April 14, 2004 1 ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko Programming Languages (ICE 1341) Lecture #13 Programming Languages (ICE 1341)

April 14, 2004 1 ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko

Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages(ICE 1341)(ICE 1341)

Lecture #13Lecture #13 April 14, 2004

In-Young Koiko .AT. icu.ac.kr

Information and Communications University (ICU)


AnnouncementsAnnouncements

The The solution of the midterm examsolution of the midterm exam is is now available on the class homepagenow available on the class homepage


FORTRAN FORTRAN ((ForFormula mula TranTranslating System)slating System)

Designed to efficiently translate mathematical Designed to efficiently translate mathematical formulas into formulas into IBM 704IBM 704 machine code machine code

IBM 704IBM 704 (1954) (1954)““The first mass-produced The first mass-produced

computer with computer with core core memorymemory and and floating-floating-

point arithmeticpoint arithmetic”” Photo: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory


FORTRAN Coding FormatFORTRAN Coding Format

FORTRAN programs FORTRAN programs were written in a were written in a coding form with a coding form with a strict formatting rulestrict formatting rule

Continuation (6) Continuation (6)

FORTRAN Statement (7-72)FORTRAN Statement (7-72)

Identification Sequence (73-80)Identification Sequence (73-80)

Statement Number (1-5)Statement Number (1-5)

J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV,

wcb


Punched CardsPunched Cards

Coded FORTRAN programs Coded FORTRAN programs were converted onto were converted onto

punched cards for loading punched cards for loading

Photos: http://www.tno.nl/instit/fel/museum/computer/en/punchcards.html


Early FORTRAN VersionsEarly FORTRAN Versions

FORTRAN I (1957)FORTRAN I (1957) NamesNames could have up to could have up to six characterssix characters (IBM 704 has (IBM 704 has

a 6-bit BCD character set and 36-bit word)a 6-bit BCD character set and 36-bit word) Post-test counting loopPost-test counting loop ( (DODO), ), Formatted I/OFormatted I/O, , User-User-

defined subprogramsdefined subprograms, , Three-way selection Three-way selection statementstatement (arithmetic (arithmetic IFIF))

No data typing statements (No data typing statements (Implicit Type DeclarationImplicit Type Declaration –– Variables whose names begin with I, J, K, L, M, Variables whose names begin with I, J, K, L, M, and N are integer types, all others are floating point)and N are integer types, all others are floating point)

FORTRAN II (1958)FORTRAN II (1958) IndependIndependeent compilationnt compilation of subroutines of subroutines

* AW Lecture Notes


Later FORTRAN VersionsLater FORTRAN Versions

FORTRAN IV (1960-62) FORTRAN IV (1960-62) –– ANSI standard in 1966 ANSI standard in 1966 Explicit type declarationsExplicit type declarations Logical selection statementLogical selection statement Subprogram names could be parametersSubprogram names could be parameters

FORTRAN 77 (1978)FORTRAN 77 (1978) Character stringCharacter string handling handling Logical loop control statementLogical loop control statement IF-THEN-ELSEIF-THEN-ELSE statement statement

FORTRAN 90 (1990)FORTRAN 90 (1990) Free coding formatFree coding format Modules, Dynamic arrays, Pointers, Recursion, Modules, Dynamic arrays, Pointers, Recursion, CASECASE

statementstatement* AW Lecture Notes


A Sample FORTRAN ProgramA Sample FORTRAN Program

C *** This is a sample FORTRAN IV programC *** This is a sample FORTRAN IV program

PROGRAM SAMPLEPROGRAM SAMPLE

READ (5, 990) A, BREAD (5, 990) A, B

990990 FORMAT (F5.2, F5.2)FORMAT (F5.2, F5.2)

SUM = A + BSUM = A + B

WRITE (6, 81) A, B, SUMWRITE (6, 81) A, B, SUM

8181 FORMAT (1X, F5.2, 3X, F5.2, 3X, F6.2)FORMAT (1X, F5.2, 3X, F5.2, 3X, F6.2)

STOPSTOP

ENDEND

J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb


FORTRAN Data Types (1)FORTRAN Data Types (1)

IntegerInteger Implicit TypingImplicit Typing: Variables whose names begin with I~N: Variables whose names begin with I~N Explicit DeclarationExplicit Declaration

e.g., e.g., INTEGER A, TOTALINTEGER A, TOTAL Real Real –– Single precision floating point number Single precision floating point number

Implicit TypingImplicit Typing: Variables whose names begin with : Variables whose names begin with other than A~H or O-Zother than A~H or O-Z

Explicit DeclarationExplicit Declaration

e.g., e.g., REAL J, RREAL J, R Double precisionDouble precision floating point number floating point number

ee.g., .g., DOUBLE PRECISION A, XDOUBLE PRECISION A, X


FORTRAN Data Types (2)FORTRAN Data Types (2)

Complex Complex e.g., e.g., COMPLEX A, B, CCOMPLEX A, B, C

A = (3.5, -7.24)A = (3.5, -7.24) B = (-8.21, 5.67)B = (-8.21, 5.67) C = A + BC = A + B

CharacterCharactere.g., e.g., CHARACTER C, NAME*20, ADDR*30CHARACTER C, NAME*20, ADDR*30 CHARACTER*20 STR1, STR2CHARACTER*20 STR1, STR2

Character constants: e.g., Character constants: e.g., ‘C’‘C’,, ‘Go ICU’ ‘Go ICU’ Hollerith StringsHollerith Strings:: e.g., 1HC, 5HGoICU e.g., 1HC, 5HGoICU

LogicalLogical (Boolean) (Boolean)e.g., e.g., LOGICAL X, Y, FLAGLOGICAL X, Y, FLAG

Logical constants: Logical constants: .TRUE..TRUE. oor r .FALSE..FALSE.


Variable Initializations and ArraysVariable Initializations and Arrays

Variable InitializationsVariable Initializations

e.g., e.g., DATA A/1.0/, L/2/, B,C/4.0, 5.0/DATA A/1.0/, L/2/, B,C/4.0, 5.0/

DATA ARYX(3)/1.333/, DATA ARYX(3)/1.333/, T(1),T(2),T(3)/3*0.0/T(1),T(2),T(3)/3*0.0/

DATA C(1)/1HS/, C(2)/1HD/, TAG/3HYesDATA C(1)/1HS/, C(2)/1HD/, TAG/3HYes ArraysArrays

e.g., e.g., DIMENSION A(5), B(10,7), N(3,5,20)DIMENSION A(5), B(10,7), N(3,5,20)

INTEGER X(7,5)INTEGER X(7,5)

REAL MATRIX(-6:4, 7, -5:10), KREAL MATRIX(-6:4, 7, -5:10), K

DIMENSION K(20)DIMENSION K(20)J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb


FORTRAN OperatorsFORTRAN Operators

Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic Operators: ++, , --, , **, , //, , **** (exponentiation) (exponentiation) Mixed mode expressions – evaluated in integer mode Mixed mode expressions – evaluated in integer mode if all if all

operands are integeroperands are integer, evaluated in real mode otherwise, evaluated in real mode otherwisee.g., e.g., 86.3 * K + R / 16.5 ** J86.3 * K + R / 16.5 ** J All are evaluated in All are evaluated in

realreal

Relational Operators: Relational Operators: .LT..LT.,,.LE.LE.,.,.GT..GT.,,.GE..GE.,,.EQ..EQ.,,.NE..NE.e.g., e.g., IF (RESULT .LT. 0.0) STOPIF (RESULT .LT. 0.0) STOP

Logical Operators: Logical Operators: .AND..AND., , .OR..OR., , .NOT..NOT.e.g., e.g., IF (N .EQ. 1 .OR. .NOT. R .LT. 0.0) GOTO 75IF (N .EQ. 1 .OR. .NOT. R .LT. 0.0) GOTO 75

Multiple Assignment StatementsMultiple Assignment Statementse.g., e.g., A = I = V = W = .2 * R + XA = I = V = W = .2 * R + X A truncated value will be assigned to A and IA truncated value will be assigned to A and I


Program Flow ControlProgram Flow Control

GotoGoto GOTO (10, 20, 30) KCOUNTGOTO (10, 20, 30) KCOUNT

Logical IFLogical IF IF (K .LT. 1) K = K + 1IF (K .LT. 1) K = K + 1

Arithmetic IFArithmetic IF IF (A / T IF (A / T –– S) 10, 20, 30 S) 10, 20, 30

Block IFBlock IF IF (M .GT. 15) THEN M = M / 3IF (M .GT. 15) THEN M = M / 3ELSE M = M * 3ELSE M = M * 3ENDIFENDIF

Do loopsDo loops DO 10 I = 1, N, 2DO 10 I = 1, N, 2 SUM = SUM + ISUM = SUM + I

10 CONTINUE10 CONTINUE


Data InputData Input

Standard I/O Units: stdin (Standard I/O Units: stdin (55), stdout (), stdout (66))

READ (5, 99) NUM, VAL, STRREAD (5, 99) NUM, VAL, STR

9999 FORMAT (I3, 2X, F5.2, 1X, A20)FORMAT (I3, 2X, F5.2, 1X, A20)

READ (5, 98) N1, N2, N3, STR1, STR2READ (5, 98) N1, N2, N3, STR1, STR2

9898 FORMAT (3I5, //2A15)FORMAT (3I5, //2A15)

READ (5, *) L, SUM, NAMEREAD (5, *) L, SUM, NAME

OPEN (UNIT=10, FILE=‘data.txt’,OPEN (UNIT=10, FILE=‘data.txt’,

** STATUS=‘OLD’) STATUS=‘OLD’)

READ (10, *) N, A, X, SREAD (10, *) N, A, X, S


Data OutputData Output

Carriage Control Codes: Carriage Control Codes: 1H11H1 (new page), (new page), 1H01H0 (double space), (double space), 1Hb 1Hb (single space)(single space)……

WRITE (6, 97) A, B, CWRITE (6, 97) A, B, C9797 FORMAT (1H1,//3F8.2)FORMAT (1H1,//3F8.2)

WRITE (6, 96) X, Y, SUMWRITE (6, 96) X, Y, SUM9696 FORMAT (1H0, 4HX = , F4.1, 3X, 4HY = ,FORMAT (1H0, 4HX = , F4.1, 3X, 4HY = ,

* * F4.1, 4X, 6HSUM = , F5.1, 20(1H*))F4.1, 4X, 6HSUM = , F5.1, 20(1H*))PRINT *, ‘X = ’, X, ‘Y = ’, Y, ‘SUM = ’, SUMPRINT *, ‘X = ’, X, ‘Y = ’, Y, ‘SUM = ’, SUMOPEN (UNIT=11, FILE=‘data.txt’,OPEN (UNIT=11, FILE=‘data.txt’,

** STATUS=‘NEW’) STATUS=‘NEW’)WRITE (11, *) ‘Result = ’, SUMWRITE (11, *) ‘Result = ’, SUM


Subprograms - SubroutinesSubprograms - Subroutines

SUBROUTINE SUMMARY(X, N, TOT)SUBROUTINE SUMMARY(X, N, TOT)

DIMENSION X(20)DIMENSION X(20)

TOT = 0.0TOT = 0.0

DO 10 I = 1, NDO 10 I = 1, N

TOT = TOT + X(I)TOT = TOT + X(I)

1010 CONTINUECONTINUE

RETURNRETURN

ENDEND

J.W. Perry Cole, ANSI FORTRAN IV, wcb


Subprograms - FunctionsSubprograms - Functions

FUNCTION TOTAL(X, N)FUNCTION TOTAL(X, N)

DIMENSION X(20)DIMENSION X(20)

TOTAL = 0.0TOTAL = 0.0

DO 10 I = 1, NDO 10 I = 1, N

TOTAL = TOTAL + X(I)TOTAL = TOTAL + X(I)

1010 CONTINUECONTINUE

RETURNRETURN

ENDEND


Subprogram CallsSubprogram Calls

PROGRAM SAMPLE2PROGRAM SAMPLE2DIMENSION A(10), B(20)DIMENSION A(10), B(20)READ (5, 99) AREAD (5, 99) A

9999 FORMAT (10F4.2)FORMAT (10F4.2)CALL SUMMARY(A, 10, SUM)CALL SUMMARY(A, 10, SUM)WRITE (6, 98) A, SUMWRITE (6, 98) A, SUM

9898 FORMAT (1, H0, 10F7.2/, 6HSUM = , F7.2)FORMAT (1, H0, 10F7.2/, 6HSUM = , F7.2)READ (5, 99) BREAD (5, 99) BWRITE (6, 98) B, WRITE (6, 98) B, TOTAL(SUM, 10)TOTAL(SUM, 10)STOPSTOPENDEND


GNU FORTRAN77 CompilerGNU FORTRAN77 Compiler

Download Download G77G77 from: from:http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5564/g77.htmhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5564/g77.htm

G77 Installation and Execution Instructions:G77 Installation and Execution Instructions:http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/gurro/http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/gurro/Software_Calculators/Fortran_g77/GettingStartedGnuFortran.pdfSoftware_Calculators/Fortran_g77/GettingStartedGnuFortran.pdf

FORTRAN77 Tutorial:FORTRAN77 Tutorial:http://www.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_77/http://www.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_77/

FORTRAN77 Language Reference:FORTRAN77 Language Reference:http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~manuals/programming/sun/fortran/f77rm/http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~manuals/programming/sun/fortran/f77rm/


Homework #4 Homework #4 –– A Weather Data A Weather Data Retrieval Program (1)Retrieval Program (1)

Install Install G77G77 on your computer and practice how on your computer and practice how to compile and run FORTRAN programsto compile and run FORTRAN programs

Download a Download a weather data fileweather data file that contains the that contains the latest week’s weather information from: latest week’s weather information from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/data.txtftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/data.txt

Download the Download the weather station listweather station list from: from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/stnlist-sorted.txtftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/stnlist-sorted.txt

Check the Check the weather data file formatweather data file format from: from: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/README.TXTftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod/README.TXT



Write a FORTRAN program that Write a FORTRAN program that accepts a city accepts a city namename (e.g., TAEJON, SEOUL, PARIS), and (e.g., TAEJON, SEOUL, PARIS), and prints the lowest and highest temperatures (in prints the lowest and highest temperatures (in Celsius), and sea-level pressure valuesCelsius), and sea-level pressure values for the for the latest week like:latest week like:

City: TAEJONCity: TAEJON

DateDate MINMIN MAXMAX SLPSLP

2004032820040328 9.59.5 15.215.2 1002.71002.7

2004032920040329 12.312.3 20.120.1 1005.11005.1

……



To retrieve weather information for a city, use To retrieve weather information for a city, use the the weather station numberweather station number that is firstly that is firstly matched against the city name in the station listmatched against the city name in the station list

Use INDEX function to match a city name from Use INDEX function to match a city name from the station listthe station list

IF (IF (INDEXINDEX(NAME, ‘ICU’) .GT. 0)(NAME, ‘ICU’) .GT. 0)

PRINT *, ‘Matched!’PRINT *, ‘Matched!’ Submit the source program Submit the source program electronicallyelectronically by by

Midnight of Wednesday April 28, 2004Midnight of Wednesday April 28, 2004 Please do not collaborate with other students!Please do not collaborate with other students!

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April 14, 2004 1 ICE 1341 – Programming Languages (Lecture #13) In-Young Ko Programming Languages (ICE 1341) Lecture #13 Programming Languages (ICE 1341)