence• Ethnic disputes• Weak economies still dependent on industrialized

nations (that used to own them)• Growing debt (constant loans from IMF and World

Bank)• Widespread social unrest• Military responses to restore order• High population growth• Resource depletion• Education deficit and “Brain Drain” as a result• Neo-Colonialism through economic debt

Page 32: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE COLD WAR, 1945-1991• The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in a

tense ideological standoff pitting democracy and capitalism against Communism

• Both sides were nuclear by the 1950’s so the Cold War was very tense indeed– Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962

looked like the start of World War III and the end of the world

– Proxy wars were fought all over the world in Africa, Latin America, and Asia

Page 33: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

NATO and the Warsaw Pact• After World War II, the democratic western

nations (Britain, U.S., France) joined NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) to form a united front against the spread of Communism in Europe

• The Soviets and their allies formed the Warsaw Pact to promote Communism in Europe and the world

Page 34: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

U.S. Cold War Policies

• Containment: block Soviet influence and prevent the spread of Communism

• Truman Doctrine: monetary support given by the U.S. to nations that resisted Communism

• Marshall Plan: post WWII assistance program to give food, aid, industrialization support to war torn nations of Europe to keep Soviets out

Page 35: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE SOVIET RESPONSETHE SOVIET RESPONSE• The Berlin Wall – built in 1961 to keep East

Germans inside the Communist controlled section of East Berlin

• “The Iron Curtain” – controlled satellite nations under Communism like Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia

Page 36: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

The Korean War, 1950-1953• Soviets aided North Korea’s

new Communist government and the South was aided by the United Nations, led by the U.S.

• Stalemate was the norm, and an armistice was signed in 1953

• There are still two nations and North Korea is an example of a Communist dictatorship today, while South Korea has done very well as an “economic tiger” in the global economy

Page 37: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

VIETNAMVIETNAM

• French colony since the 1880’s• During World War II, Japan took over • Nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh formed the Viet Minh to

fight France for independence• France asked for help from the U.S. in 1954 and then

pulled out as Vietnam was divided into two nations with Communists in control of the North under Ho Chi Minh

Page 38: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

VIETNAM • Viet Cong Communists fought

against the South (who were aided by the U.S.)

• 500,000 U.S. soldiers were unable to defeat the Viet Cong due to many factors:– Limited war strategy of the

U.S. (fear of bringing China into the war)

– Dedicated insurgency (refusal to be colonized again)

– Guerilla war by the Viet Cong – Corrupt government in South

Vietnam supported by the U.S. made America unpopular with the Vietnamese

– 1973 the U.S. leaves Vietnam and in 1975 Vietnam is united under one Communist government

Page 39: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

The Arms Race & The Space Race

• The Cold War was all about defense spending, with both the Soviets and the U.S. spending trillions of dollars developing the newest, deadliest weaponry

• The Space Race was also evidence of Cold War competition, with the Soviets winning the first round by launching the satellite Sputnik in 1957 (making Americans panic that they were falling behind the Russians); but the U.S. won the Space Race by being the first to land a man on the moon in 1969

Page 40: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

A NEW WORLD ORDER

• Communism fell in Europe in 1989 and in the Soviet Union in 1991

• Most of the transitions were non-violent, but Romania was pretty bloody

• Reasons for collapse of Communism in Europe:– Food shortages (and everything else)– Corruption in government– Nationalist yearnings– Terrible and inefficient economies

Page 41: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

GLOBALIZATION

• In the 1990’s, the global economy became even more global

• NAFTA, EU, and WTO• Consumerism• Interdependence of the global economy:

– Recession in Greece impacts the EU which impacts the United States which impacts the entire world

– Many large companies are multinational– “The World is Shrinking”– Cultural imperialism (McDonald’s everywhere)

Page 42: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

THE RISE OF MILITANT THE RISE OF MILITANT ISLAMISLAM

• In the 1990’s, Global Terror networks like al-Qaeda take the place of Communism as the major threat to the west

Page 43: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

SOCIAL REFORMS

• Rise of feminism and women’s rights

• Civil rights movements • Anti-Apartheid movement in S. Africa

• Class, religious, racial, gender, sexual reforms worldwide but of course in many places there is still resistance to these changes

Page 44: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL

INTERACTION• Continued urbanization• Green Revolution

(improved agricultural yields in developing world)

• Deforestation• Ozone depletion and

other environmental concerns

• Battle for resources• Rapid population growth

in one century, now at 7 billion people

Page 45: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Scientific Advances

• Geography no longer a barrier to transportation and information

• New theories emerge (Big Bang, relativity, etc.)

• More people live and live longer due to vaccines and antibiotics

• Use of oil and nuclear power increase production

Page 46: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Modern Age Health Issues

• Continuation of diseases in impoverished regions• New diseases emerge (HIV/AIDS, SARS, etc.)• People living longer increases rates of:

– Heart Disease– Alzheimer’s

• Unhealthy lifestyles leads to rise in obesity and diabetes

• Women have greater control over reproduction– Leads to increased sexual activity

Page 47: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

Entertainment

• Video games and movies shaped our worldview– James Bond– Call of Duty

• Sporting events like the Olympics and World Cup promoted nationalism and connected nations

• New technology and communication forms allowed music and film to cross regional boundaries (Reggae, Bollywood, Rap)

Page 48: AP WORLD HISTORY Review Session 6 1900 – Present The Modern Era

GOOD LUCK TO YOU ALL!And don’t forget to study!