2
APES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide Please answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper in COMPLETE sentences. The answers can be found in our textbook, Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (6 th Edition) by Botkin & Keller OR you can find the answers by doing research on the Internet or in a variety of other texts. Chapter 1 1. When did the most dramatic increase in the history of the human population occur? 2. When in human history has the population seen great declines? 3. What is meant by the term “population bomb”? 4. What factors have contributed the most to the large increase in the human population? 5. Why do famines occur even though we now have the technology to produce enough food to feed the world? 6. What is sustainability? 7. What is carrying capacity? 8. What is the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans? 9. List 3 environmental problems specifically associated with urbanization (not just increased total population). 10. Define the following environmental justifications: a. Utilitarian b. Ecological c. Moral d. Aesthetic e. Economical 11. According to Frederick Law Olmsted, what benefits are provided by planting vegetation in cities? Chapter 2 1. What makes science different from other subjects/ideas such as religion, ethics & morals? 2. What is deductive reasoning? 3. What is inductive reasoning? 4. What is a premise? Give an example. 5. Which type of reasoning is science based on inductive or deductive reasoning? 6. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? 7. If a small bone is found and measured to be exactly 2.1 cm long, how should the measurement be recorded? 8. Define the following: a. Observation b. Inference c. Fact d. Dependent variable e. Independent variable f. Manipulated variable g. Responding variable h. Controlled experiment i. Operational definitions j. Quantitative data k. Qualitative data l. Theory

APES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide - Folsom Cordova ... · PDF fileAPES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide Please answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper in COMPLETE

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Page 1: APES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide - Folsom Cordova ... · PDF fileAPES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide Please answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper in COMPLETE

APES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide Please answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper in COMPLETE sentences. The answers can be found in our textbook, Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (6th Edition) by Botkin & Keller OR you can find the answers by doing research on the Internet or in a variety of other texts.

Chapter 1 1. When did the most dramatic increase in the history of the human population occur? 2. When in human history has the population seen great declines? 3. What is meant by the term “population bomb”? 4. What factors have contributed the most to the large increase in the human population? 5. Why do famines occur even though we now have the technology to produce enough food to feed the

world? 6. What is sustainability? 7. What is carrying capacity? 8. What is the carrying capacity of the Earth for humans? 9. List 3 environmental problems specifically associated with urbanization (not just increased total

population). 10. Define the following environmental justifications:

a. Utilitarian b. Ecological c. Moral d. Aesthetic e. Economical

11. According to Frederick Law Olmsted, what benefits are provided by planting vegetation in cities?

Chapter 2 1. What makes science different from other subjects/ideas such as religion, ethics & morals? 2. What is deductive reasoning? 3. What is inductive reasoning? 4. What is a premise? Give an example. 5. Which type of reasoning is science based on – inductive or deductive reasoning? 6. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? 7. If a small bone is found and measured to be exactly 2.1 cm long, how should the measurement be

recorded? 8. Define the following:

a. Observation b. Inference c. Fact d. Dependent variable e. Independent variable f. Manipulated variable g. Responding variable h. Controlled experiment i. Operational definitions j. Quantitative data k. Qualitative data l. Theory

Page 2: APES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide - Folsom Cordova ... · PDF fileAPES - Chapters 1, 2 & 3 Study Guide Please answer the following questions on a SEPARATE sheet of paper in COMPLETE

9. What is the scientific method? 10. Why is the scientific method important? 11. What are the basic steps of the scientific method? 12. What are some aspects and limitations to the early approaches to environmental science/issues?

Chapter 3 1. What is a system? 2. What is the difference between an open and a closed system? Give an example of each. 3. What is negative feedback? Give an example of negative feedback in environmental science. 4. What is positive feedback? Give an example of positive feedback in environmental science. 5. What is exponential growth? 6. What is doubling time? 7. How is doubling time calculated? 8. If a population has a growth rate of 5%, what is the populations doubling time? 9. Sketch a graph of exponential growth. 10. What is the principle of Uniformitarianism? Why is this principle important to environmental science? 11. When will a system be said to be in a steady state? 12. What is Average Residence Time (ART)? 13. How is ART calculated? 14. Calculate the following ART: A 5000 liter fish tank has a pump to filter and recirculate the water. The

rate of throughput due to the pump is 1000 liters/hour. What is the ART of the water in the tank? 15. Define the following:

a. Biota b. Biosphere c. Ecosystem d. Gaia Hypothesis

General Environmental History & Policy 1. How long has the species Homo sapiens lived on Earth? 2. When did the domestication of wild plants and animals occur? 3. What were the major stimuli for the Industrial Revolution? 4. What is the current human population? 5. What are the five most populous countries in the world? 6. How is the total effect of humans upon the environment measured? 7. Why was the population density of the first farmers much higher than the density of hunters and

gatherers? 8. When did the first Earth day in the US take place? 9. Describe the role and/or impact of the development of the following:

a. Creation of the first national park b. Establishment of the first federal forest reserves and wildlife refuges c. Establishment of the Department of the Interior d. Development of the US Forest Service