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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    ASSIGNMENT NO: 01

    Appropriate Technology(1582)

    SUBMITTED BY: Gohar Ali AfzalSUBMITTED TO: DR Muhamm ad Abid

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    QUESTION-1a

    What practical steps have Pakistan taken regarding appropriate technology?

    ANSWER

    The practical step Pakistan have taken regarding appropriate technology

    The National Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST) was founded for research and development in the

    field of solar energy in 1981.

    The Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology (PCAT) was also established four years later. It

    aimed to promote hydropower, biogas and small-scale wind energy technologies.

    The two institutions were merged into one, forming the Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy

    Technology (PCRET) in 2001. The goal of PCRET was to organize, coordinate and promote research

    and development efforts within the field of renewable energy.

    Finally, the Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) was established in 2003. The objective of

    this institution was to develop renewable energy policies for the promotion of wind, solar, bio-fuels

    and small-scale hydro-power projects. Since its inception, AEDB has been the focal organization

    working on alternative energy technologies, but has it achieved any success in its decade-long

    existence?

    Wind power

    Pakistan, with its thousand kilometer coastline, is blessed to have high wind speeds in many parts of

    the country. These areas, identified as wind corridors, are present in all provinces and have windspeeds between 6 to 7.5 metres per second. It has a theoretical potential of producing more than

    200,000 megawatts of electricity. In the wind corridors of Sindh and Balochistan, adequate wind

    energy exists to power every coastal village of the country. The Gharo-Keti Bandar wind corridor

    alone has a potential to produce upto 50,000 megawatts of electricity. Even if a quarter of the total

    wind energy potential is tapped practically, we will have enough energy to fulfil our current demand

    of approximately 15,000MW, and surplus that can be exported.

    Keeping in view the huge potential (potential estimates range from 150,000 MWs to 350,000 MWs),

    the government has set some targets. It was decided that 500MW to 700MW would be added to the

    national grid through wind power by the year 2014. Initial success came when the first wind turbineswere erected in the Gharo-Keti Bandar wind corridor in 2008 and 6MW electricity was added to the

    national grid.

    By the end of 2011, Pakistans wind energy output remained at 6MWs. With such (lack of) progress,

    Naveed Qamar, the ambitious Federal Minister for Water and Power in 2012, announced that the

    country has revised its renewable energy targets and now 1,500 MWs will be generated by the end

    of the year 2013.

    Today, the former-Minister and the target that he set have both vanished somewhere. The installed

    capacity has now increased to 106MW while the national grid receives just 50MWs.

    Solar power

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    Narian Khorian is a small village situated at a distance of about 40 kilometres from Islamabad. Before

    June 2005, it was just another village, but on the June 19, 2005 the then Prime Minister Shaukat

    Aziz, inaugurated the Hundred Solar Homes Program. Each of the hundred households of this

    village was gifted an 88-Watt solar panel, four LED lights, a 12-Volt DC fan and a TV socket.

    In addition, a solar Geyser and a solar Cooker were also given. With this initiative, the government ofPakistan wanted to display its seriousness in tapping the huge solar energy potential of the country.

    Several other villages from each of the provinces were selected for this initiative.

    Research studies conducted by national and international organizations in Pakistan clearly indicate

    that since the country is exceptionally sunny with around nine hours of sunlight per day, there is a

    potential of producing more than a million megawatts of electricity through solar energy. If only 0.25

    percent of Baluchistan was covered with solar panels with an efficiency of 20 percent, enough

    electricity would be generated to cover the demand from all over Pakistan. But again, there is a

    difference between theoretical potential and the actual realization of that potential.

    Projects

    1. Development of Rural Areas Through promotion of Biogas Technology for promotion of Bio-

    fertilizer and Bio-fuel (inclusive of manpower/ training)

    2. Electrification of Remote Coastal villages using wind energy

    3. Community Solar Dryers for Drying of Dates

    4. Solar Dryers for dehydration of Apricot

    5. Malakand Rural Development Projects

    6. Barani Area Development Project.

    7. Promotion/Dissemination of Biogas Plants for Meeting Energy Requirements

    8. Installation of Wind/Solar Hybrid System

    9. Development & Dissemination of Micro-Hydro Power Plants

    10.Community Solar Dryer for Drying Dates

    Source: http://www.dawn.com/news/1037113/alternative-energy-plan-b

    Drinking arsenic-contaminated water leads to a series of health problems that has limited

    development for the largelypoor rural people of Pakistan who are unable to afford bottled water,

    centralized treatment plants or expensive water filter systems. This paper reviews the

    availableappropriate technologies for the removal of arsenic from drinking water to assist in just

    sustainable development in Pakistan. Several technologies were found to be both technically and

    economically viable, supporting the large-scale deployment of these small-scale, appropriate

    technologies. The economic viability determined in this study was based on both first costs and

    operating costs. The cost of implementing such technologies for an individual Pakistani family ismade acceptable with the use of local materials, which the family may already own. For example,

    http://www.appropedia.org/Poorhttp://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_technologieshttp://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_technologieshttp://www.appropedia.org/Poor
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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    systems using sand and iron nails in the filters, and that are placed in plastic buckets that are already

    in common use in the villages, drive down the overall costs of the technology and put it in the reach

    of even the most destitute. This study found that complications from the variability of local supplies

    result in the need to identify the locally most appropriate solution from both a technical and

    economic standpoint. This review article should be helpful for any practitioner in determining the

    locally optimal solution for the removal of arsenic from drinking water in Pakistan.

    Summary table

    Source:http://www.appropedia.org/Small-scale_arseniccontaminated_water_purification_technologies_in_Pakistan

    ISLAMABAD (July 13, 2012): The inaugural ceremony

    of International Symposium on "Solid Waste

    Management", organized by Pakistan Science

    Foundation (PSF)

    PSF organized the Symposium to take up urban,

    hospital and industrial waste issues that need to be

    addressed urgently, as inefficient disposal of waste is

    the main source of pest attack on economic crops

    and poor practices adopted for waste disposal have become one of the leading causes of health

    problems and environmental deterioration. PSF for providing a platform to different organizations

    to sensitize them on this very important issue. Dr. Giulia Costa, an international expert on waste

    management from University of Rome, Italy delivered a presentation on waste management. She

    elaborated types and composition of solid waste in different countries and methods being used for

    its management. She also spoke on hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste. Dr. Costa said landfill

    sites, biological and thermal treatments were main

    methods to manage the solid waste. The expert said

    after treatment only residues should be disposed of

    at landfill sites. She said waste treatment plants failed

    in many countries as they made a lot of mistakes due

    to poor designing and lake of skills. She said biological

    and thermal treatment methods can be used in

    Pakistan for solid waste management.

    http://www.appropedia.org/Small-scale_arseniccontaminated_water_purification_technologies_#in_Pakistanhttp://www.appropedia.org/Small-scale_arseniccontaminated_water_purification_technologies_#in_Pakistanhttp://www.appropedia.org/Small-scale_arseniccontaminated_water_purification_technologies_#in_Pakistanhttp://www.appropedia.org/Small-scale_arseniccontaminated_water_purification_technologies_#in_Pakistanhttp://www.appropedia.org/File:Aswatertable.png
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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    Dr Costa said avoiding generation of solid waste is most preferable and its disposal is least

    preferable. She said best management is firstly to avoid solid waste generation and if not possible

    we should reduce it, recycle and treat it.

    Source:http://www.psf.gov.pk/waste_2012.php

    QUESTION-1b

    To what extent Pakistan has succeeded in harnessing and developing Small, Micro and Mini

    hydropower potential in Punjab/Sind and in Gilgit-Baltistan?

    ANSWER

    Development of Small, Micro and Mini hydropower in Punjab/Sind and in GilgitBaltistan (Pakistan)

    Type of Hydropower Plants by Sizes

    Large-hydro: More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

    Medium-hydro: 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

    Small-hydro: 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

    Mini-hydro: Above 100 kW, but below 1 MWeither stand alone schemes or more often feeding into

    the grid

    Micro-hydro: From 5kW up to 100 kW usually provided power for a small community or rural

    industry in remote areas away from the grid.

    Pico-hydro: From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.

    A hydropower source of energy is well known in Pakistan and there is ever growing experience in

    this sector to develop the hydropower potential indigenously in the country. The total Hydropower

    resources are estimated at about 50,000 MW. Most of the resources lie in the North of the country,

    which offers sites for large scale (100 MW to 7,000 MW) power projects. Smaller (less than 50 MW)sites are available throughout the country. In addition, canal system with total of 58,450 km

    watercourses, farm channels and field ditchers running another 160,000 km in length has a huge

    hydropower potential at numerous sites/locations on each site, ranging from 1 MW to more than 10

    MW hydropower plants can be installed.

    Pakistan is a country having abundant hydropower resources and the Government is keenly

    facilitating private investors to promote hydropower generation in the Country. Pakistan is endowed

    with hydropower resources of about 60000 MW, almost all of which lie in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

    Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K). Electricity is a stimulator for the socio-

    economic uplift of a country. However, today about 70% of the Pakistan's population has access to

    electricity. Hydropower development in the area now in Pakistan started in 1925 with theconstruction of 1 MW Renala Khurd hydropower station. After a decade, 1.7 MW Jaban (Malakand-I)

    http://www.psf.gov.pk/waste_2012.phphttp://www.psf.gov.pk/waste_2012.phphttp://www.psf.gov.pk/waste_2012.phphttp://www.psf.gov.pk/waste_2012.php
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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    hydropower Project was built which was later upgraded to a 20 MW capacity. Subsequently, in 1953,

    Dargai (Malakand-II) hydropower Project was commissioned. At the time of independence,

    Pakistan inherited a very small power base of only 60 MW capacity for its 31.5 million people. At the

    time of creation of WAPDA in 1958, the country's total hydropower capacity was enhanced to 119

    MW. With the signing of Indus Basin Water Treaty in 1960, Pakistan was entitled to use 142 MAF

    (Indus 93, Jhelum 23 and Chenab 26) of surface water.

    Subsequently, 240 MW Warsak, 1000 MW Mangla and 3478 MW Tarbela Hydropower Projects were

    constructed. Hydropower Projects completed so far also include 1450 MW Ghazi Barotha, 184 MW

    Chashma, 81 MW Malakand-III, 30 MW Jagran and 18 MW Naltar hydropower projects.

    The total installed capacity of hydropower projects in the Country uptill 2010 is 6720 MW, out of

    which 3849 MW is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 1699 MW in Punjab, and 1039 MW in AJ&K and 133 MW

    in the Gilgit-Baltistan. Whereas abundant hydropower potential is still untapped which is yet to be

    harnessed? The hydropower resources in Pakistan are mainly located in the mountainous areas in

    northern region of the Country. The hydropower resources in the south being scarce mainlycomprise of small to medium schemes on barrages and canal falls. The hydropower resources of

    Pakistan can be divided into following six regions

    Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

    Gilgit -Baltistan

    Punjab

    Sindh

    Azad Jammu & Kashmir

    Balochistan

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    Source:http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-powerstations.asp

    http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-powerstations.asphttp://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-powerstations.asphttp://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-powerstations.asphttp://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/pgeneration-powerstations.asp
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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

    Roll No. 765655, Registration No. 13-PLE-04585

    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    QUESTION-2

    What appropriate technology measures could be adoptable for addressing the energy crises in the

    country?

    ANSWER

    The energy crisis would require short term, medium term and long term measures as well as some

    hard policy choices like being able to catch the big fish engaged in power theft.

    Improve governance through power policies based on merit rather than vested interests, check

    power theft, ensure full revenue recovery, and curb corruption.

    A well deliberated, clearly articulated and sustainable policy based on least-cost options was

    the foremost requirement.

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

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    Circular debt is by far the most serious problem that needs to be addressed urgently through

    creation of a circular debt retirement fund under an organization. The fund could be

    financed by a consortium of banks and financial institutions under guarantee of the

    government.

    The cost of generating electricity can be minimized by: optimal choice of technology of

    power plant and its thermal efficiency; type of fuel that the plant uses; size of the plant to

    exploit economy of scales; and location of plant in relation to the centers of consumption.

    Across the board subsidies are never a good policy option. Such subsidies not only result in

    wasteful use of valuable resources but also put unnecessary burden on other consumers and

    the public exchequer.

    pigouvian taxes may not be the best solution for Pakistans political and legal environment

    even though they may have, in the past, produced the desired results in many Western

    jurisdictions. In this context a policy review is warranted.

    The 18th Amendment touched upon electricity in a cursory manner, leaving behind a

    number of lacunas. However, the CCI could manage the affairs through a pro- active

    approach.

    Provincial governments should generate energy and start building power plants on their

    own.

    Renewable energy sources can be usedinstead of fossil fuels for many applications.Wind energy

    Solar energy,

    Hydropower

    Biomass energy can be exploited for electricity generation instead of fossil fuel in the

    country. Overall, the renewable energy sources can meet 17 to 30 per cent of Pakistans

    energy needs by 2030. However, the basic criteria should be their economic viability. It

    would be foolhardy to generate expensive electricity through these means if other cheaper

    options were available.

    Pakistan is blessed with rich hydro power potential of 60,000 MW which can be tapped to

    meet its current and future energy Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan requirements. Itwould be worthwhile to de-link energy generation from irrigation and focus on run of the

    river projects.

    A well planned policy shift should be made to correct the energy-mix by shifting our focus

    from oil based thermal power to hydel and nuclear power.

    Pakistan must work expeditiously to complete all non-controversial hydel projects such as

    Dia Mir Bahsa, Dasu and Bunji Dams etc. Run of the river projects should be prioritized as

    they are relatively cheaper; take less construction time and are environment friendly.

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    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    Vigorous and cost-effective measures should be taken for promoting the use of micro-hydel,

    wind and solar energy at the household level and in off-grid remote areas.

    Pakistan must make use of its abundant stocks of sugarcane molasses for making bio-fuels.

    At present around 2 to 2.5 million tons of molasses is being produced in Pakistan. However,

    80 per cent of the molasses is being exported at a nominal price. This national waste muststop to make ethanol fuel from molasses.

    There are around 6000 bio-gas plants in Pakistan but their production cost is high, as

    presently decomposition is being done through slow natural process, if some catalyst is used

    the process would become cost effective.

    In the current energy scenario, nuclear power can play a vital role. Nuclear power is a safe,

    clean and reliable source of electricity. Nuclear power has a key significance in providing

    base-load electricity and minimizing imports of oil, gas and coal.

    It is essential to continue with the development of nuclear power, even at a modest pace, in

    order to develop local capabilities and to meet Pakistans future electricity needs.

    The area near Gadani, Balochistan, is suitable for coal project with potential of producing

    4000 MW. There is ample land available with very low population density. The

    environmental impact of the imported coal project at this location would be minimal. An

    Ultra Mega Power Park of at least 3600 MW can be built there.

    Coal Water Slurry (CWS) is a new type of liquid fuel that can, to some extent, replace

    petroleum as fuel in the energy conversion and process industries. It also has less

    infrastructure cost and high combustion efficiency.

    In order to meet the massive demand of energy, Pakistan has four external options:

    The Iran-Pakistan (IP) gas pipeline, Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas

    pipeline, Pak-Qatar gas pipeline project and import of Liquefied natural gas (LNG). Out of viii

    Solutions for Energy Crisis in Pakistan these options, only the IP gas pipeline project is

    without the regional or international cooperation. For the remaining three options, the

    financial support, investment opportunities and international cooperation are available.

    Therefore, Pakistan can fast-track the available options by involving other regional,

    international stakeholders through proactive diplomacy.

    Direct electricity purchase agreements may be concluded with neighboring countries on the

    pattern of Central Asia South Asia Electricity Trade and Transmission Project (CASA 1000), if

    prices are affordable and economical.

    Conservation of energy is a huge source of adding to the energy supply. It aims at bringing

    the existing energy into efficient use by eliminating wasteful internal use, minimizing losses

    and theft. By a broad estimate we could add over 20 per cent to our energy availability

    through conservation.

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    Appropriate Technology (1582) Assignment No.-1

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    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    Steps should be taken to educate the public in power conservation by launching media

    campaigns against electricity wastage. Universities, think tanks and media can play an

    important role in energy conservation through innovative concepts and public awareness.

    Energy efficiency in buildings can be improved by incorporating design related best practices

    appropriate to our environment, coupled with traditional materials, technologies and

    craftsmanship. An energy efficient building could reduce annual energy bills by up to 40percent.

    Rebalancing the energy mix giving hydroelectricity and nuclear power greater share offers a

    way out of energy crisis.

    Public-private partnership in hydropower sector should be reinvigorated. This will help in

    raising financial resources for these projects.

    Political consensus on the big hydro projects should be developed.

    The formation of a single ministry in charge of the entire energy sector, the formulation of a

    long-term integrated policy and complete autonomy to regulators coupled with intense

    drive to increase public awareness about energy conservation offers a way out.

    In Pakistan, approximately 6.3 million hectares of agricultural land is salt-affected. Salt

    concentration in the soil does not allow any cash crop to grow; however, this type of landcan be utilized for growing algae for biofuel production.

    QUESTION-3

    Provide basic material selection and environmental considerations required in planning and designing a

    one kanal eco-friendly cottage in Murree hills.

    ANSWER

    What is Environmental consideration?Keeping ones surroundings or elements of which sustains life as a whole in complete balance.Giving back from which was taken.

    Awareness of chemical changes ofechosystem and acting in regards nottochange for ones gain.

    Understanding the ramificationsofinventions,(technology) and impact thereof, where it be structural,

    chemical or process which delays or makes short of cycles sustaining life.

    Environmental consideration for planning and designing

    Murree (Punjabi,Urdu: , "marhi", meaning "high place") is ahill station,summer resort and theadministrative centre ofMurree Tehsil,Pakistan,which is a subdivision ofRawalpindi District and includes

    the Murree Hills. It is located in thePir Panjal Range,some 60 km (37 mi) northeast

    ofIslamabad andRawalpindi via theBenazir Bhutto Road.

    Murree was the summer capital of theBritish Raj in thePunjab Province until 1864. The city is a populartourist destination located on the southern slopes of the Western Himalayan foothills as they ascend

    northeastwards; at an average altitude of 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), it experiences pleasant summers and

    cold, snowy winters. The city is noted for itsTudorbethan andneo-gothicarchitecture dating from

    thecolonial era.

    Climate and ecology

    Murree features asubtropical highland climate (Cwb)under theKppen climate classification.It is

    situated in the outer Himalayas, retaining high altitude. This type of area has cold, snowy winters,

    relatively cool summerwith drastically escalated rain, in relation with lower altitudes, and frequent fog.

    Precipitation is received year round, with two maxima, first one during winterand second one at

    summer, JulyAugust. Total mean precipitation

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree_Tehsilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorbethanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Gothichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Gothichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudorbethanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto_Roadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree_Tehsilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language
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    A variety of rare animal species can be found in Murree, including theleopard,which inhabits the

    neighboring Galiyat region. More common animals include therhesus monkey,wild boar, foxes and

    various species of birds, including theCheer Pheasant andKalij Pheasant.The area gives its name to

    theMurree vole,a rodent species endemic to Pakistan.

    Many fruits introduced to the region during the period of British occupation, including cherries,

    raspberries and strawberries, still thrive locally.

    Murree

    Climate chart (explanation)

    J F M A M J J A S O N D

    127

    7

    0

    145

    8

    1

    177

    12

    4

    133

    17

    9

    92

    22

    13

    130

    25

    16

    340

    22

    16

    326

    21

    15

    147

    21

    13

    70

    19

    10

    33

    15

    6

    70

    10

    2

    Average max. and min. temperatures in C

    Precipitation totals in mm

    Source: World Weather Information Service[7]

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_Pheasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij_Pheasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree_volehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Weather_Information_Service2013-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Weather_Information_Service2013-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Weather_Information_Service2013-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Weather_Information_Service2013-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_charthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree_volehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij_Pheasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_Pheasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_monkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard
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    [hide]Imperial conversion

    J F M A M J J A S O N D

    5

    45

    32

    5.7

    46

    33

    7

    53

    40

    5.2

    63

    48

    3.6

    71

    55

    5.1

    77

    61

    13

    72

    60

    13

    71

    60

    5.8

    70

    56

    2.8

    65

    50

    1.3

    58

    43

    2.8

    50

    36

    Average max. and min. temperatures in F

    Precipitation totals in inches

    As per the above information the for eco-friendly cottage Planning and design the following

    consideration should be follows.

    1. As we know that it is very difficult topography, and we have to Respect the topography it is

    the important factor

    2. Reserve the forest that is also important factor for eco-friendly design.

    3. It is a land sliding area so for it should also be considered for the plan of topographical and

    planning for modification of topographical landscape.

    4. As we know that its asubtropical highland climate (Cwb) so for design should be in response

    to the climate.

    5. This type of area has cold, snowy winters, relatively cool summer with drastically escalated

    rain, in relation with lower altitudes, and frequent fog. Precipitation is received year round,

    with two maxima, first one during winter and second one at summer, JulyAugust. Total

    mean precipitation

    For that the design should be for thermal comfort and design shall have feature for passive

    heating.

    6. It is a snow fall region so for the roof shall be sloppy for draining purposes.

    7. The cottage shall be exposing as much as possible to the sun to retain heat for passive

    heating.

    Basic Material Selection for cottage at Murree Hills.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree
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    Material should be indigenous and in Murree the indigenous material nearby available are wood,

    concrete block etc

    For substructure and supper structure walls concrete block shall be used

    For roofs wooden trusses is a good option

    As we know that it is a land sliding area so for the prefer able supporting frame

    The building shall be reinforced concrete moment frame structural system with unreinforced

    concrete block infill walls.

    The concrete block infill walls are 9 thick. The foundations are reinforced concrete spread footings.

    The building is relatively new built therefore; no condition assessment or repairs are needed.

    QUESTION-4a

    Explain Green Idea and describe how it can be attuned to an office premises comprising of more

    than 200 staff, generating lot of solid waste. Suggest remedial measures

    ANSWER

    What are wastes?

    Waste is a wide ranging term encompassing most unwanted materials, defined by the

    Environmental Protection Act 1990. Waste includes any scrap material, effluent or

    unwanted surplus substance or article that requires disposal because it is broken, worn out,

    contaminated or otherwise spoiled.

    Wastes are those substances or objects which fall out of the commercial cycle or chain of

    utility for example glass bottles that are returned or reused in their original form are not

    waste, whilst glass bottles banked by the public and dispatched for remolding are waste

    until they have been recovered

    Categories the Solid waste

    First of all categories the Solid waste as per the below

    The four broad categories of potential waste:

    1. Worn but functioning substances or objects that are still useable (albeit after repair) for the

    purpose they were made.

    2. Substances or objects that can be put to immediate use otherwise than by a specialized

    waste recovery establishment or undertaking for example ash from a power station used as

    a raw material in building blocks.

    3. Degenerated substances or objects that can be put to use only by establishments or

    undertakings specialized in waste recovery. These are always wastes even if transferred for

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    recovery for value for example contaminated solvents or scrap. Such substances only cease

    to be waste when they have been recovered

    4. Substances or objects which the holder does not want and which he has to pay to have

    taken away. If substances or objects are consigned to the process of waste collection then

    they are waste but they may not be where they are fit for use in their present form byanother identified person

    Managing waste - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle or Dispose?

    every substance extracted from the earths crust, or harvested from the forest, fishery, or

    agriculture is a potential wasteit soon becomes an actual waste in almost all cases with a delay of a

    few weeks to a few years at most....... materials consumed by the economic industrial system do not

    disappear .. They are merely transformed to less useful forms Waste Watch estimates that for each

    tonne of household waste, five tonnes of waste are produced in manufacturing and 20 tonnes in the

    raw materials extraction phase. The Environment Agency estimated that 90% of all resources we

    consume are either thrown away as waste or discarded into the environment as effluent or air

    emissions. The focus on resources consumed is an important element in the drive for ecoefficiency.

    Therefore there has been a move towards viewing waste as not only the traditional municipal and

    controlled wastes, but also as resources that can be recycled, recovered or reused.

    The priority in which wastes should be managed is detailed in the waste hierarchy (Figure below) as

    explored in most waste management publications and promoted in the country waste management

    strategy.

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    The waste Management Hierarchy

    This hierarchy stresses the need to firstly reduce the amount of waste created, then re-use wastes,

    then recover (via recycling, composting or waste-to-energy facilities) and finally, as a last resort to

    dispose of waste to landfill.

    The most successful way to manage waste is not to produce it in the first place and this is the driving

    force behind the idea of waste minimization.

    The waste Minimization Techniques

    QUESTION-4b

    Label the main stages elaborated about management and monitoring of landfill Gas.

    ANSWER

    Land-Fills

    Land-filling is the technical term used to fill large holes in the ground with waste. This process is also

    known as land-raising. Landfill sites produce landfill gas (55% methane and 45% carbon dioxide)

    which can be partly captured for energy production.

    Landfill Gas

    Gases arising from Bio-degradation landfills consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide in the early

    stages, followed mainly by methane and carbon dioxide in the later stages. What is known as 'landfill

    gas' is a product mainly of the methanogen stage of degradation of biodegradable wastes.

    Landfill gas is produced from household and commercial wastes, which contain a significant

    proportion of biodegradable materials however, certain industrial and commercial wastes, which

    have been estimated to contain 62% and 66% biodegradable components.

    The major constituents of landfill gas, methane and carbon dioxide are odorless, and it is the minor

    components such as hydrogen sulphide, organic esters and the organosulphur compounds, which

    give landfill gas a malodorous smell. Landfill gas contains components, which are flammable, and

    when mixed with air can reach explosive concentrations in confined spaces.

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    Some of the trace components of landfill gas have a toxic effect and may be hazardous if high

    enough concentrations are reached; for example, hydrogen sulphide Aromatic hydrocarbons are in

    low concentration but may potentially have an adverse effect on the workforce of the landfill site.

    The major components of landfill gas, methane and carbon dioxide, are 'greenhouse gases'. The

    greenhouse effect is produced by certain gases in the atmosphere, which allow transmission of shortwave radiation from the sun but are opaque to long wave radiation reflected from the earth's

    surface, thereby causing warming of the earth's atmosphere.

    A molecule of methane has approximately 30 times the greenhouse effect of a molecule of carbon

    dioxide. The quantities of gas produced from waste depend on the biodegradable fraction of the

    waste, the presence of microorganisms, and suitable aerobic and anaerobic conditions

    Gases generated in the landfill will move throughout the mass of waste in addition to movement or

    migration out of the site. The mechanism of gas movement is via gaseous diffusion and advection or

    pressure gradient. That is, the gas moves from high to low gas concentration regions or from high tolow gas pressure regions.

    Movement of gas within the mass of waste is governed by the permeability of the waste, overlying

    daily or intermittent cover, and the degree of compaction of the waste. Lateral movement of the

    gases is caused by overlying low permeability layers such as the daily cover and surface and sub-

    surface accumulations of water.

    Vertical movement of gas may occur through natural settlement of the waste, between bales of

    waste if a baling system is used to compact and bale the waste, or through layers of low permeability

    inert wastes such as construction waste rubble. Where landfill gas extraction is practiced to recover

    the gas for energy use, the gas is collected in gas wells, and piped to the surface

    Possible Landfill Gas Migration Pathways for a Closed Site

    Management and Monitoring of Landfill Gas

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    With the recognition of formation of landfill gas and its associated hazards, and the potential to

    utilize the energy content of the gas, the modern landfill site is designed to trap the gases for flaring

    or use in energy recovery systems.

    However, the priority is for control of the gases to protect the environment and prevent

    unacceptable risk to human health rather than utilization, and therefore where energy recovery ispracticed, there would also be a control system alongside.

    Three types of system used to control landfill gas migration:

    Passive venting;

    Physical barriers;

    Pumping extraction systems.

    Passive Venting Systemsare only recommended for old sites in the late stages of gas

    generation where gas generation rates are low, or where inert wastes are landfilled and similarly

    low, or where negligible rates of gas generation are found. The passive venting pit consists of a

    highly permeable vent of gravel material encased in a geotextile fabric to prevent ingress of fine

    material and reduction of permeability. Construction of the passive venting system may be as

    emplacement of the waste proceeds or afterwards by drilling or excavation into the mass of waste.

    Typically the vents are placed at intervals of between 20 and 50 m.

    Physical barriers use low-permeability barriers of, for example, flexible polymeric

    geomembranes, bentonite cement or clay, to contain and restrict the gas migration. Whilst these

    barriers might form part of a leachate containment system, they are less effective in containing gas.

    Coefficients of permeability for gas containment are required to be lower than 10-9 m/s. Efficiencies

    of barriers are improved if they are combined with a means of removing the gas by either passive

    venting or pumped extraction.

    Pumping extraction systemspump the gas out of the landfill. The gas migrates to gas pits orwells within the waste, which consists of highly permeable gravel, stones or rubble with a central

    perforated plastic pipe. The gases pass through the high-permeability vent to a plain unperforated

    pipe, which draws the gases through to the pump. Leachate vapour may also be pumped out with

    the gas, and because this vapour has high moisture content a leachate condensation trap is required.

    Figure shows a typical pumping extraction well. The gas pumped to the surface is either flared by

    self-sustaining combustion or the use of a support fuel, utilized in an energy recovery system, or if

    the gas concentrations are sufficiently low it is discharged to the atmosphere. Where flaring is used

    to dispose of the gas minimum flame temperatures between 850 and 1100 C are recommended to

    destroy any hazardous trace components.

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    Typical combined Leachate and Landfill Gas Collection Well

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    (2ND Semester PGD Leading to MS. Environmental Design)

    QUESTION-5

    Why should we recycle and what can be recycled? Describe saving of energy through Recycling?

    Briefly describe the steps involved in recycling of Aluminum cans (Tins) and wood.

    ANSWER

    In the past, most of the waste used to go to an incinerator that burnt it and recovered energy.

    Incinerators reduce the volume of waste, but landfills are still needed to bury the ash that burning

    produces. Both incinerators and landfills are expensive and can take a long time to locate and build.

    The trash problem cannot be solved easily but can be done when people work together. Reducing

    and reusing waste, recycling, burning trash for energy recover, and landfilling can help solve this

    problem. Recycling is just one important remedy. It reduces the amount of waste for disposal. And

    individuals like you can be part of the solution by recycling at home and at work. You can use

    recycled and recyclable products, organize recycling programs, and encourage your friends and

    neighbors to recycle, just as we contribute to our nation's increasing garbage problem, we can all

    contribute to its solution by recycling.

    When a product has been recycled and then reused as a new product, the recycling loop has been

    closed. Glass is 100% recyclable and can be used over and over with no loss in quality. The process of

    creating new glass from old is also extremely efficient, producing virtually no waste or unwanted

    byproducts. Recycling reduces our reliance on landfills and incinerators. Recycling protects our

    health and environment when harmful substances are removed from the waste stream.

    Recycling conserves our natural resources because it reduces the need for raw materials.

    Reasons Why People Should Recycle

    1. Recycling saves energy.

    Recycling saves energy because the manufacturer doesnt have to produce something new from raw

    natural resources. By using recycled materials we save on energy consumption, which keeps

    production costs down.

    2. Recycling reduces landfills.

    Recycling reduces the need for more landfills. No one wants to live next to a landfill.

    3. Recycling preserves our resources and protects wildlife.

    By recycling, we reduce the need to destroy habitats for animals. Paper recycling alone savesmillions of trees.

    4. Recycling is good for the economy.

    Recycling and purchasing recycled products creates a greater demand for more recycled goods.

    Goods made from recycled materials use less water, creates less pollution and uses less energy.

    5. Recycling helps our climate problems.

    Recycling produces considerably less carbon, which reduces the amount of unhealthy greenhouse

    gas omissions.

    6. Recycling saves trees.

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    Half the Earth's forests are gone, and up to 95 percent of the original forest area in the U.S. has been

    cut down.

    7. Recycling protects wildlife habitat and biodiversity.

    Using recycled materials reduces the need to extract natural resources such as timber, crudepetroleum and mineral ores.

    8. Recycling reduces the use of toxic chemicals.

    Making products from already refined waste materials reduces -- and often avoids altogether -- the

    need for manufacturers to use toxic chemicals, essential when using virgin materials.

    Recycling helps curb global warming. Recycling one ton of glass results in energy savings of more

    than 300% and lowers carbon dioxide emissions by 3.46 tons

    8. Recycling reduces water pollution.

    Turning trees into paper is the most water intensive industrial process in the United States. Paper

    recycling mills nearly always use less water and they don't pollute the water nearly as much. Toxic

    pollution from landfills including cyanide, dioxins, mercury, methane, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid

    and lead - escapes into the air and leaches into groundwater.

    9. Recycling reduces the need for incinerators.

    Municipal waste incinerators spew out all kinds of air pollutants, and are often located in urban

    neighborhoods.

    10. Recycling creates jobs and promotes economic development.The Texas Natural

    Resources Conservation Commission found that recycling added about $18.5 billion in value to the

    economies of 12 Southern states and Puerto Rico in1995.

    What Can Be Recycled?

    Communities required to recycle must have curbside collection programs for at least three materials

    from the following list:

    Clear glass containers

    Colored glass containers High-grade office paper

    Newsprint

    Corrugated paper (cardboard)

    Aluminum cans

    Steel and bi-metallic cans

    Plastics

    Most curbside recycling programs collect four or more of these materials. Also,leaves twigs, and

    garden trimmings must be separated for composting (a process that produces a mulch). These

    materials take up valuable space in landfills and can interfere with the burning process in waste

    incinerators.

    http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#glasshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#glasshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#paperhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#newshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#paperhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#alhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#steelhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#plastichttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#leaveshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#leaveshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#leaveshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#leaveshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#plastichttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#steelhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#alhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#paperhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#newshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#paperhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#glasshttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#glass
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    Individuals can and should recyclewaste oil andautomotive batteries that result from do-it-yourself

    auto maintenance activities.

    In communities where recycling is required, all commercial, institutional, and municipal

    establishments and sponsors of community activities (such as fairs, bazaars, concerts and organized

    sporting events) must recycle aluminum, high-grade office paper, corrugated paper and leaves.

    Thesummary chart shows what can and cannot be recycled, but a little bit of background on

    recycling might help. Please contact your local orcounty recycling coordinator to confirm which

    materials are included in your recycling program and how they should be prepared for collection.

    GLASS

    Glass is completely recyclable and saves precious energy resources. Making products from recycled

    glass uses less energy than starting from scratch. Recycled glass is made into new beverage bottles,

    food jars, insulation and other construction materials.

    Usually, clear glass containers are recycled into new clear glass products, while

    colored glass containers are recycled into new colored glass products. For this

    reason, some recycling programs may ask you to separate glass containers by

    color. Many curbside recycling programs will collect clear and colored glass

    containers and separate them for you. Since food in containers can attract

    insects, rinse them in water. Labels do not need to be removed. Some recycling

    programs will ask that lids and metal rings around the necks of containers be

    removed. DO NOT include window glass, ceramics, light bulbs or ovenware, because these items can

    damage a glass manufacturer's furnace.

    NEWSPAPER

    Newspapers are commonly recycled into paperboard, new newsprint, insulation and animal bedding

    products. Recycling newspapers saves valuable space in landfills. Put newspapers in paper bags or tie

    in bundles with string. In general, you can include any inserts (advertisements, comics) originally

    delivered with the paper.

    OTHER PAPER PRODUCTS

    Office paper can be recycled into other writing paper, tissue and towel products. Corrugated paper

    (commonly known as corrugated cardboard) is used to make new paperboard and corrugated boxes.

    Some programs are now recycling magazines, catalogs, telephone directories and unwanted "junk"mail. These materials should be handled in the same way as newsprint: store in paper bags or tie in

    bundles.

    ALUMINUM

    Aluminum is the most valuable of household recyclables. Aluminum cans are recycled to produce

    new aluminum cans. By recycling aluminum cans, you are helping to conserve energy. To make sure

    that a can is aluminum, use a magnet and see that it DOES NOT stick to the can's top and sides. Rinse

    the cans to prevent attracting insects and crush them if you need to save space.

    Other sources of household aluminum such as clean aluminum foil, clean pie tins, aluminum siding,

    and the metal frames of aluminum lawn furniture also can be recycled. These items, however, may

    http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#oilhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#batteryhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks4.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/County.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/County.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks4.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#batteryhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/recywrks/recywrks2.htm#oil
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    not be accepted by your local program or may require special handling. Check with your local

    recycling program.

    STEEL CANS

    Steel cans are eagerly sought by the steel industry because they are a good source of steel scrap andtheir tin coating also can be recovered and recycled. A magnet sticks to steel cans. You might want

    to flatten food and beverage cans to save space. As with other recyclable containers, they should be

    rinsed. Many recycling programs also collect empty steel aerosol cans and paint cans.

    PLASTIC

    The plastics industry has developed a coding system to help consumers identify

    different types of plastic resins used in packaging. The codes can be found on the

    bottom of most plastic containers. Of the many types of plastics used in

    packaging, two types of plastic from household trash are commonly recycled

    today:

    Plastic Soda Bottles: The material used to make plastic soda bottles (polythylene

    terephthalate or PET) is recyclable. These bottles are coded with the number 1 and the letters PETE.

    About 30 percent of all PET bottles sold are recycled into a variety of products. The bottles you

    recycle could end up as carpet backing, sleeping bag insulation, containers for non-food items, tool

    handles, auto parts and even clothing. Rinse, remove caps and rings, and flatten bottles to save

    space.

    Plastic Milk Jugs: The plastic used in one-gallon milk and water jugs (high density polyethylene or

    HDPE) is also recycled to make products such as trash cans, flower pots and plastic pipe. Your

    recycling program may also accept other HDPE containers such as those sued for laundry products.These containers are coded with the number 2 and the letters HDPE. As with other containers, rinse

    and flatten them to save space.

    Recycling opportunities for other plastic products, including plastic foam cups and plastic cutlery, are

    expanding. It is important that you recycle only those types of plastics that your community or

    hauler specifies.

    LEAVES AND OTHER YARD DEBRIS

    Anyone who has done yard work knows that leaves, twigs and trimmings take up a

    lot of space. As a result, the recycling law requires counties to make a plan fordisposing of this waste in a way that doesn't take up valuable landfill space. Luckily,

    leaves and yard debris quickly reduce in volume ifcomposted or allowed to

    degrade into a rich mulch that is an excellent plant fertilizer. You cancompost in

    your own backyard or at a central composting site in some locations. Contact

    your local recycling program orcounty recycling coordinator for more information.

    MOTOR OIL

    Pennsylvania produces about 35 million gallons of used lubricating oil every year. People who

    change their own motor oil produce 11 million gallons of used lubricating oil each year. If this oil is

    dumped into sewers, soil or streams, it can pollute the water that we drink. Fortunately, used motor

    oil can be recycled into heating fuel, industrial lubricants and even new motor oil. Your role is

    http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/FACTS/Compost.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/garden1.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/garden1.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/County.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/Oil/oil.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/Oil/oil.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/County.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/garden1.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/DOCUMENT/garden1.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/FACTS/Compost.htm
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    simple: store the oil in a sturdy container and take it to an auto repair shop that accepts used oil. To

    find the shop closest to you, check thelist of used oil recyclers in your county or call the

    Pennsylvania Recycling Hotline 1­800­346­4242 or check Earth911.org

    USED CAR BATTERIES

    It's against the law to dispose of acar (lead-acid) battery with your household trash. This type of

    battery is recyclable and must be taken to a recycling center that takes batteries or an automotive

    battery retailer in exchange for a new one.

    Saving Energy by Recycling

    Although recycling may seem like a new concept to many people, the benefits of recycling have been

    known for years. Scrap metal dealers have been around for decades, making money from the fact

    that it is cheaper to make metals from scrap than from ore. During the two world wars, metal,

    rubber, and aluminum were in such large demand that children would collect these items in order to

    earn spending money.

    Plastics are the products with the next highest theoretical potential for saving energy by recycling.

    Producing new plastic from recycled material uses only two-thirds of the energy required for

    manufacturing them from raw materials. Plastics can be disposed of by incineration, with the energy

    given off recovered in the form of electricity and/or heat, but recycling plastic can save twice as

    much energy as can be captured through incineration. At the present time, only a small percentage

    of plastics are recycled. This is because there are virtually hundreds of different types of plastics, and

    it is difficult to separate them prior to recycling. Unlike glass, aluminum, and steel which can be

    recycled over and over again, some plastics such as soft drink containers are made into new

    products, which require a lower grade of plastic.

    Examples include park benches and the filling in ski-jackets.

    Glass is made up of sand, soda ash and limestone. These materials are relatively abundant and

    inexpensive. Crushed, recycled glass melts at a lower temperature than the raw materials, resulting

    in an energy saving of 33%. Even larger energy savings can be achieved if glass products are reused

    in their original form, as is the case with many beer and soft-drink bottles. Producing new steel from

    scrap also results in energy savings of about one-third. As with plastics, the key to recycling steel and

    any other metals is the ability to separate the different components. Tin cans used to package food

    must be separated into their component parts, tin and steel, before both these materials can be

    recycled.

    Recycling paper and rubber tires can also save large amounts of energy. Recycled paper requires

    64% less energy than making paper from virgin wood pulp, and can save a lot of trees. One Sunday

    edition of the New York Times consumes about 75,000 trees. As with plastics, paper can be

    incinerated, but recycling saves more energy than that which could be generated by incineration.

    Retreading automobile and truck tires uses only about 30% of the energy required to produce a new

    tire and can provide 80% of the mileage. Retreading is most effective when tires are built with

    retreading in mind. This is currently the case with most truck tires, but is rare for automotive tires.

    http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/Oil/Sites/aaList.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/FACTS/AUTOBAT.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/FACTS/AUTOBAT.htmhttp://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/Oil/Sites/aaList.htm
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    Recycling of Aluminum cans (Tins)

    Beverages packaged in aluminum cans are purchased by millions of consumers around the world

    each day. The pop the top, hear that familiar hiss and down their favorite drink. You didn't think

    you were the only one, did you?

    But, then what? Where does that can go, after you toss it into the nearest recycling bin?

    1. The recycling process begins either at local recycling centers, community drop-off sites, charity

    collection sites, reverse vending machines or curbside pick-up spots.

    2. Aluminum cans from these sources are then gathered at large, regional scrap processing

    companies. There, they condense the cans into highly dense, 30-pound briquettes or 1,200-

    pound bales and ships them off to aluminum companies for melting.

    3. At the aluminum companies, the condensed cans are shredded, crushed and stripped of their

    inside and outside decorations via a burning process. Then, the potato chip-sized pieces ofaluminum are loaded into melting furnaces, where the recycled metal is blended with new,

    virgin aluminum.

    4. The molten aluminum is then poured into 25-foot long ingots that weigh over 30,000 pounds.

    The ingots are fed into rolling mills that reduce the thickness of the metal from 20-plus inches to

    sheet that is about 10/1,000 of an inch thick.

    5. This metal is then coiled and shipped to can makers, who produce can bodies (the side of a can

    is the same thickness as a human hair!) and lids. They, in turn, deliver cans to beverage

    companies for filling.

    6. The new cans (stocked with your favorite canned beverages, of course) are then ready to

    return to store shelves in as little as 60 days, only to go through the entire recycling process

    again

    Recycling of Wood

    Wood unsuitable for reuse can often be recycled. The process is depending on the type of wood

    (i.e. large pieces of wood, sawdust, shavings etc) and the facility. The general steps of the wood

    Recycling process is detailed below:

    Recycling Process Steps

    Stage Purpose

    General inspection Remove unacceptable materials from the stream

    Flotation and segregation tank Remove non-wood material

    Visual inspection and sorting further removal of non-wood material

    Pass by magnet Remove loose ferrous material

    Size reduction Break up wood and separate physical contaminants

    Pass by magnet Remove released ferrous fragments

    Vibrating screen Remove undersized material from quality chipping,

    And recycle oversized material to size reduction stage

    The size of the wood particles produced is determined by the size reduction and screen separation

    steps. Large chips can be used for horticultural mulch and various surfacing tasks, such as

    playground covering and all-weather equestrian exercise rings. The smaller chips are incorporated in

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    reconstituted wood materials such as chipboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF), while

    another growing use is as animal bedding. Some wood waste may be pulped for the generation of

    paper and cardboard, but only if the raw material is of a sufficiently good quality.

    Energy Recovery

    Wood has traditionally been a source of domestic fuel in the UK. The Governments Waste Woodhas traditionally been a source of domestic fuel in the UK. The Governments Waste Strategy 2000

    states that incineration *of wood waste+ with energy recovery will often be the Best Practicable

    Environmental Option (BPEO). This is particularly the case for treated wood, since, apart from

    reuse, the only alternative is landfill. Burning treated wood, especially CCA-treated wood, can result

    in significant concentrations of pollutants in the smoke and ash. These materials should be burnt in

    incinerators fitted with a suitable scrubber, which can remove the dioxins generated.

    Charcoal production is another form of energy recovery. Charcoal is made by the controlled burning

    of wood with insufficient air for complete combustion. A typical burn could take a week to

    complete, converting two tonnes of waste into about a third of a tonne of charcoal, with a wholesale

    value of about 200. It is projected that the industry could expand to manage as much as 300 000tonnes per year of hardwood waste otherwise unsuitable for timber production.

    CompostingTrees felled during copse thinning and small branches pruned from trees can be left to decompose

    where they fall, providing a habitat and food for insects, fungi and bird life. In addition, logs and

    larger branches can be fed through hopper-fed mobile machinery to generate chippings that can be

    spread on the land as compost.

    QUESTION-6a

    Define desalination and the Reverse Osmosis process?

    ANSWER

    Desalination

    Removal ofsalt (sodium chloride) and otherminerals from the sea water to make it suitable for

    humanconsumption and/orindustrial use. The

    mostcommon desalinationmethodsemployreverse-osmosis in which salt water is forced through a

    membrane that allows water molecules to pass butblocks the molecules of salt and other minerals.

    Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water to fresh water so it is suitable forhuman

    consumption orirrigation

    Reverse Osmosis (RO)

    Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology is used by many industries, including pharmaceutical and

    semiconductor. RO is used to purify drinking water in homes, desalinate seawater, and to remove

    impurities from process water. RO is used alone or with pre- and/or post-treatment equipment to

    meet a specified requirement for water quality. As industrial processes have changed and

    environmental regulations become more stringent, reverse osmosis is now used to treat hazardous

    waste. One such application is the concentrating of metals in rinse water in the metal plating

    http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/removal.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/salt.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mineral.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consumption.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/industrial.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/common.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/method.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/employed.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reverse-osmosis.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/block.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/block.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/reverse-osmosis.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/employed.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/method.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/common.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/industrial.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consumption.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mineral.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/salt.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/removal.html
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    industry. A second application is the treatment of landfill leachate and other liquids high in Total

    Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).

    When a semi-permeable membrane separates two solutions having different solute concentrations,

    a natural diffusion from the lower concentration to the higher concentration will take place. If one

    side contains fresh water and the other side contains salt water, the fresh water will diffuse to thesalt water side in order to balance the concentrations on each side of the membrane. This process is

    called osmosis. When equilibrium is reached, there will be an osmotic pressure build up on the fresh

    water side that balances the concentration difference. In order to reverse this process, a mechanical

    pressure must be applied to the salt water side that is greater than the osmotic pressure. The

    change in direction of natural flow under this applied pressure is called reverse osmosis. In many

    commercial reverse osmosis units, operating pressures range from about 150 to 1500 pi

    The value of osmotic pressure () has been experimentally determined by

    Vant Hoff to be:

    = (n/Vm) RT

    Where = osmotic coefficient

    n = number of kg mol of solute

    Vm = volume of pure solvent water (m3)

    R = ideal gas constant = 82.057x10-3 (m3 * atm/kg mol *K)

    T = temperature (K)

    Osmotic pressure for salt water varies from 0 to 100 atm depending on the salt concentrations.

    There are two main types of membranes that are used in reverse osmosis, cellulose acetate and

    Permasep. The cellulose acetate membrane is 50 to 135 m thick with one film layer and one

    sponge layer. This membrane can filter 99% of the salts in solution and is most effective against the

    diffusion of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium sulfate

    (Na2SO4), sucrose, and tetralkyl ammonium salts (Geankoplis 784). Permasep is the name given to

    synthetic polyamide membranes made into fine hollow fibers. Permasep membranes can withstand

    alkali conditions.

    For diffusion-type membranes, the equations that represent the diffusion of solvent and solute are

    as follows. For diffusion of the solvent through the membrane,

    Nw = (Pw/Lw)(P - ) = Aw(P - )

    Pw = (DwcwVw)/(RT)

    Aw = Pw/Lm

    Where: Nw = solvent flux (kg/s*m2)

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    Pw = solvent membrane permeability (kg solvent/s*m*atm)

    Lm = membrane thickness (m)

    Aw = solvent permeability constant (kg solvent/s*m2*atm)

    P = hydrostatic pressure difference across membrane (atm)

    = osmotic pressure difference across membrane (atm)

    Dw = diffusivity of solvent in membrane (m2/s)Cw = mean concentration of solvent in membrane (kg solvent/m3)

    Vw = molar volume of solvent (m3/kg mol solvent)

    R = ideal gas constant = 82.057x10-3 (m3*atm/kg mol*K)

    T = temperature (K)

    The equation representing the diffusion of the solute through the membrane is,

    Ns = (DsKs/Lm)c = Awc

    Where: Ns = solute flux (kg solute/s*m2)Ds = diffusivity of solute in membrane (m2/s)

    Ks = conc. of solute in membrane/conc. of solute in solution

    As = solute permeability constant (m/s)

    c = concentration difference across the membrane (kg solute/m3)

    The solute rejection R is the ratio of concentration difference across the membrane divided by the

    concentration on the feed side. When the solvent diffuses through the membrane, there is a build-

    up of solute that forms at the surface of the membrane. This solute build-up is called concentration

    polarization (). It is defined as the ratio of the solute concentration at the membrane surface

    divided the concentration in the concentrate. Concentration polarization decreases the solvent flux

    through the membrane and increases the solute flux. This is evident in the following equations

    = 1- 2Where: 1 = osmotic pressure of feed solution (atm)

    2 = osmotic pressure of product solution (atm)

    Ns = As (c1c2)Where: c1 = concentration of feed solution (kg solute/m3)

    c2 = concentration of product solution (kg solute/m3)

    Typical concentration polarization ratios are 1.2 to 2.0, which means that the concentration in the

    boundary layer is 1.2 to 2.0 times the concentration in the feed solution. Dissolved metal salts can

    be removed through reverse osmosis by forcing water through a semi permeable membrane at

    pressures between 400 and 800 psig. RO units can concentrate most divalent metals, such as nickel,

    copper, cadmium, and zinc, from rinse waters to a 10 - 20% solution. According to U.S. EPA studies,

    the main application of RO systems in metal plating is for the concentration of rinse water from

    acidic nickel-plating baths. Cellulose acetate membranes are commonly used and recovery

    efficiencies range between 90% and 95% (Cartwright). The concentrated solution is returned to the

    plating bath to make up for plating and drag-out losses of the plating solution. Additionally, the

    clean rinse water can be reused in the rinsing phase of the process

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    Due to the membrane's sensitivity to corrosive and oxidizing environments, average membrane life

    is between 1 and 3 years. RO systems have limitations in plating because the metals have high

    oxidation potentials and the acid baths often have a pH of less than 2.5 or greater than 11. Ambient

    temperature baths also pose a concentration problem because the RO system alone cannot

    concentrate the metals in rinse water to the strength of the plating bath solution. An evaporator is

    required to reach necessary concentrations for reuse the plating bath (Higgins 274). The benefits tousing reverse osmosis are waste reduction and/or concentration the waste for disposal.

    Leachate is an ongoing problem for the owners and operators of landfills. Current options for

    leachate management include leachate recycling, leachate evaporation, treatment followed by

    disposal, and discharge to municipal water systems (Tchobanoglous 440). The acceptable options

    are site specific and in the case of hazardous waste landfills and municipal waste landfills that

    accepted hazardous wastes prior to current regulations, reverse osmosis can be used to treat landfill

    leachate. Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. has equipment installed to treat leachate at "over 60

    landfills worldwide" (EPA 52). Rochem's Disc TubeTM Module (DTM) Technology is one way that

    leachate can be treated, so as to concentrate the waste before removing it from a site.

    The United States Environmental Protection Agency evaluated Rochem's DTM at the Central Landfill

    in Johnston, Rhode Island. The site consists of a 121-acre disposal area where hazardous and non-hazardous wastes were accepted until April 1993. The area of concern was the "half-acre where

    large volumes of liquid industrial waste were disposed of in several trenches excavated into

    bedrock" (EPA 28). Some of the contaminants at the site were chlorobenzene at 21 mg/L and 1,2-

    dichlorobenzene at 16 mg/L (additional information may be found in Table 1).

    Table 1: Average Concentrations during DTM evaluation at Central Landfill

    Contaminant System Feed

    (mg/L)

    Final Permeate

    (mg/L)

    Final Concentrate

    (mg/L)

    1,2-Dichlorobenzene 16 .76 23

    Chlorobenzene 21 2.7 36

    Toluene 1.8 0.083 3.4

    Barium 1.4

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    is higher in dissolved solids content and contaminant levels than liquid waste treated by

    conventional membrane separation processes (EPA 9). DTM's design allows it to be used as the

    primary treatment step as compared with conventional membrane separation processes.

    The EPA and Rochem deemed the evaluation a success, with "excellent removals of TOC, TDS, andmetals" and approximately 90% removal of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) (EPA 10). Landfill

    operators who chose to install similar systems can see the benefit of reduced volume of

    contaminated materials and the ability to meet discharge requirements for metals. Additionally,

    concentrated contaminants can be incinerated or treated by other methods.

    As research continues with reverse osmosis and Rochems DTM technology, the process will be

    refined and be more effective. Each application of this technology will be different and adjustments

    to the process will have to be made. Reverse osmosis is an effective way to treat some liquid

    hazardous waste.

    QUESTION-6b

    Solicit water conservation approaches at your own provincial level.

    ANSWER

    Water conservation encompasses the policies, strategies and activities to managefresh water as a

    sustainable resource to protect the water environment and to meet current and future human

    demand. Population, household size and growth and affluence all affect how much water is used.

    Factors such asclimate change will increase pressures on natural water resources especially

    inmanufacturing and agriculturalirrigation

    Water withdrawals have tripled over the last 50 years due to rapid population growth

    Domestic10 %

    Industrial20 %,

    Agriculture70 %

    Solicit water conservation approaches at provincial level

    There are two types of practices that need to be addressed to have a successful water conservation

    program.

    1. The first is engineering practices.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water
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    These include modifications in plumbing, fixtures, or water supply operating procedures. They may

    also require equipment modification or purchase.

    The second is behavior practices.

    Education is required to change the e water use habits of individuals.

    Monitoring the amount of water used by an industrial/commercial facility can provide baseline

    information on quantities of overall company water use, the seasonal and hourly patterns of water

    use, and the quantities and quality of water use in individual processes. Baseline information on

    water use can be used to set company goals and to develop specific water use efficiency measures.

    Monitoring can make employees more aware of water use rates and makes it easier to measure the

    results of conservation efforts. The use of meters on individual pieces of water-using equipment canprovide direct information on the efficiency of water use. Records of meter readings can be used to

    identify changes in water use rates and possible problems in a system.

    Sub Metering: The practice of placing water meters throughout a facility is called sub metering. Sub

    metering helps account for water usage and can help in the process of leak detection. Areas to

    consider sub metering are landscaped areas, cafeterias, laundries, and major industrial equipment

    that use water. Sub metering makes water users more aware of how much water they use and its

    cost. By placing meters and monitoring those meters throughout a facility, experts estimate that a

    facility can help reduce water usage by 20 to 40 percent.

    Meter Accuracy Water meters can be damaged and deteriorate with age, thus producing inaccurate

    readings. Inaccurate readings will give misleading information regarding water usage, make leak

    detection difficult, and result in lost revenue for the company. All meters, especially older meters,

    should be tested for accuracy on a regular basis. Meters should also be of the correct size. Meters

    that are used to measure large volumes of water may be too large for a customer's level of use and

    will tend to under-register water use.

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    Meter testing, calibration, repair, and replacement.After determining the accuracy of the metering

    system, maintenance personnel should provide a schedule of activities necessary to correct meter

    deficiencies. Meters should be recalibrated on a regular basis to ensure accurate water accounting.

    Leak Detectionan effective way to conserve water is to detect and repair leaks in a facilitys water

    system. Repairing leaks saves money on water bills. The early detection of leaks also reduces the

    chances that leaks will cause major property damage.

    One way to detect leaks is to use listening equipment to survey the distribution system, identify leak

    sounds, and pinpoint the exact locations of hidden underground leaks. As mentioned earlier,

    metering can also be used to help detect leaks in a system. A leak detection strategy needs to

    employ regular on-site testing using computer-assisted leak detection equipment, a sonic leak-detection survey, or another acceptable method for detecting leaks along water distribution mains,

    valves, services, and meters.

    Leak detection programs are especially important in facilities that have large, old, deteriorating

    systems.

    Automated sensors/telemetry.The use of remote sensors and telemetry technologies should be

    considered for ongoing monitoring and analysis of source, transmission, and distribution facilities.

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    Remote sensors and monitoring software can alert personnel to leaks, fluctuations in pressure,

    problems with equipment integrity, and other concerns.

    Visual inspection program. This may include pipe inspection, cleaning, lining, and other

    maintenance efforts to improve the distribution system and prevent leaks and ruptures from

    occurring.

    Reducing Water Pressure Reducing excessive pressures in the water distribution system can save a

    significant quantity of water. Reducing water pressure can decrease leakage, the amount of flow

    through open faucets, and stresses on pipes and joints that may result in leaks. Lower water

    pressure may also decrease system deterioration, reducing the need for repairs and extending the

    life of existing facilities. Furthermore, lower pressures can help reduce wear on end-use fixtures and

    appliances.

    System wide pressure management. For residential areas, pressures exceeding 80 psi should be

    assessed for reduction. Pressure management and reduction strategies must be consistent with

    state and local regulations and standards, as well as take into account system conditions and needs.Before changing water pressure, businesses should consult an expert plumber. Reductions in

    pressure should not compromise the integrity of the water system or service quality. The danger is

    for a potential cross-connection that can contaminate the water system.

    Pressure-reducing valves. A more aggressive plan may include the purchase and installation of

    pressure-reducing valves in street mains, as well a