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Page 1: APLICABILITATEA DIRECTA A DIRECT APPLICABILITY · PDF filegenerale de drept comunitar. -Regulamentele sunt acte comunitare care au aplicabilitate directa si creeaza drepturi si obligatii

Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu Jiu, Seria Ştiinţe Juridice, Nr. 4/2010

Annals of the „Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2010

181

APLICABILITATEA DIRECTA A

DREPTULUI COMUNITAR

EUROPEAN

Emilian CIONGARU, doctorand al Institutului de Cercetari Juridice „Andrei Radulescu” al

Academiei de Stiinte a Romaniei,

Abstract: Notiunea de "efect direct" este preluata din jurisprudenta americana si din cea a Curtii Internationale de Justitie, ea insemnand ca o norma adoptata in alt sistem juridic decat cel al statelor - adica in cel al dreptului international - creeaza drepturi si obligatii nu numai pentru statele parti ci si pentru particulari, atat in relatiile acestora cu statele si organizatiile internationale implicate cat si intre ei. Astfel, principiul dreptului international din Conventia de la Viena1 art. 26 - “Pacta sunt servanda” – Orice tratat in vigoare leaga partile si trebuie sa fie executat de ele cu buna credinta, obliga statele sa respecte tratatele pe care le-au incheiat. Cu toate acestea, dreptul international nu reglementeaza si conditiile in care normele juridice cuprinse in tratate sa fie integrate in justitia interna a statelor in cauza pentru a fi aplicate de acestea ci este lasata la latitudinea fiecarui stat care le reglementeaza.

Cuvinte cheie: aplicabilitatea directa, principiu, effect, regulament, tratat, dreptul comunitar european

1. – GENERALITATI Aplicabilitatea directa numita si efect

direct, este caracteristica dreptului comunitar european prin care „dreptul comunitar confera drepturi si impune obligatii nu doar institutiilor comunitare si statelor membre ale Uniunii Europene, ci si resortisantilor acestora, cetateni ai UE”2.

Potrivit lui A.Fuerea3, aplicabilitatea directa a dreptului comunitar reprezinta dreptul oricarei persoane a unui stat membru al Uniunii Europene, de a cere judecatorului sa i se aplice toate sursele dreptului comunitar

DIRECT APPLICABILITY OF

EUROPEAN UNION LAW

Emilian CIONGARU, Ph.Drd. Institute of Legal Research" Andrei Radulescu" of the

Romanian Academy of Sciences

Abstract: The notion of 'direct effect' is taken

from American jurisprudence and that of the International Court of Justice, it means that a rule adopted in different legal system than the states - ie that of international law - not only creates rights and obligations for Member but also for private parties, both in their relations with states and international organizations concerned as well as between them. The principle of international law in the Vienna Convention37 art. 26 - "pacta sunt servanda" - Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties and must be performed by them in good faith, oblige states to respect the treaties they have signed. However, international law does not regulate the conditions in which legal norms contained in treaties be integrated into the international justice of the States concerned to be applied but it is left to each state that regulates them.

Keywords: direct applicability, principle,

effect, regulation, treaty, European Community Law

1. – GENERALITIES

The direct applicability also called direct effect, is a characteristic of European Community law through which "Community law confers rights and imposes obligations not only to EU institutions and EU Member States but also their nationals, EU citizens"38,.

According to A. Fuerea39, direct applicability of Community law represents anyone’s right to be entitled to a European Union member state, to ask the judge to apply to all sources of European Community law (treaties, regulations, EU directives or decisions) and the judge is obliged to use these texts, whatever the

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european (tratatele, regulamentele, directivele sau deciziile comunitare) iar judecatorul este obligat sa foloseasca aceste texte, oricare ar fi legislatia tarii careia ii apartine. Recunoasterea efectului direct inseamna garantarea statutului juridic al cetateanului european.

Efectul direct „sanctioneaza” statele care nu au adoptat masurile necesare pentru punerea in aplicare a dreptului comunitar. Acest efect este asigurat prin vigilenta persoanelor particulare care, interesate fiind de salvgardarea drepturilor lor, sesizeaza jurisdictiile nationale.

Principiul aplicabilitatii directe este unul dintre cele mai importante principii de drept comunitar si prevede ca legislatia europeana confera cetatenilor statelor membre drepturi si obligatii, pe care le pot invoca in fata tribunalelor nationale si comunitare. Cu alte cuvinte, nu numai institutiile europene si statele membre sunt afectate direct de dreptul comunitar, ci si cetatenii.

Principiul a fost adoptat in urma demersurilor Curtii Europene de Justitie, care, in pofida opozitiei unor state membre, a stabilit in Cazul Van Gend & Loos4 aplicabilitatea directa a intregului drept comunitar. Inainte de luarea acestei decizii, aplicabilitatea era mentionata in Tratatul Comunitatii Economice Europene numai in legatura cu legislatia secundara (decizii, regulamente si directive), dar nu si pentru normele care se regasesc in Tratat.

Principiul aplicabilitatii directe are o semnificatie deosebita, deoarece apara drepturile cetatenilor si consolideaza locul dreptului european in cadrul dreptului national.

Recunoasterea aplicabilitatii efectului direct inseamna garantarea statutului juridic al cetateanului european.5

Regulamentul este direct aplicabil in toate statele membre; nu trebuie sa fie transpus si se impune ordinii juridice nationale din momentul intrarii sale in vigoare. Orice forma de transpunere este asadar interzisa. Aplicabilitatea directa implica faptul ca regulamentul creeaza imediat drepturi si obligatii pe care particularii le pot valorifica

legislation of the country they belong to. Recognition of direct effect means

ensuring the legal status of European citizens.

Direct effect "sanctions" the countries that have not adopted the necessary measures for the implementation of Community law. This effect is provided by the vigilance of individuals who are interested in safeguarding their rights to notify the national jurisdictions.

The principle of direct applicability is one of the most important principles of Community law and European legislation requires that Member States give citizens rights and obligations, they may invoke before national courts and community. In other words, not only European institutions and Member States are directly affected by Community law, but also citizens.

The principle was adopted following the European Court of Justice steps that despite opposition of some Member States, established in Van Gend & Loos40 case of direct applicability to the entire Community law. Before this decision, the applicability was mentioned in the European Economic Community Treaty only related to secondary legislation (decisions, regulations and directives), but not for the rules found in the Treaty.

The principle of direct applicability has a special significance, because it defends the rights of citizens and strengthens the place of European law within the national law.

Recognizing the applicability of direct effect means ensuring the legal status of European citizens.41 Regulation is directly applicable in all Member States should not be transposed and requires national legal order since its coming into force. Any form of transposition is therefore forbidden. Direct applicability immediately implies that regulation creates rights and obligations which individuals can materialize in building relationships with both national authorities (vertical direct effect) and in

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atat in relatiile cu autoritatile nationale (efect direct vertical) cat si in raport cu alti particulari (efect direct orizontal). Aceste caractere ale regulamentului fac din acesta cel mai eficient si complet act din multitudinea instrumentelor legislative puse la dispozitia institutiilor comunitare.

Principiul aplicabilitatii directe depinde de izvorul de drept comunitar care se analizeaza si aplica. In aceasta situatie se disting trei cazuri:6

1) – efectul direct neconditionat si complet cu aplicabilitate generala – presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect pot fi invocate neconditionat de catre orice persoana fizica sau juridica indiferent daca litigiile sunt cu autoritati publice, persoane juridice sau fizice (principiile generale de drept comunitar, regulamentele si deciziile);

2) – efectul direct conditionat si complet cu aplicabilitate generala – presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect trebuie sa indeplineasca anumite conditii in acest scop (tratatele de constituire a Comunitatilor, tratatele internationale);

3) – efectul direct neconditionat si restrans – presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect sa indeplineasca anumite conditii si cerinte (directivele si deciziile adresate statelor membre).

2. EFECTUL DIRECT NECONDITIONAT SI COMPLET. EXEMPIFICARI.

2.1. – Efectul direct neconditionat

si complet. Efectul direct neconditionat si complet

cu aplicabilitate generala – presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect pot fi invocate neconditionat de catre orice persoana fizica sau juridica indiferent daca litigiile sunt cu autoritati publice (litigiul vertical), persoane juridice sau fizice (litigiul orizontal).7

relation to other individuals (horizontal direct effect). These characters of regulation makes it most effective and completely legal act of the many tools available to community institutions.

The principle of direct applicability depends on the source of Community law which analyzes and applies. In this situation there are three cases42:

1) – unconditional and complete direct effect of general applicability - implies that those sources of Community law that this effect may be invoked unconditionally by any person or entity whether disputes are public authorities, individuals or legal persons (general principles Community law, regulations and decisions);

2) – direct effect complete conditioned and general applicability - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law must meet certain conditions for this purpose (the Treaties establishing the Communities, international treaties);

3) – unconditional and small direct effect - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law meet certain conditions and requirements (directives and decisions addressed to Member States).

2. UNCONDITIONAL DIRECT EFFECT. EXAMPLES.

2.1. The unconditional and

complete direct effect. Unconditional and complete direct

effect of general applicability - implies that those sources of Community law that have this effect and may be invoked unconditionally by any person or entity whether disputes are public authorities (vertical case), individuals or legal persons (case horizontal)43.

Community rules which have this effect are: regulations, decisions and general principles of Community law.

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Normele comunitare care au acest efect sunt: regulamentele, deciziile si principiile generale de drept comunitar.

- Regulamentele sunt acte comunitare care au aplicabilitate directa si creeaza drepturi si obligatii pentru toate subiectele de drept intern ale statelor membre ale Comunitatilor europene.8

Regulamentele constituie o parte a acquis-ului comunitar9, sau „legislatie secundara”, care se aplica direct, fara a fi transpusa in legislatia nationala. Ca atare, acestea au caracter obligatoriu in statele membre.10

Se poate argumenta acest efect invocand dispozitiile art. 189 (n.v. 249) din Tratatul C.E. care prevede ca: “Regulamentul are aplicabilitate generala. Acesta este obligatoriu in toate elementele sale si se aplica direct in toate statele membre.”

- Deciziile, adresandu-se si subiectelor de drept intern din anumite state comunitare, pot fi surse de drepturi si obligatii pentru persoanele fizice sau juridice din statele membre privind domenii cum ar fi: concurenta, libera circulatie, nediscriminarea pe criterii de nationalitate, egalitatea intre sexe, etc.11. Art. 189 (n.v. 249) din Tratatul C.E. prevede ca: “Decizia este obligatorie in toate elementele sale pentru destinatarii pe care ii indica.”

- Principiile generale de drept pot sa fie invocate de persoanele fizice sau juridice ale statelor membre deoarece, avand in vedere gradul lor de generalitate, este obligatoriu a fi respectate neconditionat in toate cazurile.12

Principiile generale ale dreptului comunitar cuprind urmatoarele categorii: unele principii ale dreptului international public, principiile sistemelor juridice ale statelor membre, principiile rezultate din dispozitiile Tratatelor comunitare, drepturile fundamentale ale omului.

- Principiile cu caracter fundamental respectate prin impunerea de catre Curtea de

justitie a CE sunt urmatoarele:13 Principiul securitatii juridice este in

legatura cu principiul respectarii

- Regulations are directly applicable Community legislation which creates rights and obligations for all threads law of the Member States of the European Communities44.

Regulations are part of the acquis communautaire45, or secondary legislation, which apply directly, without being transposed into national law. As such, they are binding on Member States46.

Arguably this effect by invoking Art. 189 (n.v. 249) of the Treaty C.E. which provides that: "Regulation has general applicability. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. "

- Decisions, addressing national issues and in some member states may besources of rights and obligations for individuals or legal persons of Member States on areas such as competition, free movement, discrimination based on nationality, gender equality, etc..47 . Article 189 (n.v. 249) of the Treaty C.E. provides that: "The decision is binding in its entirety upon those to whom it is addressed."

- General principles of law may be invoked by individuals or legal Member States because, given their level of generality, it is mandatory to be unconditionally respected in all cases.48

General principles of Community law include the following categories: some principles of public international law principles of legal systems of Member States, the principles under the provisions of the Community Treaties, fundamental human rights.

- Those fundamental principles of nature through the imposition by the Court of Justice of the EC are49:

- The principle of legal security is related to the principle of respect first acquired rights and legitimate principle on the other.;

- Principle defence law is required every time the administration takes

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drepturilor dobandite pe de o parte si cu principiul increderii legitime pe de alta parte.;

Principiul dreptului de aparare se impune de fiecare data cand administratia

ia o masura de natura sa lezeze grav interesele individuale.

Principiul egalitatii persoanelor supuse unei autoritati administrative in fata

unei reglementari economice, ceea ce implica excluderea oricarei discriminari intre producatorii sau consumatorii Comunitatilor. Curtea considera ca discriminarea consta in a trata in mod identic situatii care sunt diferite sau de maniera diferita situatii care sunt identice;

Principiul egalitatii; Principiul proportionalitatii, in

sensul ca institutiile trebuie sa vegheze, in exercitarea atributiilor lor, ca sarcinile

impuse agentilor economici sa nu depaseasca ceea ce este necesar pentru a atinge obiectivele pe care autoritatea este tinuta sa le realizeze;

- Principii cu caracter tehnic, care nu au decat o valoare facultativa pentru ca in cazul

unor lacune ar putea fi ingradite de anumite dispozitii exprese de drept derivat.14 Exemple ar fi:

Principiul neplatii zilelor de greva; Principiul retragerii retroactive a

actelor ilegale; Principiul responsabilitatii extra-

contractuale a Comunitatilor; Principiul distinctiei impozitelor, a

taxelor si a redeventelor. 2.2. – Exemplificari. a. – Regulamente ale Comunitatilor

Europene Regulamentele Comisiei Europene nr.1408/7115 si nr.574/7216.

Politica comunitara in domeniu urmareste ca lucratorul migrant, cetatean sau rezident al unui Stat Membru, care circula in interiorul UE, sa beneficieze de protectie sociala corespunzatoare in situatia de somaj, permitand, in acest scop, cumularea perioadelor de asigurare sau de munca realizate in mai multe State Membre si, atunci cand este cazul, transferarea indemnizatiei stabilite intr-

measures that a seriously harm individual interests.

- The principle of equality of persons subject to administrative authorities before economic regulations, which involve no discrimination between producers or consumers Communities. The Court ruled that discrimination consists of treating different situations identically or in a different manner situations that are identical;

- The principle of equality; - The principle of proportionality,

meaning that institutions should ensure their duties as duties imposed to economic agents do not exceed what is necessary to achieve the objectives which the authority is obliged to make;

- Principles of a technical nature, not just an optional value that if shortcomings could be restricted to certain express provisions of secondary law50. Examples:

- The principle of non-payment of strike days;

- Principle retrospective withdrawal of illegal acts;

- The principle of non-contractual liability of the Communities;

- The principle of distinction taxes, fees and royalties. 2.2. - Examples.

a. - Regulations of the European Communities Commission Regulations 1408/7151 and nr.574/7252.

Community policy aims as a migrant worker, citizen or resident of a Member State who moves within the EU, to benefit from adequate social protection in case of unemployment, allowing, for this purpose, overlapping periods of insurance or employment completed in many Several Member States and, when appropriate, transfer allowance established in a Member State in another Member State for a determined period not exceeding three months during which the unemployed person is looking for a job.

Nr.805/2004 EC Regulation53 which

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un Stat Membru in alt Stat Membru pe o perioada determinata de maxim 3 luni pe durata careia somerul isi cauta un loc de munca.

Regulamentul CE nr.805/200417 prin care se instituie Titlul executoriu european.

Prin Conventia de la Bruxelles din 27 septembrie 1968 s-a creat cadrul normativ al recunoasterii si executarii hotararilor judecatoresti intre statele membre, in spatiul comunitar. Ca urmare a acestei conventii s-a initiat instituirea unui sistem de principii si reguli, in scopul aplicarii uniforme a unor norme procedurale in Uniunea Europeana.

b. – Decizii ale Comunitatilor Europene

Decizia nr. 205 din 17 octombrie 2005 – Privind sfera de cuprindere a notiunii de “somaj partial” referitor la lucratorii frontalieri (Text de interes pentru SEE18 si pentru acordul UE/Elvetia) (2006/351/CE) prin care s-a decis ca in scopul aplicarii articolului 71, paragraful 1, punctul a) din Regulamentul 1408/71 , determinarea naturii somajului – partial sau complet – depinde de constatarea mentinerii sau absentei oricarei legaturi contractuale de munca intre parti si nu de durata unei eventuale suspendarii temporare a activitatii.”

Decizia nr. 1720/2006/EC a Parlamentului European si a Consiliului in 15 noiembrie 2006 privind instituirea unui program de actiune in domeniul invatarii pe tot parcursul vietii prin care s-a decis „instituirea un program de actiune comunitara in domeniul invatarii pe tot parcursul vietii, numit in continuare ‘Programul Invatare pe tot parcursul vietii’.”

c. - Principiile generale de drept Directiva 79/7/CEE, privind

implementarea progresiva a principiului egalitatii de tratament intre barbati si femei in domeniul securitatii sociale, a reprezentat extinderea principiului egalitatii de tratament in domeniul securitatii sociale. Ea li se aplica lucratorilor A – categorie inteleasa in sens larg, care cuprinde salariatii si independentii, bolnavii si accidentatii, somerii involuntari

establishes the European Enforcement. The Brussels Convention of 27

September 1968 created the legislative framework of recognition and enforcement of judgments between Member States in the Community. Following this convention has initiated a system of principles and rules in order to apply uniform procedural rules in the European Union.

b. - Decisions of the European Communities

Decision. 205 of October 17, 2005 - On the scope of the concept of "short time" on the frontier workers (Text of EEA interest54 for the EU / Switzerland) (2006/351/CE) which decided that the purposes of Article 71, paragraph 1, paragraph a) of Regulation 1408/71, “determine the nature of unemployment - partially or completely - depends on finding or maintaining employment absence of any contractual ties between parties and not the duration of any temporary suspension of activity.”

Decision. 1720/2006/EC of the European Parliament and Council on 15 November 2006 establishing a Programme of Action on Lifelong Learning where it was decided to "establish a program of Community action in the field of lifelong learning, further called 'Lifelong Learning Programme'.” c. - General principles of law

Directive 79/7/EEC on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and women in Social Security was the extension of the principle of equal treatment in social security. It is applied to workers A- broadly understood category that includes employees and independents, and injured, involuntary unemployed who are looking for a job, pensioners and invalids.

"The principle of equal treatment applies in accordance with Directive 79 / 7 (article 3 (1))

- Statutory social security schemes in case of illness, disability, old age, accidents

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aflati in cautarea unui loc de munca, pensionarii si invalizii.

„Principiul egalitatii de tratament se aplica, conform Directivei 79/7 (art.3(1)):

- regimurilor legale de protectie sociala in caz de boala, invaliditate, batranete, accidente de munca sau boli profesionale si somaj;

- ajutoarelor sociale menite sa le suplimenteze pe primele.

Principiul nediscriminarii: Articolul 4(1) al directivei stabileste

principiul nediscriminarii, atat in materie de cotizare, cat si in ceea ce priveste prestatiile, dispunand ca nu va fi admisa discriminarea, de orice fel ar fi ea, pe temeiul sexului, atat direct cat si indirect, prin referire la statutul marital sau familial, in special in ceea ce priveste:

• domeniul sistemelor de securitate sociala si conditiile de acces la acestea;

• obligatia de a contribui si calculul contributiilor;

• calculul beneficiilor, inclusiv al sporurilor datorate pentru sot(ie) si membrii de familie;

• conditiile care guverneaza neacordarea beneficiilor.”19

3. EFECTUL DIRECT CONDITIONAT

SI COMPLET. EXEMPIFICARI.

3.1. – Efectul direct conditionat si complet.Conditii

Efectul direct conditionat si complet cu aplicabilitate generala - presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect trebuie sa indeplineasca anumite conditii in acest scop (tratatele de constituire a Comunitatilor, tratatele internationale).20 Conditiile pe care trebuie sa le indeplineasca sursele de drept comunitar sunt:

a. – Pentru Tratatele constitutive Curtea Europeana de justitie a statuat ca

dreptul comunitar izvorat din tratatele constitutive nu are o aplicabilitate directa autonoma dar au fost date doua directii generale, conform carora sunt direct aplicabile

at work or occupational diseases and unemployment;

- Social benefits intended to supplement the first. Discrimination:

Article 4 (1) of the Directive establishes the principle of non-discrimination, both in terms of contribution and in terms of benefits, providing it will not be allowed discrimination of any kind it may be, on the basis of sex, both directly and indirectly by reference to marital or family status, particularly regarding:

• field of social security systems and conditions of such access;

• obligation to contribute and the calculation of contributions;

• calculation of benefits, including increases due to husband (IE) and family members;

• conditions governing the refusal of benefits. "55 3. CONDITIONED AND COMPLETE

DIRECT EFFECT. EXAMPLES. 3.1. - The conditioned and complete direct effect. Requirements.

Complete and conditioned direct effect and general applicability - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law must meet certain conditions for this purpose (the Treaties establishing the Communities, international treaties).56

Conditions that must meet EU sources of law are:

a. - For founding Treaties European Court of Justice held that

Community law has not stemmed the Treaties establishing an independent direct application but were given two general directions, which are directly applicable under the provisions which confer rights and obligations established expressly for individuals, and those that impose obligations fine imposed on Member States and Community institutions.

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dispozitiile care confera drepturi si instituie obligatii exprese pentru persoane particulare , precum si cele care impun obligatii bine stabilite in sarcina statelor membre sau a institutiilor comunitare.

Daca sunt indeplinite aceste conditii, dispozitiile respective sunt direct aplicabile, fara sa mai fie nevoie de alte acte de aplicare, de proceduri specifice sau masuri complementare.

Efectul direct al Tratatelor constitutive a fost acordat in trei etape ;21

- Prima etapa a efectului direct conditionat si complet a fost statuata de jurisprudenta

Curtii, in hotararea Van Gend & Loos22 incluzand obligatia statului de a nu face (respectiv de a nu face rezerve care sa subordoneze aplicarea tratatelor de vreun act normativ intern, de a nu necesita adoptarea unor dispozitii normative interne de concretizare a prevederilor tratatelor)

- A doua etapa o reprezinta caracterul irevocabil al obligatiei de a face, respectiv de a nu

lasa nici o marja de apreciere statelor in ceea ce priveste indeplinirea obligatiilor sale.23

- A treia etapa de largire a efectului direct al tratatelor a fost statuata de Curte care a

stabilit ca „dispozitiile tratatului au efect direct si atunci cand acestea enunta numai un principiu care trebuie pus in aplicare prin normele de drept derivat, care inca nu au fost adoptate de institutiile comunitare”24, dar in schimb „dispozitiile care enunta obligatii avand caracter general pentru statele membre nu produc efecte pentru persoanele fizice si juridice, acestea neputandu-le invoca in fata instantelor”25

b. – Pentru tratatele internationale In ceea ce priveste acordurile

internationale, Curtea a decis ca prevederile acestora pot fi invocate in mod direct daca din acestea rezulta ca ele confera drepturi nu numai pentru state, ci si pentru persoane private, sau daca aplicarea acestor tratate in

If these conditions are met, these provisions are directly applicable, without the need of other pieces of application specific procedures or complementary measures.

The direct effect of Treaty Constitution was granted in three stages57;

- The first phase of the direct effect complete conditioning and jurisprudence was heldCourt in Van Gend & Loos58 including the state's obligation not to do (or do not reserve to make the application of the Treaties of any national legislative act, not requiring the adoption of national legislative provisions to materialize the treaties);

- The second stage is the irrevocability of the obligation ‘to do’, not to leaves any discretion in terms of meeting its obligations59;

- The third stage of enlargement of the direct effect of treaties has been held that the Courtdecided that "the Treaty provisions have direct effect and when it content refers to a principle to be enforced by the secondary rules, which have not yet been adopted by the Community institutions"60 but instead "provisions which set out general obligations which have Member States shall have no effect for individuals and companies, they never being able to invoke them before the courts ".61

b. - For international treaties In terms of international agreements,

the court ruled that its provisions can be invoked directly from them if from them results that they not only gives rights to states, but also for private persons, or if implementation of such treaties in domestic law is based on clear provisions, which require no other domestic legislation.

The direct effect of provisions that are stipulated in international agreements concluded by the Community has three consequences62:

- Interested persons may request a national court compliance with law is

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ordinea juridica interna are la baza dispozitiile clare, care nu necesita alte acte normative interne.

Efectul direct al dispozitiilor ce sunt prevazute in acordurile internationale incheiate de Comunitate are trei consecinte:26

- persoanele interesate pot cere judecatorului national respectarea unui drept care este

conferit de acordul international invocat;

- in cazul in care un stat membru nu indeplineste masurile de executare, efectul direct

reprezinta o sanctiune pentru statul in cauza, astfel persoanele interesate avand posibilitatea de a declansa actiunea bazata pe neindeplinirea obligatiei de catre stat.

- prevederile acordului invocat, avand aplicabilitate directa, nu s-ar putea manifesta

decat in absenta unei dispozitii contrare in dreptul intern, dar principiul prioritatii permite producerea efectului direct.

3.2. – Exemplificari. a. – Privind Tratatele constitutive Hotararea Van Gend en Loos vs.

Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administratia Fiscala Olandeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, o firma de importatori, a fost solicitata sa plateasca taxe vamale pentru o marfa importata din Germania in Olanda, conform legii adoptate dupa crearea CEE. Importatorii au sesizat instantele olandeze cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe motivul ca existenta unei taxe vamale suplimentare incalca art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care interzicea introducerea de noi taxe vamale. Instanta olandeza a sesizat CJCE, conform art.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea dispozitiei relevante.

Prin art.25 (ex 12) TCEE – se interzice impunerea de noi taxe vamale, precum si marirea cuantumului celor deja existente.

Solutia si principiile degajate de CJCE au fost acelea ca „CEE a creat o noua ordine juridica in dreptul international, in numele

conferred by international agreement raised; - If a Member State does not meet

performance measures, the direct effect is a sanction for the State concerned, interested persons will be allowed to trigger action based on failure to state.

- The Agreement relied upon, with direct applicability, it could manifest but absent a contrary provision in national law, but priority principle will produce direct effect.

3.2. - Examples. A. - On the founding Treaties Van Gend en Loos v..

Administration Belastingen der Nederlandse (Dutch Tax Administration), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, an importing company, was required to pay duty on goods imported from Germany to Holland, under the law passed after the creation of EEC . Importers informed the Dutch Courts on customs duties on the grounds that the existence of an additional duty violates article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohibited introduction of new duties. Dutch court asked the ECJ under art.234 (eg 177), to interpret the relevant provisions.

By article 25 (ex 12) TCEE - prohibit the imposition of new duties, and increase the amount of existing ones.

Solution and principles were released by the ECJ that "the EEC has created a new legal order in international law, on behalf of which the States have limited rights in some areas well-established subjects as being not only states but individuals: people physical and legal state.

So said the principle is that the EC objective is to create a common market, whose operation directly concerned stakeholders EC (individuals and legal entities).

Also under the Treaty, article 25 (ex 12) TCEE direct effect on the relationship between Member States and national issues, creating individual rights which national courts must protect.

Judgement of December 14, 196263

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careia statele si-au limitat drepturile in anumite domenii bine stabilite, subiectele de drept fiind nu doar statele, ci si particularii: persoane fizice si juridice din statul respectiv.

Asadar, principiul afirmat este acela ca obiectivul CE este de a crea o piata comuna, a carei functionare priveste in mod direct partile interesate din CE (persoane fizice si juridice).

Tot conform prevederilor tratatului, art.25 (ex 12) TCEE produce efecte directe in relatia dintre statele membre si subiectele de drept intern, creand drepturi individuale, pe care instantele nationale trebuie sa le protejeze.

Hotararea Curtii din 14 decembrie 196227 – Milchwerke Heinz Wöhrmann & Sohn KG Alfons Lütticke GmbH impotriva Comisiei Comunitatii Economice Europene. Cauzele conexate 31 si 33 pana la 62 prin care Curtea de la Luxemburg a admis caracterul irevocabil de a face, statuand ca aceasta nu permite statelor membre nicio posibilitate de apreciere asupra dispozitiilor tratatelor constitutive.28

Tratatul de instituire a Comunitatii Economice Europene29, articolul 117 prevede ca „statele membre convin asupra necesitatii de a promova imbunatatirea conditiilor de viata si de munca ale fortei de munca, care sa permita egalizarea acestora in cadrul progresului.

b. – Privind tratatele internationale Hotararea Curtii din data de 30

septembrie 1987. Meryem Demirel impotriva Ville de Schwäbisch Gmünd. Cerere avand ca obiect pronuntarea unei hotarari preliminare: Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart – Germania. Libera circulatie a lucratorilor. Cauza 12/86.

Hotararea a fost luata cu referire la acordul de asociere Comunitate-Turcia unde Curtea a reamintit faptul ca un acord incheiat de catre Consiliu este un act adoptat printr-o institutie a Comunitatii si a constat ca, in raport de natura acordului de asociere, „acesta creeaza legaturi speciale si privilegii cu un stat tert, care trebuie, cel putin partial, sa

- Heinz Milchwerke Wöhrmann & Sohn KG Alfons Lütticke GmbH against the Commission of the European Economic Community. Joined Cases 31 and 33 to 62 by the Luxembourg Court upheld the irrevocability of making, finding that it does not allow Member States no discretion whether to consider the provisions of the constituent treaties64.

Treaty establishing the European Economic Community65, Article 117 provides that "Member States agree on the need to promote better standards of life and work of labor, allowing them to equalize the progress.

b. - On international treaties Court dated September 30, 1987.

Meryem Demirel against Ville of Schwäbisch Gmünd. The claim for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart - Germany. Free movement of workers. Case 12/86.

The decision was taken to refer to the Community-Turkey Association Agreement, where the Court reiterated that an agreement by the Council is an act by a Community institution and found that, in relation to the nature of the association agreement, "it creates links and special privileges to a third State that must at least partially, participate in the Community scheme and must, necessarily, confer powers to the Community to ensure fulfilment of commitments towards third countries in all areas covered by the Treaty. "

4. DIRECT EFFECT

UNCONDITIONALLY LIMITED. EXAMPLES.

4.1. - The direct effect of conditioning and restrains. Requirements.

Conditioned small direct effect - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law to meet certain conditions and requirements.

Regarded as having this effect, are the

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participe la regimul comunitar si trebuie, in mod necesar, sa confere Comunitatii competenta pentru a asigura indeplinirea angajamentelor fata de statele terte in toate domeniile acoperite de Tratat”. 4. EFECTUL DIRECT

NECONDITIONAT SI RESTRANS. EXEMPIFICARI.

4.1. - Efectul direct conditionat si restrans.Cerinte

Efectul direct conditionat si restrans -

presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect sa indeplineasca anumite conditii si cerinte.

Sunt considerate ca avand acest efect, directivele si deciziile adresate statelor membre, in baza carora se impune necesitatea ca judecatorii nationali sa aplice directivele, iar caracterul obligatoriu al acestora presupune faptul ca particularii pot sa le invoce.30

a. – Directiva Cerintele directivelor pentru a sa fi aplicate

sunt : - sa prevada un termen in care statele

trebuie sa adopte acte de aplicare, efectul direct neputandu-se astfel produce decat dupa expirarea lui (Hot. CJCE "Suffritti s.a." 140/91, 141/91, 278/91 si 279/91 din 3. 12. 1992) si

- statul membru sa nu fi adoptat directivele in cauza sau sa le fi pus in aplicare in mod gresit.

Particularii pot invoca efectul direct al directivei in urmatoarele cazuri :31

- cand dispozitiile normei de drept intern nu sunt conforme cu cele ale directivei invocate iar particularul poate cere ca norma de drept intern sa nu fie luata in calcul in solutionarea procesului;

- cand particularul este privat de un drept conferit de directiva datorita inexistentei acestui drept in normele juridice nationale, poate cere judecatorului national recunoasterea dreptului conferit de directiva.

Concluziile efectului direct conditionat si restrans al directivelor ce rezulta din

directives and decisions addressed to Member States, based on which it is necessary that national judges to apply the directives and their binding implies that individuals may invoke them66.

a. – Directive Directives requirements to be applied

are: - Provide for a period in which states

must adopt measures for implementing the direct effect that may not occur until after such expiration (ECJ Hot. "Suffritti to" 140/91, 141/91, 278/91 and 279/91 of 3. 12. 1992) and

- Member State has not adopted the directives in question or has implemented them incorrectly. Individuals may rely on the direct effect of the directive in the following cases:67

- Rule of law when the provisions are not consistent with those of the invoked directive and the individual may request that the rule of law should not be taken into account in the settlement of the process;

- When an individual is deprived of a right conferred by the Directive due to the lack of this right in national legal rules, the national judge may require recognition of the rights conferred by the directive.

Conclusions of conditioned small direct effect of directives resulting from the case are68:

- Directives are not binding on individuals, so individuals can not invoke the disputes between them and the State can not invoke against private individuals;

- Provisions of directives must be unconditional and sufficiently precise;

- The principle of direct effect of directives can be "raised against a body responsible for providing public services under state control, with special powers greater than those normally applicable between individuals (eg privatized utilities, such as gas, water, electricity)69.

b. – Decision Decisions are similar directives in terms

of direct effect, if they are valid arguments

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Jurisprudenta Curtii sunt32 : - directivele nu creeaza obligatii pentru

particulari, astfel incat particularii nu pot sa le invoce in litigiile dintre ei, iar statul nu poate sa le invoce impotriva unor persoane particulare;

- prevederile directivelor trebuie sa fie neconditionate si suficient de precise;

- principiul efectului direct al directivelor poate fi “invocat impotriva unui organism responsabil cu furnizarea unui serviciu public sub controlul statului, avand puteri speciale, mai mari decat cele normal aplicabile intre particulari (de exemplu: utilitati privatizate, precum: gazul, apa, electricitatea).”33

b. – Decizia Deciziile sunt asimilate directivelor din

punctul de vedere al efectului direct, in cazul lor fiind valabile aceleasi argumente pentru justificarea aplicabilitatii acestui principiu, cu exceptia faptului ca ele nu presupun in mod necesar adoptarea unor reglementari nationale pentru aplicarea lor, fie pentru faptul ca ele nu sunt adresate statului, fie pentru ca obligatiile pe care le impun nu sunt adresate particularilor.34

Curtea a stabilit in cazul deciziilor aceeasi jurisprudenta ca si in cazul directivelor,desi numarul cazurilor este mult mai mic.

4.2. - Exemplificari a. – Pentru directive DIRECTIVA 76/207/CE35 a

Consiliului din 9 februarie 1976 privind punerea in aplicare a principiului egalitatii de tratament intre barbati si femei in ceea ce priveste accesul la incadrarea in munca, la formarea si la promovarea profesionala, precum si conditiile de munca – modificata de DIRECTIVA 2002/73/CE a Parlamentului European si Consiliului din 23 septembrie 2002

In cazul: Marshall vs. Southampton South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Marshall I), nr.152/84, 1986, doamna Marshall a invocat art.536 din Directiva nr.76/207 cu privire la egalitatea de tratament, atunci cand i s-a cerut sa iasa la pensie la 60 de ani, pentru barbati, varsta de pensionare fiind

to justify the applicability of this same principle, except that they do not necessarily require the adoption of national regulations for their implementation is the fact that they are not State addressed or because they impose obligations that are not addressed to individuals. 70

Court jurisprudence established the same decisions as in the case of directives, although the number of cases is much smaller.

4.2. – Examples a. - For Directive 76/207/CE DIRECTIVE of 9 February

197671 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and women regarding access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions - modified by Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and Council of September 23, 2002.

When: vs. Marshall. Southampton South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Marshall I), nr.152/84, 1986, Ms Marshall cited Article 572 of Directive nr.76/207 on equal treatment when he was asked to come to pension to 60 years for men, retirement age is 65. House of Lords asked the ECJ to interpret that provision.

Shoulders Marshall said for the first time that directives can have direct effects on individuals, except that if there is a legal person of public law.

b.- For Decision The Council Decision 2005/600/EC of

12 July 2005 on guidelines for the employment of workers of Member States reveals that mobility is a key factor enabling a greater number of people to find a better work place better and require the removal of "obstacles that prevents the mobility of the European workers in the framework established by the Treaty", whereas Member States still limited geographical mobility of some EU citizens, although the free movement of workers is a fundamental principle of Community.

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de 65 de ani. Camera Lorzilor a solicitat CJCE sa interpreteze prevederea respectiva.

In concluzie, speta Marshall a afirmat pentru prima data ca directivele nu pot avea efecte directe asupra particularilor, cu exceptia faptului daca este vorba despre o persoana juridica de drept public.

b. – Pentru decizii In Decizia 2005/600/CE a Consiliului din

12 iulie 2005 privind Orientarile pentru politicile de ocupare a fortei de munca ale statelor membre se evidentiaza faptul ca mobilitatea este un factor principal ce permite unui numar mai mare de persoane sa-si gaseasca un loc de munca mai bun si se solicita inlaturarea "obstacolelor ce impiedica mobilitatea lucratorilor europeni in cadrul stabilit de tratate"; intrucat statele membre inca limiteaza mobilitatea geografica a unora dintre cetatenii UE, cu toate ca libera circulatie a lucratorilor este un principiu fundamental al Comunitatii.

CONCLUZII

Dreptul comunitar european acorda drepturi si impune obligatii nu doar statelor membre, ci si cetatenilor si intreprinderilor carora li se aplica direct anumite norme. Face parte integranta din sistemul juridic al statelor membre care raspund, in primul rand, de aplicarea corecta a acestor reglementari. Prin urmare, orice cetatean al statelor membre ale UE sa fie indreptatit sa se astepte ca autoritatile nationale de pe tot teritoriul Uniunii Europene sa aplice corect drepturile care le revin in calitate de cetateni europeni.

Fiecare stat membru este responsabil de punerea in aplicare in cadrul sistemului juridic national, a dreptului comunitar (transpunerea in termenele stabilite, conformitate si aplicare corecta). In temeiul tratatelor, Comisia Europeana vegheaza la corecta aplicare a dreptului comunitar. Prin urmare, in cazul in care un stat membru nu respecta dreptul comunitar, Comisia dispune de puteri proprii (actiune in neindeplinirea obligatiilor) prevazute de Tratatul CE si de Tratatul CEEA pentru a incerca sa puna capat

CONCLUSIONS

European Community law confers rights and obligations not only of Member States but also of the citizens and enterprises subject to certain rules directly. It is part of the legal system of Member States to respond, firstly, the correct application of these regulations. Therefore, any citizen of EU Member States should be entitled to expect that national authorities throughout the European Union to correctly apply their rights as European citizens.

Each Member State is responsible for implementation within national legal systems, law (transposition of the deadlines, compliance and correct application). Under the Treaties, the European Commission watches over the correct application of Community law. Therefore, if a Member State does not comply with Community law, the Commission has powers of its own (action failure) of the EC Treaty and the EAEC Treaty to try to end the infringement and, if necessary, may apply to the Court of Justice.

Failure means the failure by a Member State of its obligations under Community law. This may take the form of an action or omission. The state understands that Member State has violated Community law, whatever the authority - central, regional or local - responsible for failure.

Any person may submit a complaint against the European Commission by a Member State to denounce a measure (legislative, regulatory or administrative) or imputed to the practice which it considers contrary to a provision or principle of Community law. Not be proved or interest to act and there is direct breach of Community law on which it relies. However, to be taken into account, the complaint must relate to an infringement by a Member State, so the object can not have an issue of personal nature.

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acestei incalcari a dreptului comunitar si, dupa caz, poate sesiza Curtea de Justitie a Comunitatilor Europene.

Neindeplinirea inseamna nerespectarea de catre un stat membru a obligatiilor care ii revin in temeiul dreptului comunitar. Aceasta poate lua forma unei actiuni sau a unei omisiuni. Prin stat se intelege statul membru care a incalcat dreptul comunitar, oricare ar fi autoritatea - centrala, regionala sau locala - responsabila de neindeplinirea obligatiilor.

Orice persoana poate inainta Comisiei Europene o plangere formulata impotriva unui stat membru prin care sa denunte o masura (legislativa, normativa sau administrativa) sau o practica imputabila acestuia pe care o considera contrara unei dispozitii sau unui principiu de drept comunitar. Nu trebuie dovedit interesul de a actiona si sau ca exista direct situatia de incalcare a dreptului comunitar pe care o invocati. Totusi, pentru a fi luata in considerare, plangerea trebuie sa se refere la o incalcare a dreptului comunitar de catre un stat membru, deci nu poate sa aiba ca obiect un litigiu de natura privata.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Filipescu Ion P., Augustin Fuerea – “Drept institutional comunitar european”, editia a – V-a, Editura Actami, Bucuresti, 2000.

2. Fuerea Augustin, „Drept comunitar al afacerilor”, Editura Universul Juridic – editia a – II – a revazuta si adaugita, Bucuresti – 2006.

3. Fuerea Augustin, „Manualul Uniunii Europene”, Editura Universul Juridic – editia a – III – a revazuta si adaugita, Bucuresti – 2006.

4. Philippe Moreau Defarges – “Institutii europene”, Armand Colin Paris, 1995.

5. Tinca Ovidiu, „Drept comunitar general”, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1999.

6. Declaratia Schuman 9 mai 1950 7. Tratatul constitutiv al Comunitatii

REFERENCES

1. Ion P. Filipescu, Augustin Fuerea –

“Institutional European Community Law ", edition - will, Actami Publishing, Bucharest, 2000.

2. Fuerea Augustin, "European Business Law, Legal Publishing House edition - - II - a revised and added, Bucharest - 2006.

3. Fuerea Augustin, "Handbook of European Union", Legal Publishing House edition - - III - the revised and added, Bucharest - 2006.

4. Philippe Moreau Defarges - "European Institutions", Paris, Armand Colin, 1995.

5. Ovidiu Tinca, "General Law, Teaching and Pedagogical Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999.

6. May 9, 1950 Schuman Declaration 7. Treaty of incorporation of the

European Coal and Steel Community signed at Paris on 18 April 1951 which entered into force on 23 July 1952.

8. Formation of the European Community Treaty, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, entered into force on 1 January 1958.

9. Treaty of incorporation of the European Atomic Energy Community, signed in Rome on March 25, 1957, entered into force on 1 January 1958.

10. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969.

11. Treaty amending certain financial provisions of the treaties that established the European Communities and the Treaty setting up a single Council and a single Commission of the European Communities, came into force on June 1, 1977

12. The Treaty was approved by the Single European Act came into force on 1 July 1987.

13. Called Maastricht Treaty on European Union Treaty which established the

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Europene a Carbunelui si Otelului semnat la Paris, la 18 aprilie 1951 care a intrat in vigoare la 23 iulie 1952.

8. Tratatul constitutiv al Comunitatii Europene, semnat la Roma la 25 martie 1957, intrat in vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1958.

9. Tratatul constitutiv al Comunitatii Europene a Energiei Atomice, semnat la Roma, la 25 martie 1957, intrat in vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1958.

10. Conventia de la Viena cu privire la dreptul tratatelor, incheiata la Viena la 23 mai 1969.

11. Tratatul de modificare a unor dispozitii financiare ale tratatelor ce instituia Comunitatile Europene si ale Tratatului care a instituit un Consiliu unic si o Comisie unica a Comunitatilor Europene, intrat in vigoare la 1 iunie 1977

12. Tratatul prin care s-a aprobat Actul Unic European, intrat in vigoare la 1 iulie 1987.

13. Tratatul de la Maastricht numit Tratatul privind Uniunea Europeana prin care s-a instituit Uniunea Europeana, intrat in vigoare la 1 noiembrie 1993.

14. Tratatul de la Amsterdam, intrat in vigoare la 1 mai 1999.

15. Tratatul de la Nisa, intrat in vigoare la 1 februarie 2003

16. Tratatul care instituie Constitutia Europeana (TCE), semnat pe 29 octombrie 2004

17. Acquis-ul Schengen 18. Tratatul de la Lisabona de

modificare a Tratatului privind Uniunea Europeana si a Tratatului de instituire a Comunitatii Europene.

19. Statutul Curtii Internationale de Justitie

20. Regulamentul (CEE) nr. 1408/71 al Consiliului din 14 iunie 1971 privind aplicarea regimurilor de securitate sociala in raport cu lucratorii salariati, cu lucratorii independenti si cu familiile acestora care se deplaseaza in cadrul Comunitatii (8) (9) (10) (11) ( Versiune consolidata – JO nr. L 28 din 31.01.1997)

European Union, came into force on 1 November 1993.

14. Treaty of Amsterdam entered into force on 1 May 1999.

15. Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 February 2003

16. Treaty establishing the European Constitution (TEC), signed on October 29, 2004

17. Schengen Acquis 18. Treaty of Lisbon amending the

Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community.

19. Statute of the International Court of Justice

20. Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed workers and their families moving within the Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (consolidated version - OJ no. L 28 of 31.1.1997)

21. Council Regulation (EEC) no. 574/72 of 21 March 1972 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 on the application of social security schemes for persons employed and their families moving within the Community.

22. Regulation (EC) no. 805/2004 of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims.

23. Directive 76/207/CE - the principle of equal treatment in regard to working conditions, including conditions governing dismissal, means that men and women are guaranteed the same conditions without discrimination on grounds of sex.

24. 76/207/CE Council Directive of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions - modified Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 23 September 2002.

25. Council Decision 2005/600/EC of 12 July 2005 on guidelines for the employment of the labor force in the Member

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21. Regulamentul Consiliului (CEE) nr. 574/72 din 21 martie 1972 de stabilire a procedurii de aplicare a Regulamentului (CEE) nr. 1408/71 privind aplicarea sistemelor de securitate sociala pentru persoanele incadrate in munca si familiile lor, care circula in Comunitate.

22. Regulamentul (CE) nr. 805/2004 al Parlamentului European si al Consiliului din 21 aprilie 2004 privind crearea unui titlu executoriu european pentru creantele necontestate.

23. Directiva 76/207/CE – Aplicarea principiului egalitatii de tratament in privinta conditiilor de munca, inclusiv a conditiilor care reglementeaza concedierea, presupune ca barbatilor si femeilor li se garanteaza aceleasi conditii, fara discriminare pe criterii de sex.

24. Directiva 76/207/CE a Consiliului din 9 februarie 1976 privind punerea in aplicare a principiului egalitatii de tratament intre barbati si femei in ceea ce priveste accesul la incadrarea in munca, la formarea si la promovarea profesionala, precum si conditiile de munca – modificata de Directiva 2002/73/CE a Parlamentului European si Consiliului din 23 septembrie 2002.

25. Decizia 2005/600/CE a Consiliului din 12 iulie 2005 privind Orientarile pentru politicile de ocupare a fortei de munca ale statelor membre.

26. Decizia nr. 1720/2006/EC a Parlamentului European si a Consiliului in 15 noiembrie 2006 privind instituirea unui program de actiune in domeniul invatarii pe tot parcursul vietii.

27. Decizia nr. 205 din 17 octombrie 2005 – Privind sfera de cuprindere a notiunii de “somaj partial” referitor la lucratorii frontalieri (Text de interes pentru SEE si pentru acordul UE/Elvetia) (2006/351/CE) prin care s-a decis ca in scopul aplicarii articolului 71, paragraful 1, punctul a) din Regulamentul 1408/71.

28. CJCE, Hotararea din 5

States. 26. Decision no. 1720/2006/EC of the

European Parliament and the Council on 15 November 2006 establishing a program of action in the field of lifelong learning.

27. Decision no. 205 of October 17, 2005 - On the scope of the notion of "partial unemployment" on the frontier workers (Text of EEA and interest to the EU / Switzerland) (2006/351/CE) by which it was decided that in order to implement Article 71, paragraph 1, paragraph a) of Regulation 1408/71.

28. ECJ, Decision of 5 February 1963, Van Gend en Loos v.. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, to interpret the relevant provisions.

29. ECJ, Decision of 20 July 1990, Foster v.. British Gas (Case C-188/89) ECJ, Van Gend en Loos v.. Belastingen der Nederlandse Administratie (Dutch Tax Administration), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos.

30. CJCE, Hotararea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administratia Fiscala Olandeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos.

31. http://www.proeuropa.ro/ 32. http://ro.wikipedia.org/ 33. http://www.europeana.ro/ 34. http://www.onuinfo.ro/ 35. http://ec.europa.eu/romania/ 36. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 37. http://www.dexonline.ro/ 38. http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 39. http://www.ier.ro/ 40. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ 41. http://www.mmuncii.ro/ 42. http://www.cnfpa.ro/ 43. http://www.mie.ro/ 44. http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/ 45. http://consilium.europa.eu/ 46. http://www.mae.ro/ 47. http://ec.europa.eu/

Citiţi fonetic Dicţionar - Afişaţi dicţionarul detaliat

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februarie 1963, Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, pentru interpretarea dispozitiei relevante.

29. CJCE, Hotararea din 20 iulie 1990, Foster vs. British Gas (Cazul C-188/89)

30. CJCE, Hotararea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administratia Fiscala Olandeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos. 31. http://www.proeuropa.ro/ 32. http://ro.wikipedia.org/ 33. http://www.europeana.ro/ 34. http://www.onuinfo.ro/ 35. http://ec.europa.eu/romania/ 36. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 37. http://www.dexonline.ro/ 38. http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 39. http://www.ier.ro/ 40. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ 41. http://www.mmuncii.ro/ 42. http://www.cnfpa.ro/ 43. http://www.mie.ro/ 44. http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/ 45. http://consilium.europa.eu/ 46. http://www.mae.ro/ 47. http://ec.europa.eu/

 

1 Convenţia de la Viena cu privire la dreptul tratatelor, încheiată la Viena la 23 mai 1969. 2 Fuerea Augustin, “Drept institutional comunitar european”, editia a – V-a, Editura Actami, Bucuresti, 2000., pag. 36. 3 Fuerea Augustin, „Drept comunitar al afacerilor”, Editura Universul Juridic – editia a – II – a revazuta si adaugita, Bucuresti – 2006. pag. 166. 4 CJCE, hotărârea din 5 februarie 1963, Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, o firmă de importatori, a fost solicitată să plătească taxe vamale pentru o marfă importată din Germania în Olanda, conform legii adoptate după crearea CEE. Importatorii au sesizat instanţele olandeze cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe motivul că existenţa unei taxe vamale suplimentare încalcă art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care interzicea introducerea de noi taxe vamale. Instanţa olandeză a sesizat CJCE, conform art.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea dispoziţiei relevante. 5 Fuerea Augustin,op.cit., pag. 36 6 Idem, , pag. 37 şi urm. 7 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 166. 8 Idem, pag. 166. 9 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ - Acquis-ului comunitar este constituit din întregul corp de legi ale UE este cunoscut, în totalitatea sa. Acquis-ul include toată legislaţia primară (tratatele), legislaţia secundară (Regulamente, Directive, Decizii, Recomandări etc.) şi studii de caz (verdicte ale Curţii Europene de Justiţie şi Curţii Europene de Primă Instanţă). Prin urmare, de vreme ce regulile UE se află în continuă schimbare (sunt adoptate noi Directive, sunt adoptate Regulamente şi sunt judecate alte cazuri), acquis-ul nu este un document static, ci unul aflat în continuă evoluţie. 10 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 11 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 166-167.

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12 Idem, pag. 167. 13 Idem, pag. 32,33 14 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 163. 15 REGULAMENTUL (CEE) NR. 1408/71 AL CONSILIULUI din 14 iunie 1971 privind aplicarea regimurilor de securitate socială în raport cu lucrătorii salariaţi, cu lucrătorii independenţi şi cu familiile acestora care se deplasează în cadrul Comunităţii (8) (9) (10) (11) ( Versiune consolidată – JO nr. L 28 din 31.01.1997) 16 REGULAMENTUL CONSILIULUI (CEE) nr. 574/72 din 21 martie 1972 de stabilire a procedurii de aplicare a Regulamentului (CEE) nr. 1408/71 privind aplicarea sistemelor de securitate socială pentru persoanele încadrate în muncă şi familiile lor, care circulă în Comunitate. 17 Regulamentul (CE) nr. 805/2004 al Parlamentului European şi al Consiliului din 21 aprilie 2004 privind crearea unui titlu executoriu european pentru creanţele necontestate. 18 http://ro.wikipedia.org - Spaţiul Economic European (SEE, European Economic Area) a luat fiinţă la data de 1 ianuarie 1994 în urma acordului semnat la data de 2 mai 1992 între statele participante la Asociaţia Europeană a Liberului Schimb (AELS) şi statele membre UE. Acest acord pune bazele unei pieţe unice guvernate de aceleaşi reguli de bază ce au ca scop să permită mărfurilor, serviciilor, capitalului şi persoanelor să circule liber în cadrul SEE, într-un mediu deschis şi competitiv, un concept cunoscut drept cele patru libertăţi. 19 http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 20 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 21 Ţinca Ovidiu, „Drept comunitar general”, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1999, pag .233. 22 http://www.wikipedia.ro – CJCE – Hotărârea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administraţia Fiscală Olandeză), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, o firmă de importatori, a fost solicitată să plătească taxe vamale pentru o marfă importată din Germania în Olanda, conform legii adoptate după crearea CEE. Importatorii au sesizat instanţele olandeze cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe motivul că existenţa unei taxe vamale suplimentare încălca art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care interzicea introducerea de noi taxe vamale. Instanţa olandeză a sesizat CJCE, conform art.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea dispoziţiei relevante. 23 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 24 Idem, pag, 168 25 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 38. 26 Idem, pag. 38 27 http://www.euroavocatura.ro 28 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 168. 29 http://www.ier.ro 30 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 169. 31 Ţinca Ovidiu, op.cit., pag. 236 32 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 33 CJCE, Hotărârea din 20 iulie 1990, Foster vs. British Gas (Cazul C-188/89) 34 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 35 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 36 http://www.mmuncii.ro - Directiva 76/207/CE - Articolul 5 – “(1) Aplicarea principiului egalităţii de tratament în privinţa condiţiilor de muncă, inclusiv a condiţiilor care reglementează concedierea, presupune că bărbaţilor şi femeilor li se garantează aceleaşi condiţii, fără discriminare pe criterii de sex. (2) În acest scop, statele membre adoptă măsurile necesare pentru a asigura că:

(a) sunt abrogate dispoziţiile actelor cu putere de lege şi ale actelor administrative contrare principiului egalităţii de tratament;

(b) sunt nule, pot fi declarate nule sau pot fi modificate dispoziţiile contrare principiului egalităţii de tratament care sunt prevăzute de convenţii colective, contracte individuale de muncă, regulamente de ordine interioară ale întreprinderilor sau în statutele care reglementează profesiile independente;

(c) sunt revizuite dispoziţiile actelor cu putere de lege şi ale actelor administrative care sunt contrare principiului egalităţii de tratament, atunci când preocuparea pentru protecţie care le-a inspirat iniţial nu mai este întemeiată; în cazul în care dispoziţii similare sunt incluse în convenţii colective, partenerilor sociali li se solicită să întreprindă revizuirile necesare.” 37 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969. 38 Fuerea Augustin, "European Business Law, Legal Publishing House edition - - II - a revised and added, Bucharest - 2006. pag. 36 39 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 166. 40 ECJ Judgement of 5 February 1963, Van Gend en Loos v.. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, an importing company, was required to pay customs duties on goods imported from Germany to Holland, according to the law passed after the creation of the EEC. Importers have asked the Dutch courts on payment of customs duties on the grounds that there is an additional duty violates Article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohibited introduction of new duties. Dutch court asked the ECJ, under art.234 (ex 177), to interpret the relevant provision.

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41 Fuerea Augustin,op.cit., pag. 36 42 Idem, , pag. 37 et next. 43 Fuerea Augustin, "Handbook of European Union", Legal Publishing House - edition - III - a revised and enlarged, Bucharest - 2006, p. 166. 44 Idem, , pag. 166 45 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ - acquis communautaire comprises the entire body of EU law is known in its entirety. The acquis includes all primary legislation (treaties), secondary legislation (regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, etc..) Case studies (European Court of Justice rulings and the European Court of First Instance). Therefore, since EU rules are constantly changing (new directives are adopted are adopted regulations and other cases are heard), the acquis is not a static document, but an evolving. 46 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 47 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 166-167. 48 Idem, pag. 167. 49 Idem, pag. 32,33 50 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 163. 51 REGULATION (EEC) NO. 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed workers and their families moving within the Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (Consolidated version - OJ no. L 28 of 31.1.1997). 52 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) no. 574/72 of 21 March 1972 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 on the application of social security schemes for employed persons and their families moving within the Community. 53 Regulation (EC) no. 805/2004 of the European Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for uncontested claims. 54 http://ro.wikipedia.org - European Economic Area (EEA European Economic Area) was established on 1 January 1994 following the agreement signed on 2 May 1992 between the states participating in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA ) and EU Member States. This agreement lays the foundation for a single market governed by the same basic rules that are intended to allow goods, services, capital and people move freely within the EEA, in an open and competitive environment, a concept known as the four freedoms. 55 http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 56 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 57 Ovidiu Tinca, "General Law" Didactic and Pedagogic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999, pp .233. 58 http://www.wikipedia.ro - ECJ - Van Gend en Loos v.. Belastingen der Nederlandse Administratie (Dutch Tax Administration), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, an importing company, was required to pay customs duties on goods imported from Germany to Holland, according to the law passed after the creation of EEC . Importers have asked the Dutch courts on payment of customs duties on the grounds that the existence of additional duties violate Article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohibited introduction of new duties. Dutch court asked the ECJ, under art.234 (ex 177), to interpret the relevant provision. 59 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 60 Idem, pag, 168 61 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 38. 62 Idem, pag. 38 63 http://www.euroavocatura.ro 64 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 168. 65 http://www.ier.ro 66 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 169. 67 Ţinca Ovidiu, op.cit., pag. 236 68 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 69 ECJ, Judgement of 20 July 1990, Foster v.. British Gas (Case C-188/89). 70 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 71 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 72 http://www.mmuncii.ro - 76/207/CE Directive - Article 5 - "(1) Applying the principle of equal treatment with regard to working conditions, including conditions governing dismissal, means that men and women are guaranteed same conditions without discrimination on grounds of sex. (2) To this end, Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that:

(A) are repealed provisions of laws, regulations and administrative provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment;

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(B) are null, void or may be subject to change provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment

are included in collective agreements, individual contracts of employment, internal rules of undertakings or rules governing the independent professions;

(C) are revised provisions of laws, regulations and administrative provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment when the concern for protection which originally inspired them is no longer justified, if similar provisions are included in collective agreements labor and management are required to undertake the necessary revisions. "