APHG CHAPTER 9

5/26/2018 APHG CHAPTER 9

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Chapter 9: Urban Geography

Field Note: Changing Greens

CBD in Detroit, Michigan is along Grand Circus Park and takes shape of abike wheel

The revitalization process in Detroit brings many buildings that wereabandoned or sold to be made better and renovated

- Kales building, old K-Mart HQ, is now an apartment complex-

Adams theater was unable to be renovated but the faade is still kept upand a new building is being built up

- Grand Park Centre went into renovation for more office space- Many former commercial buildings have been transformed into living

spaces such as apartments

People are interested in moving towards the CBD of Detroit because of thelow crime rate and high gas prices

Other neighborhoods of the city are not bouncing back as well as GrandCircus Park

- Abandoned high-rise building are called the ghosts of Detroit- Many large buildings have once been active but the downturn of the

automobile industry in Detroit caused them to abandon

Run down parts of the city such as high-rise office buildings, apartments,government buildings, hotels, and train stations have been abandoned- Despite renovation attempts there was no growth and the funds that went

to funding the renovation have led to financial woes

Detroit announced a plan in 2010 to demolish 10,000 abandoned buildingsand houses in Detroit by 2014

Synekism: The possibility of change that results from people living togetherin cities

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

(Other parts of Detroit are riddled

with high crime rates and remnants

of a once bustling commercially

successful place but now is a rust

belt)

(Picture of Detroit, Michigan

showing the West Adams Street

and the buildings that reside on it)

(Picture of the Lafayette Building

in Detroit that once held the offices

of the Michigan Supreme Court.

You can see the boarded up

windows and how it looksrundown)

When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities?

Worldwide, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas today- China reached the point where more than 50% of its population lived in

urban areas in 2010 but in 2000 only 36.1% lived in urban areas

Urban: refers to the built up space of the central city and suburbs- Urban areas include the city and surrounding environs connected to the

city

- Non-rural and non-agricultural From the beginnings of human history, to about 3000 BC less than 1% of

people lived in urban areas

- Cities in Mesopotamia, Nile River, Mesoamerica, and Asia IR caused explosion in population growth in the mid-1700s in Great Britain western Europe, US, Canada, and Japan, 4/5 people lived in cities or towns

- China 5/10- India in 2011 7/10 living in RURAL AREAS

The agglomeration of people, services, and goods in cities affords people inluxury of time to innovate

- Cities are centers of political power and industrial might, highereducation, and technological innovation, artistic achievement, and

medical advances

(How much of the US is rural and

do not live in urban areas? Are

rural places in the US affected by

urban areas?)

(The factories brought labor to thatcountry which then paid the

workers as they did not want to

work the fields)


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- Great markets, centers of specialization and interaction, sources of newsand information, suppliers of services, and providers of sports and

entertainment

City: is an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serveas a center of politics, culture, and economics

In the modern world, urbanization can happen quickly-

Chinese government announced a major economic development projectin Guangdong, a province in southern China which caused the small rural

area turned into a special economic zone (SEZ)

- Hundreds of industries moved from Hong Kong to Shenzhen because ofcheap labor and the small fishing village experienced a population

growth and saw urbanization

Human communities have existed for over 1000,000 years, but more than90,000 years passed before people began to cluster in towns

- Archaeological evidence indicates that people established the first citiesabout 8000 years ago

- Only last 200 years ago did cities begin to resemble their modern sizeand structure

The Hearths of Urbanization

Archaeologists agree that first cities came several millennia after theorigins of agriculture

Agricultural village: a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of thepopulation was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago,

people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to

tend their crops

- Populations were permanent, reflected in the dwelling units where peoplemoved rocks in, built structures, and laid out floors made of plaster

In cities, people generate personal wealth, trade over long distances, live instratified classes that are usually reflected in the housing, and engage in

diversity of economic activitiesnot just agriculture

Agricultural surplus: One of two components, together with socialstratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in

excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance that of

his or her family and which is then sold for consumption

Social stratification: One of two components, together with agriculturalsurplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society

into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

One theory maintains that advances in technology such as irrigation generatedan agricultural surplus, and a leadership class formed to control the surplus

and the tech that produced it

- Another theory holds that a king or priest-king centralized politicalpower and then demanded more labor to generate an agricultural surplus

Leadership class: consisted of a group of decision makers and organizerswho controlled the resources, and often the lives of others

- Controlled food supply, including its production, storage, anddistribution

- Did not work the fields but devoted time to other pursuits such asreligion and philosophy which developed writing and recordkeeping

- Built walls to protect themselves from the outside but still had poweroutside the walls

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

(Did the idea of agglomeration

appeal to humans because we are

social creatures? Or did we see the

benefits it gave us?)

(Do some agricultural villages

exist in core countries? Or are they

prevalent in periphery countries

with subsistence agricultural

practices?)

(Did early leadership classes face

problems with corruption and the

greediness of human beings?)

(Picture of Shenzhen, China and

the huge skyscrapers that dominate

the landscape)

(A map or drawing of Catal

Huyuk. It is an early city dated

back to 12,000 years ago in the


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First urban revolution: The innovation of the city, which occurredindependently in six separate hearths

- in each urban hearths, people became engaged in economic activitiesbeyond agriculture

- specialty crafts, military, trade, and government

Six urban hearths are tied closely to the hearts of agriculture- First hearth of agriculture, the Fertile Crescent is also evidence of firstcities

Mesopotamia: the region of great cities located between the Tigris andEuphrates rivers

- Social inequality in the city- The elite had very elaborate palaces with walls- Lots of arts- Elite and priest-king class developed a religious-political ideology- Taxes and harvest was asked for by the rulers of the cities

Much has been discovered about the ancient cities of Mesopotamia- Usually was protected by mud walls which surrounded community, or

sometimes a cluster of temples and shrines in the center

-

Temples dominated the urban landscape as they were built on artificialmounds up to 100 feet high

Mesopotamian priest and other authorities lived in palaces- Ordinary citizens lived in mud-walled houses with no space

Figure 9.6

Nile River Valley: second hearth of urbanization and dated back to 3200BCE

- Interrelationship between urbanization and irrigation in this regiondistinguishes it from other urban hearths.

- Rulers of the valley reflected feats of architecture such as the greatpyramids, tombs, and sphinx

- It was thought that slaves built these building but in fact was ordinarycitizens and it was their taxes

Indus River Valley: third urban hearth and dated back to 2200 BCE- Another place where agriculture likely diffused from the Fertile Crescent- Scholars are still unable to translate the ancient Indus writing and the

cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro confuse us (first cities of the valley)

- The planning of the city shows there was a leadership class present- All houses are equal in size and no palaces or monuments- All dwellings in cities had access to same infrastructure- Carefully maintained stone-lined wall

Huang He and Wei Valleys: the fourth urban hearth dating back to 1500BCE

- Chinese purposefully planned their ancient cities to center on a verticalstructure in the middle of the city with an inner wall around it

- Within the inner walls resided the leadership class- Urban elite of the valley shows power by building big structures- Emperor Qin Xi Huang directed the building of the Great Wall of China- Created an elaborate tomb with his terracotta soldiers- 700k workers working on tomb and 40 years to make weapons and an

army of 7k terracotta soldiers

Mesoamerica: fifth urban hearth dating back to 1100 BCE- Ancient cities were religious centers- Olmec built cities and carved stone monuments from rocks believed to

have been moved over 50 miles

Fertile Crescent)

(Map of the world showing the six

hearths of urbanization)

(Why have we not been able toobtain and learn the writings of the

ancient Indus people? Is it like no

other language?)

(Was there an outer wall to protect

the village as a whole?)


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- Olmec and Maya built cities in the same region also centered on religioustemples

Peru: the sixth urban hearth dating back to 900 BCE- Largest settlement, Chavin, was sited at an elevation of 10,530 feet in the

Andean highlands

Figure 9.7

The Role of the Ancient City in Society Ancient cities not only were centers of religion and power, but also served as

economic nodes

Cities were the chief marketplaces from which wealthy merchants, land andlivestock owners, and traders operated

Educational centers Anchors of culture and society By modern standards, ancient cities were not large

- Cities of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley may have had between10,000 and 15,000 inhabitants after nearly 2000 years of growth

- Maximum sustainable size based on existing systems of food production,gathering, distribution, and social organizationFigure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Diffusion of Urbanization Urbanization diffused from Mesopotamia in several directions

- Populations in Mesopotamia grew with steady food supply and sedentarylifestyle

- People migrated from hearth and diffused knowledge of agriculture andurbanization

- Urbanization diffused to the Mediterranean from Mesopotamia Greek Cities Greek is not an urban hearth because agriculture and urbanization diffused to

Greece from Mesopotamia rather than being innovated in Greece

Secondary hearth: an early adopter of a cultural practice or trait thatbecomes a central locale from which the practice or trait further diffuses

Greek cities began more than 3500 years ago, when the city of Knossos onthe island of Crete became the cornerstone of a system of towns in the

Minoan civilization

By 500 BCE, Greece had become one of the most highly urbanized areas onEarth

- Ancient Greece ushered in a new stage of evolution of cities- It encompassed a network of more than 500 cities and town, not only on

the mainland but also on the many Greek islands

- Athens and Sparta became Greeces leading cities Acropolis: literally high point of the city. The upper fortified part of an

ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes

- Parthenon of Athens remains the most famous acropolis as it still remainsthrough 2500 years of time

SWA cities were crowded and small while Greeces cities were large andopen

- Square and open spaces invited Greeks to debate, lecture, judge, planmilitary campaigns, and socialize

Agora: market

(Map of the Indus River Valley

and showing the deserts andwetlands of the region)

(picture of the Terracotta warriors

guarding the tomb of the Emperor

Qin Xi Huang)

(Map of Mesoamerican region and

showing what was Mayan domain

and Aztec domain)

(Did Greece have a bigger impact

than Mesopotamia?)

(Did the cities surround this

point?)


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Greece also had excellent theaters- Aristocracy attended plays and listened to philosophical discourses- But for many people it was miserable to live in the city as there was not

good housing

No good housing, sanitation, and health conditions for the poor of the country Urbanization diffused from Greece to the Roman Empire and was heavily

influenced from Greece culture Roman cities Majority of Greeces cities and towns were locatednear the Mediterranean

Sea on peninsulas and islands

- When Romans succeeded the Greeks as rulers of the region, their empireincorporated the Mediterranean shores but also a large part of interior

Europe and North Africa

Roman urban system was larger than Greeces domain Capital, Rome, served as the apex of hierarchy of settlements ranging from

small villages to large cities

- Romans linked these areas with transportation means through hundredsof miles of roads

- There were also sea-routes along with trading ports along the roads, sea,and rivers- Roman regional planners displayed a remarkable capacity for choosingright site of cities, for identifying suitable locales for settlements

A certain site may be chosen for a city as there will be advantages in trade ordefense, or as a center for religious practice

Situation: The external locational attributes of a place, including its absolutelocation, its spatial character and physical setting

Rome was the center of the Roman Empire but when empire fell Romessituation changed

- Developed into the center of the Roman Catholic ChurchFigure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Urban morphology: The study of the physical form and structure of urbanplaces

- Romans were influenced heavily by Greeks and is seen in mythology ofRomans

Greeks planned colonial cities in grid pattern and so did RomansFigure 9.13

Functional zonation: The division of a city into different regions or zonesfor certain purposes or functions

- it reveals how different areas or segments of a city serve differentpurposes or functions within the city

Forum: served as the focal point of Roman public life. Similar to the Greeks

(Picture of the Parthenon in

Athens, Greece. One can see the

wear that 25 centuries has put on

this structure)

(Picture of Athens Greece lookingdown from the Acropolis and

seeing the market area of the area

below)

(Map of the Roman Empire in 117

CE and showing the empire, walls,

and trade routes)

(Picture of Rome, Italy in modern

days and one can see the run downand wear of centuries. Despite the

years it still holds up and you can

see the shape and marvel it once

held)


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agora which was essentially the town square

- The Forum includes the worlds first great stadium, the Colosseum The Colosseum was the counterpart to Greeks theaters

- Roman gladiators fought each other or killed wild animals forentertainment

- Before Christianity diffused into Rome, the Colosseum would holdChristians inside with hungry lions for entertainment - Is where competitions, war games, ceremonies, and other public eventstook place

Had monumental buildings, impressive villas, spacious avenues, ingeniousaqueducts and baths, and sewage systems built of stone and pipe

Estimated are between 1/3 through 2/3 of the population were enslavedpeoples

- Poor were kept in poor conditions while the rich lived in luxuriousenvironments

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Urban Growth after Greece and Rome Roman Empire fell in 496 CE

- After the fall, Europe fell into the Middle Ages from 500-1300 During the first 2/3 of the period, Europe experienced very little urban growth

- Urbanization was declining Urban growth started to happen during the time of the Silk Route between

Europe and Asia

In Asia, Chinese style city-building diffused into Korea and Japan, with Seoulbecoming a full-fledged city by 1200 and Kyoto was growing rapidly after

the turn of the 9thcentury

During the Middle Ages in Europe, urban growth was every outside ofEurope

- West African trading cities developed such as Timbuktu in modern dayMali

- Americas experienced urban growth during the Middle Ages especiallyin the Mayan and Aztec empires

Largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas was in the Aztec Empire on theMexican Plateau

- The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan had nearly 100k inhabitants whenmany European cities lay in ruin

Site and Situation during European Exploration Early Eurasian urban areas extended in a crescent shaped zone across Eurasia

from England to Japan

Before European exploration, most cites in the world were sited on traderoutes in the interiors of continents

- Not just in Eurasia but also in West Africa and indigenous America- Silk Route and the caravan routes of West Africa sustained these inland

cities and in many cases helped them prosper

As the European maritime exploration exploded the inland cities were notincluded and the cities on the coast benefited the most

- European exploration took of during the 1400s- Asian coastal cities such as Bombay, Madras, Malacca, Batavia, and

(Picture in Nimes, France showing

the aqueducts that were built

during the Roman Empire about

2000 years ago)

(Picture of a structure in Altun Ha,

Belize. It was built between 300

and 900 CE and Altun Ha served

as a thriving trade center)

(How did the Chinese come up

with such a powerful house

design?)

(Why is the Aztec doing so well

but not the Europeans?)

(Was the Silk Route the favored

route before maritime

exploration?)


7/20


Tokyo came to the lead and fore

The cites in Africa that were on the coast traded with the inland peopleinstead of the opposite

- Lead to the decline of interior cities Coastal cities remained crucial after exploration led to colonialism

- Key cities in international trade networks included coastal cities of CapeTown, Lima-Callao, and NYC

Trade networks European powers commanded brought unprecedented richesto Europes burgeoning medieval cities

- Successful merchants built ornate mansions, patronized the arts,participated in city governance, and supported the reconstruction of city

centers

- Money started to become the center of the city as central square was thecenter of the city

Figure 9.16

Second Urban Revolution

During the last decades of the 18thcentury, the IR began in Great Britain- None of Europes cities were prepared for what lay ahead: an avalanche

of changes that ripped the fabric of urban life

Around 1800, w Europe was still very much rural but thousands migrated tothe cities with industrialization and the cities adapted to become urban

Second Agricultural Revolution Before the second urban revolution to take place, a second revolution in

agriculture was necessary

- During the late 17thcentury and into the 18thcentury, Europeans inventeda series of important improvements to agriculture

- Agricultural laborers migrated to the cities in hopes of obtaining jobs inthe formal economy, which included wages, usable in the growing cash-

based economies of Europe

Not all mercantile cities turned into industrial cities- Many industrial cities grew from small villages or along canal and river

routes

- Primary determinant in the location of early industrial cities wasproximity to power sources

- For textiles, had to be near fresh water sources to power water loomFigure 9.17

Chaotic Industrial City With industrialization, cities became unregulated jumbles of activity

- Factories engulfed private homes- Open spaces became garbage dumps- Urban dwellers converted elegant housing into overcrowded slums- Sanitation systems failed- Water supplies were inadequate and often polluted

By the late 1800s, the IR had changed transportation and the development ofthe railroad gave cities not near coal a chance to industrialize

Living conditions for workers were dreadful in cities- Kids work 12 hours shifts in textile mills six days a week

(Picture of Genoa, Italy in modern

day. The old buildings of ancient

Rome has been restored or the

buildings are after the style of

Roman architecture)

(Map of industrialized region in

Europe in the year 1914. It shows

location of coal, iron, and

industrial areas. The red lines are

railroads)


8/20


- Health conditions are very bad- Air was polluted along with water- Not much safety in work places

In the mid-1800s Karl Marx and Frederick Engels encouraged workers of theworld to unite

- This caused conditions to improve in European countries-

Industrialist were forced to recognized workers rights - NA never suffered the same as Europeans as they learned from the past Growing too fast will cause the city to become slums and development of

ghettos

Companies simply abandoned large manufacturing plants making rust beltsout of once thriving districts

Figure 9.18 (Picture of Duisburg, Germany

with a rusted old factory in the

background. The factory is

overgrown and not well

maintained)

Where Are Cities Located and Why?

Each place is where it is because of some decision with some perception ofthe site or its situation

Site and situation help explain why certain cities were planned and why citiesthrive or fail

Figure 9.19

Trade areas: adjacent to every town and city within which its influence iddominant

- Every city and town has a trade area- Customers from smaller towns and villages come to the city to shop and

to conduct other business

Three key components for urban areas- Population, trade area, and distance- Example: if one looks at map you will see many small towns with

unfamiliar names. Then a number of smaller towns along the highways

and several medium-sized cities where transportation routes converge,

and likely one familiar, dominant city

- The largest city has the largest trade area and fewer rival places as aresult

Figure 9.20

Rank and Size in the Urban Matrix Rank-size rule: holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a

city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

- Thus, if the largest city has 12 million people, the second largest willhave about 6 million (1/2) third about 4 mill (1/3) fourth about 3 mill so

on Feilx Auerbach (German)

- Suggested the rank-size rule in 1913- (George Zipf credited with the math)

Scholars across disciplines have tested the rule and questioned when the ruleapplies and when it does not

- Studies in 1966, 1980, and 2002 found that majority of countries theytested had populations with more even distributions than the rank-size

rule would predict

(Map of the US showing the

regions of influence for cities in

contiguous states)

(Picture of a Green County Cycle

City store in Broken Arrow

Oklahoma. It is s trade area)

(How did he come up with this

rule? Did he just observe urban

cities?)


9/20


The rank-size rule does not apply in all countries, especially countries withone dominant city

- A government might help the capital grow and will give an unfairadvantage to other cities

Mark Jefferson defined primate city in 1939 Primate city: a countrys leading city, always disproportionality large and

exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling- Mark Jefferson saw the primate city as the largest and most economically

influential within the state, with the next largest city in the state being

much smaller and much less influential

Many former colonies have primate cities, as the colonial powers often ruledfrom a single

- Former colonies include Mexico City, Mexico and Manila, thePhilippines

Central Place Theory Walter Christaller wrote the classic urban geography study to explain where

cities, towns, and villages are likely to be located

- The Central Places in Southern Germany (1933) (book that he wrote)- He attempted to develop a model to predict how and where central places

in urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed Walter Christallers assumptions

- First, the surface of the ideal region would be flat and have no physicalbarriers

- Second, soil fertility would be the same everywhere- Third, population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed- Region would have a uniform transportation network to permit direct

travel from each settlement to the other

- From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directionsout to a certain distance

Ideal central place system- Largest central place provides the greatest number of functions to most of

the region

- Within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger townswould provide functions to several smaller places

- Smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to a smaller-yet service area

Figure 9.21

To determine location of central place, Christaller need to define the goodsand services produced

- He studied the sale of goods and services and calculated the distancepeople would willingly travel to acquire them

- Cities would be regularly spaced with central places where the sameproduct was sold at the same price located a standard distance aprt

- No one would travel long distance to buy one item Hexagonal Hinterlands Shape of central areas is hexagonal as circles would have to overlap to make

boundaries between them

- Geographers agreed with the hexagonal pattern of the chart- Christaller knew that his model would not be perfect as physical barriers,

uneven resource distributions, and other factors all modify his hexagons

(Would the government favor a

city so much that it attracts moreand more people in and less people

are on the outside of the city?)

(Picture of the Christallers

hierarchy of settlements and their

service areas. It is a hexagon

shaped chart that shows the service

areas)

(Why not other shapes? Is the

hexagonal shape superior to other

shapes?)


10/20


Central Places Today When Christaller made his model the world was not at the level it is today

- New factors have come into play Larry Ford says central place notions still have a role in explaining current

developments

Sun Belt phenomenon: movement of millions of Americans from northernand northeastern states to south and southwest states- As Americans moved south Middle and South American migrants moved

northward into the same urban centers already growing for domestic

reasons

- This caused certain cities to become central cities as the population grewso high such as Atlanta, Dallas, and Phoenix

(Is the Sun Belt the most populated

area of the US?)

How Are Cities Organized and How Do They Function?

Regions of the world have their own distinct characteristics- Mumbai, India looks very different from Chicago, Illinois- Tokyo, Japan looks very different from Lagos, Nigeria- Cities in SA tend to be graced by often magnificent plazas not common

in Australia or Russia

Since 1920s, urban geographers have studied, charted, and mapped cities tocreate models that describe the urban morphology, functional zonation, andoverall layout of cities in world regions

Models of the City Functional zonation: the divisions of the city into certain regions for certain

purposes

Globalization has created common cultural landscapes in the financialdistricts of many world cities

- Shanghai now is completely different from 30 years ago as now it isfilled with skyscrapers and such

- Same for Mumbai of India Cultural landscape is still visible in spite of globalization

- In Shanghai, China the government chose to preserve the unique colonialriverfront architecture and develop around the colonial neighborhood and

across the Huangpu River- SA cities protecting historic plazas against modernization- Paris protects old city from development of high rises

Functional Zones Zone: typically preceded by a descriptor that conveys the purpose of that area

of the city

- key zones of a city might include the central business district (CBD) Central city: describes the urban area that is not suburban Suburb: outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area and is often

adjacent to the central city

- Not always homes, includes schools, malls, and office parks Suburbanization: the process by which lands that were previously outside of

the urban environment become urbanized

- Transformation of rural land to urban land In Contemporary Suburban America(1981) P.O. Muller offered analysis of

suburbanization

- He says it evolved into a self-sufficient urban entity, containing its ownmajor economic and cultural activates

- No longer an appendage to the central city- Muller found that suburban areas ready to compete with central city for

leading urban economic activities such as telecommunications, hi-tech

industries, and corporate HQs

- Residential zones are the most common in suburban areas

(cultural landscape will make cities

look different even though

globalization has happened)

(Why did they choose to keep the

colonial influence? Wont it makeit look non-nationalistic?)

(Are there more people living in

suburban areas than cities?)


11/20


2000 census state 50% of American population is in suburban areas and theother half are located in cities and rural areas(30.3% in central cities and

19.7% in rural areas)

Modeling the North American City First model of NA cities was the concentric zone model Concentric zone model: divides the city into five concentric zones, defined

by their functions1. CBD2. Residential deterioration and encroachment by business and light

manufacturing

3. Homes occupied by blue-collar labor force4. Middle-class residences5. Suburban ring

1930s, Homer Hoyt published sector model to answer to the Burgess modelslimitations

- Focused on residential patters and the where the wealthy choose to live- Hoyt argued city grows outward from center and low-rent area would

extend creating a pie shaped sector

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman argued neither concentric circles nor thesector model adequately reflected city structure by mid-20

th

century. Thus,the nuclei model was born

- The model recognizes that the CBD was losing its dominant position asthe single nucleus of the urban area

- Several urban regions shown the in the figure have their own nuclei Most urban geographers find the models to be too simplistic to describe

modern cities

- With easy transportation since the 1970s and 1980s, suburbanizationexploded around new transportation corridors

- Outer city grew rapidly and became more functionally independent of thecentral city

Suburban areas usually located by highway intersections- Usually has downtowns, malls, parks, office complexes, hotels,

restaurants, entertainment, and sports stadiums

Edge cities: often located near key freeway intersections- Tysons Corner, Virginia (outside DC)- Irvine Cali (outside LA)- Successful and attract nearby peoples by offering work, shopping places,

leisure activities, and all the other elements of a urban environment

American suburbs surpassed the central cities in total employment as early as1973

- By mid 1980s in some metropolises in the sun belt, the majority of jobsin the metropolis were in the suburbs

Figure 9.23

Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semi periphery In 1960s researchers classified colonial cities as urban areas where European

transplants dominated the form of the city

Rapid growth of population made it difficult to apply city models Megacities: a city with large population, a vast territorial extent, rapid in-

migration, and a standard inadequate infrastructure

- Mumbai, India has more people than the country of Australia- Sao Paulo, Brazil covers more land than the country of Belgium

(How different were North

American cities from other

countries?)

(Did the models change because

they were wrong or were the cities

just evolving?)

(Picture of Tysons Corner in

Virginia and showing the suburbs

of DC. The suburb developed as a

major edge city with offices, retail,

and commercial services)\


12/20


- The Congo is the fastest growing city in Africa- Indonesia is the largest city in the world without a subway or metro

system

The South American City In 1980, Ernst Griffon and Larry Ford studied South American city referred

to as the Griffon-Ford model

-

South American culture with the forces of globalization that arereshaping the urban scene, combining radial sectors and concentric zones

The center of the model is the CBD- It is the citys primary business, employment, and entertainment focus - Divded into a market sector and a modern sector- From the CBD is the spine which is filled with offices, shopping, high-

quality housing for the upper and upper-middle classes, restaurants,

theaters, and such amenities as parks, zoos, and golf courses

The spine leads to the mall which is filled with high-priced residences The reaming parts of the model is filled with lesser off residents that make up

much of the population

The inside of the city is filled with the better off people and adjacent zonesare filled with modest housing

Outer most zones are hoem to the improverished and recent migrants wholive in shantytowns

Shantytowns: crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron,and pieces of cardboard that develop around cities

Disamenity sector: The very poorest parts of cities than in extreme cases arenot connected to regular city services

- controlled by gangs and drug lords- contains slums such as barrios and favelas- worst of these areas are large numbers of poor people that are in the

streets

- little regular law enforcement- battle for control from drug lords happen for dominance- the periferico outside of the city is also the same condition

The model shows the big spaces between the rich and poor

The African City At the beginning of the century, Sub-Saharan Africa included countries with

some of the worlds lowest levelsof urbanization

- Majority of the people were farmers in tropical areas of Africa andremained 40% urbanized

- Outside the tropics, the regions were about 57% urbanized- Now, Africa has fastest growing cities in the world followed by South

Asia and mainland East Asia and South and Middle America

Imprint of European colonialism can still be seen in many African cities- Europeans laid out urban centers in Kinshasa (The Congo), Nairobi

(Kenya), and Harare (Zimbabwe) along with the ports of Africa

Africa has cities that are neither traditional nor colonial-

The diversity of Africas cities makes it hard to make a model of cities inAfrica

- Studies of African culture indicates that the central cities often consist ofnot one but three CBDs and are colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and a

market zone

Figure 9.24

Figure 9.25

Figure 9.26

(Will there be any other models

proving this wrong or will the

cities evolve and change ashumans do?)

(Why do the better off people live

in the inside? Will traveling

outside the city is harder as they

are in the middle?)

(The Griffon-Ford model of South

American cities)

(Picture of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

and shows the shantytown of

Brazil)

(The model of a sub-Saharan


13/20


The SEA city Some of the most populated cities in the world are in SEA Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a complex of high-rise development including the

1483 feet tall Petronas Towers

In 1967, TG McGee studied the medium sized cities of SEA and found thatthey exhibit similar land-use patterns, creating a model referred to as McGeemodel

McGee Model: A cone shaped model to represent a typical southeast Asiancity

- the focal point of the cone is the old colonial port with the surroundingcommercial district

- McGee found no CBD but rather commercial markets and districtscombined with the port

- The government zone is next to the port and Western commercial zone isalso next to it. Alien commercial zone is right next to the Western

commercial zone

- The AC is dominated by Chinese merchants whose residences areattached to their businesses.

-

Market-gardening zone at the outskirts of the urban area- Residential zones are similar to the Griffon-Ford model as eliteresidential zones includes suburbs, an inner-city zone of middle-income

housing

- Peripheral residences are lower income residents.- McGee model has middle-income housing in suburbs unlike the Griffon-

Ford model

Models do not explain how or why cities are organized the way they are- A model of a city shows us an end product, whether planned or not and

suggests the forces that created that end product

Figure 9.27

African city)

(Picture of the McGee model of

SEA city. It is a cone shape with

different little zones rather than

sectors)

How Do People Shape Cities? Zoning laws: cities define areas of the city and designate the kinds of

development allowed in each zone.

Portland, Oregon is often described as the best planned city in NA- Has central city transportation to discourage use of cars- Office buildings and residences are close to each other to encourage

walking or biking

People shape cities by choosing to live in certain neighborhoods and byopening stores, houses of worship, and even sporting fields

Comparing and contrasting the urban cultural landscapes of two cities help usunderstand the different social and cultural forces at play

Figure 9.28

Figure 9.28

(Picture of Lome, Togo and shows

the citys landscape reflects a clear

dichotomy between the havesand have-nots. It shows

multifamily houses and not a lot of

vegetation)

(Picture of Tokyo, Japan and

shows a high percentage of middle

class families and the housing is

single family housing)


14/20


Figure 9.30

One can observe how the city is laid out to see what types of people live inthat certain area and what they might do for a living

Shaping Cities in the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery

Many of the worlds most populous cities are located in the less prosperousparts of the world including Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Mumbai, Dhaka, and

Delhi

People will be attracted to these cities and will move in but housing cannotkeep up with the massive increase of population and shantytowns are created

around the city

- This results in shantytowns being built overnight and people living inunfavorable lands

Cities in poorer parts of the world generally lack enforceable zoning laws- Without these laws periphery will have mixed lands across the city- Madras, India has open space between high-rise buildings is often

occupied by squatter settlements

- Bangkok, Thailand elementary schools and noisy factories stand side byside- Nairobi Kenya hillside villas look over some of worst slums in Africa

Across global periphery, one trait sticks out, the contrast of the wealthy andthe poor

- Can be found in major cities such as DC and Cairo Shaping Cities in the Global Core One way people make cities is by remaking them, reinventing neighborhoods,

or changing layouts to reflect current goals and aesthetics

During segregation era, defined and segregated spaces in urban environment Redlining: A discriminatory real estate practice in NA in which members of

minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or

property in predominantly white neighborhoods.

- Services would identify where the black neighborhoods were andwould refuse to help them if their houses were in the red circle circledon the map around their neighborhoods

- It is now illegal to do this- This caused poor neighborhoods to become rundown as funds were not

available to keep up the house or to purchase homes on sale

Blockbusting: when realtors would solicit white residents of theneighborhood to sell their homes under the guise that the neighborhood was

going downhill because a black person or family had moved in

- this led to significant turnover in housing, which of course benefited realestate agents through commissions they earned as representatives of

buyers and sellers

- it also prompted land owners to sell their properties at low prices to getout of the neighborhood quickly

Developers and governments are also important actors in shaping cities- People are moving away from the CBD and towards suburbs but the city

governments are encouraging commercialization of the CBD and

gentrification of neighborhoods in and around the CBD

- Government try to revive city but cleaning the city and removing oldabandoned buildings and building up commercial and resident buildings

Commercialization: the transformation of an area of a city into an areaattractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

- Usually happens in the CBD of a city to attract residents and tourists

(Picture of the Philippines and

shows the trash and cultural

landscape of the land)


15/20


Figure 9.32

Figure 9.33

Figure 9.34

Beginning of 1960s, central-city neighborhoods located conveniently close toCBDs, but run down as a result of out-migration residents, began to attract

buyers who were willing to move back into the city to rehabilitate run-down

houses and live in central city neighborhoods

Gentrification: rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned housing oflow-income inner-city residents

- in the US it began in cities with tight housing market and defined central-city neighborhoods, including San Francisco, Portland, and Chicago

- it slowed in the 90s but is growing again as governments are encouragingit through beatification programs and tax breaks for people to buy old

housing

- childless couples and singles choose not to live in suburbs and stick withcentral-city housing

- central-city housing ins convenient as it will be walking distances awayfrom workplaces, entertainments, nightlife, and restaurants

- negative of gentrification is the rise in housing costFigure 9.35

suburbs are not immune to gentrification- suburbs close to the city or connected to commuter rails will attract

people to purchase smaller or older homes to tear down and build a larger

home

Teardowns: homes intended for suburban demolition are called teardowns McMansions: new mansions that are supersize and have a similar look In Hinsdale, 1/3 of the suburbs houses have been torn down since 1986 Urban Sprawl and New Urbanism Urban sprawl: unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments,

and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

- Sun Belt and the West have this problemFigure 9.36

Leon Kolankiewicz and Roy Beck used US Census data on urbanized areasand found that urban sprawl happened even in urban areas without significant

population growth

To counter urban sprawl, group of architects, urban planners, and developersoutlined an urban design vision they call new urbanism. Forming the

Congress for the New Urban in 1993

New urbanism: Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, anddevelopers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for

development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walk-able

(Picture of Cairo, Egypts CBD

and the globalized land scape it

holds compared to the slums

outside of the city)

(Picture of Cairo, Egypt and shows

the slums or rather the non-

globalized part of Cairo)(Picture of Fort Worth, Texas and

how it has globalized and now a

modern look rather than the

rancher look from back in the

days)

(A picture Hinsdale, Illinois house

in a upscale suburb of Chicago.)

(Picture of Henderson, Nevada

which is the largest suburb of Las

Vegas and most of the houses are

empty and are rented to people

visiting Las Vegas)


16/20


neighborhoods with diversity of housing and jobs

- New urbanists want to create neighborhoods that promote a sense ofcommunity and sense of place with planning in order to prevent urban

sprawl

- New urbanist designs is to build housing more densely to take up lessspace and making walk-able distances from stores

-

Celebration, Florida is a very well planned town made by Disney byDisney World and is made to give a sense of community but is very

expensive to live in

Table 9.1

Geographers Stuart Aitken, Don Mitchell, and Lynn Staeheli- Note new urbanism strives to turn neighborhoods back in time. Things

such as parks or shopping districts

- Houses with porches or community-friendly settings are becoming thenorm as urbanism grows

David Harvey offers one of the strongest critiques of new urbanism- Explains first that most new urbanists are greenfield projects designed

for the affluent to make the suburbs more livable

- New urbanism movement is kind of spatial determinism that does notrecognize that the fundamental difficulty with modernism was its

persistent habit of privileging spatial forms over social processes.

Harvey and others who critique new urbanism, claim that new urbanism doesnothing to break down the social conditions that privilege some while

disadvantaging others

Gated Communities Gated communities: fenced-in neighborhoods with controlled access gates

for people and automobiles

- often have security cameras and forces keeping watch over- objective is to create a save environment in the uncertain urban world- secondary objective is to maintain or increase housing values in the

neighborhood through enforcement of the neighborhood associations

bylaws that control everything from the color of a house to the character

and size of additions

Figure 9.39

during the 80s and early 90s, developers in the US began building gatedcommunities in urban areas around the country

- 2001 census of housing, US gov reported 16 million people, or about 6%of Americans living in gated communities

- Urban design of gating communities has diffused around the globe atrecord speed, with some in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America

In poorer countries, where cities are divided between wealthy and poor, gatedcommunities provide another layer of comfort for the citys wealthy

- Large cities in Latin American and Africa, you commonly see wallsaround individual houses, walling in yards and pools and keeping out

crime

- Johannesburg, South Africa faces severe problems with division betweenthe wealthy white residents and poorer residents as high crime rates scare

(A table showing top 20 urban

sprawl cities in the US. The top 3

are Riverside in CA, Greensboro in

NC, and Raleigh in NC)

(The picture is of a gated

community outside Guangzhou,

China and is a gated community

filled with apartments. The area is

well maintained and there are nicer

cars in the parking lot)


17/20


people into having blocked 2500 streets and posting guard by 2004

- Many fear that gated communities is becoming segregation problems. Increase in gated communities in China and is crossing socioeconomic

classes and creating a ubiquitous feature on the urban landscape

- Gated communities in China privatize spaces and exclude outsiders withgates, security cameras, and restricted access

-

Gated communities in China are five to ten times more densely populatedthan gated communities Europe and NA

Geographer Youqin Huang has found other differences between gatedcommunities in China and those in NA and Europe

- Huang argues that collective-oriented culture and tight political controlin China explain why the Chinese government built gated communities

during the socialist period

- It also explains the proliferation of gated communities during Chinashousing reform in 1998

Figure 9.40

Gated communities in Europe and NA not only for the wealthy- People want to have a safe place to live and is true in middle and lower

classes as it is of the rich

- Some urban planners encourage governments to recast low-incomehousing as small communities, gated from each other

- Cities have torn down the enormous high rises, typically ridden tih crimeand referred to as the projects such as Cabrini green in Chicago and

Pruitt-Igoe in St. Louis, in effort to remake the spaces of the poor into

defensible spaces

Urban planners want to gate middle-income and low-income neighborhoodsin order to create a sense of community and to make the spaces defensible

from undesired activities such as drug dealing and prostitution

- Five Oaks district of Dayton, Ohio has best-documented cases of gating amiddle-income neighborhood.

o 50% white and has high rate of rentals. Urban planner OscarNewman encouraged planners in Dayton to divide the 2000

households in Five Oaks district into ten smaller gated

communities with restricted access

o The city turned most of the residential streets in each of thesemini-neighborhoods into cul-de-sacs. They have experienced a

serious reduction in crime, along with increase in housing sales

and housing values

Ethnic Neighborhoods in the European City Ethnic neighborhoods in European cities are typically affiliated with migrants

from former colonies

- Algeria was a colony of France, and now Paris and other French citieshave distinct Algerian neighborhoods

- London has a Jamican neighborhood- Spain has a Moroccan neighborhood- Germany invited young men from Turkey to migrate to Germany as

guest workers and cities such as Frankfurt have distinct Turkish

neighborhoods

Migration to Europe is constrained by government policies and laws- Many western European cities have public housing zones that were built

after WWII following the devastation of the war years

- Governments in Europe are typically much more involved in the socialrights of people, such as health care and housing than the US government

(Picture of St. Louis, Missouri in

1971 and shows the Pruitt-Igoe

housing project)

(Why arent other cities following

suit and responding with theirimprovements with gated

communities? Especially in high

crime rate cities?)

(Who does London have a big

Jamaican neighborhood)


18/20


- European cities are also older than American cities and are laid out forfoot and horse traffic rather than automobiles

- European cities also are compact and densely populated and walk-ablethan American cities

- European cities are also historic city centers where much of the cityshistory took place and is preserved and to which tourists are attracted

today- Development is usually reserved on the outskirts of town as the centerare centers of history

Government Policy and Immigrant Accommodation Immigration is changing the spatial-cultural geography of European cities

- As immigrants have settled in large numbers in the zone of transition,locals have moved out

- Walking from the city center of Paris out through immigrantneighborhoods, one can see the cultural landscape change to reflect the

significant number of immigrants from Maghreb of Africa- The Maghreb community is filled with high crime and resentment festers

Geographers Christian Kesteloot and Cees Cortie studied housing policiesand zones in Brussels, Belgium and Amsterdam, the Netherlands

- Found that Brussels has very little public housing and immigrants live inprivately owned rentals throughout the city

- Kesteloot and Cortie also found that immigrants in Brussels who camefrom distinct region of their home country, such as the Turks in Brussels,

tend to cluster in ethnic neighborhoods (usually coming from rural)

- People that come from cities tend to choose rental units scatteredthroughout the city and do not establish ethnic neighborhoods

- Amsterdam has a lot of public housing and few ethnic neighborhoodswithin the public housing

- Immigration to Amsterdam from former colonies (Indonesia, Surinam)and non-colonies (Morocco and Turkey) increased in the 1960s

- Amsterdammers moved from transition zone of public housing toneighboring towns such as Almere

- Dutch government then implemented a policy in the public housing zonethat slowed the creation of ethnic neighborhoods

- Dutch gov allots public housing to legal immigrants by assigning homeson a sequential basis in the citys zone of transition, where some 80%

- If one walks through Amsterdam in public housing zone one will seemany different ethnic groups and can see different local cultures such as

prayer calls for Muslims

Ethnic Neighborhoods in the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery City In cities of periphery and semi-periphery, a sea of slum and development

typically begins where the permanent buildings end, in some cases engulfing

and dwarfing the entire city

Government control over the slums is impossible and counting population isimpractical

many people in Calcutta, India live on the streets rather than shelters Government does not have enough resources to provide these people with

services

People that live in shanty settlements are not really squatters as they have topay rent

- Former farmers that owned lots of lands moved to the city but kept theirfarmland and as people moved onto the farmland they had to pay rent and

- shacks are destroyed if rent is failed to be paid

(Is it due to racism or just the fact

that these new people are adjusting

to the new environment and have

to set their lives in order?)

(Are public housings free or does

one pay rent or do they just pay

normal taxes?)

(Why would they sleep on the

streets rather than shacks? Becauseno rent? Or just not enough time?)


19/20


Vast slums of cities in poorer parts of the world are typically ethnicallydelineated, with new arrivals precariously accommodated

Ex. Nairobi, Kenya has a large slum area called Kibera and much of it isowned by Nubians who are of Sudanese descent- Sudanese Nubians settled in the area of Kibera during the colonial era- Many of the Nubians have become businesspeople in the city of Nairobi-

The inhabitants of the slum were largely Luo from western Kenya andLuhya from NW Kenya and during 2001 some were not able to pay and

the Nubians evicted them and conflict ensued

Power and Ethnicity Study of Mombasa, Kenya, during the 1960s, H.j. de Blij found that central

city, in effect the island on which Mombasa was built, was informally

partitioned among major ethnic groups

- The Kikyu workers and their families lived close to the port as colonialpowers granted them power to do so

- Asians, mainly Indians, control the opposite side of the central city - The Kamba occupies the zone farther outward from the port- Mijkenda migrated from off-island villages to work in Mombasa and live

father away from the commercial center

- Despite growth the spatial pattern still persists- Desperate people who wish to find a job live on slums outside of the

central city

Families continue to live in slums because they save their money verycarefully

- Also, salary jobs will keep a constant flow of money and is stretchedacross many members of the family

- Jobs that are found in core countries help families out throughremittances

Informal Economy Informal economy: the economy that is not taxed and is not counted towards

a countrys GNI

- what is earned can add up to lots of money that is unaccounted for- it worries the government because it is a record-less economy and no

taxes are paid

Remittances are sent as cash or by people to smuggle in to avoid getting taxedon the money being sent

From Colonial to Global CBD 2002, geographers Richard Grant and Jan Nijman documented this

transformation in former colonial port cities including Mumbai, India

- In this city formerly known as Bombay, it produced a urban landscape- It was also marked by strong segregation of foreign and local activities,

commercial as well as residential

- High levels of functional specialization and concentration- Adjacent to the port area was a well demarcated European business

district containing mostly British companies

- Most economic activities in this European commercial area involvedtrade, transport, banking, distribution, and insurance

- European district were the traditional markets and bazaars of the so-called Native Town

Figure 9.41

(Why do people have to always go

into conflict about almost

everything?)

(Will this one day become

irrelevant as who has control over

the area?)

(A map of Bombay and Mumbai

(Bombay was the former name of

Mumbai) and shows how the

colonial city transformed into a

contemporary city. It shows the

European sectors turning into

richer parts of the city)


20/20


What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization?

Globalization has caused more statistics about economy at the global scale tobe gathered and disseminated by states

World cities: function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the stateborders, function as the service centers of the world economy

Models of cities and hierarchies of cities within states no longer representwhat is happening with the city, Taylor and Lang maintain that the city hasbecome something else than a simple CBD tied into a hierarchy of other cities

According to Felsenstein, Schamp, and Shachar, the world city is a node inglobalization, reflecting processes that have redrawn the limits on spatial

interaction

Most lists of world cities agree that NY, London, and Tokyo are importantworld cities\

Geographer Jon Beaverstock and Peter J. Taylor and their Globalization andWorld Cities Study Group and Network have produce nearly 200 research

papers, chapters, and books on the geography of world cities over the past

few years

- Studied which cities provide producer services in the areas of banking,law, advertising, and accounting

Cities as Spaces of Consumption Cities are products of globalization Spaces of Consumption: areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to

encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by the

global media industry

Global media giants such as Time Warner, Viacom, and Walt Disney usecross promotion to encourage consumption of their products

In NYC the government tried to redevelop Times Square in the arly 80swhich was known for adult entertainment at the time

- Now, many spaces of consumptions are in place in Times Square becauseDisney worked to make the space Sex free and family friendly

- Disney has a theater there and performs their shows- Time Square was more improved with the mayor in 2009 closing off the

road and putting in more relaxing settingsFigure 9.42

Figure 9.43

(Map of the world showing theworld cities in the Alpha, Beta, and

Gamma rating scale)

(Shows pictures of New York,

New York and the New

Amsterdam Theater in Times

Square and how it has changed)

Documents

APHG CHAPTER 9