April 2, 1865 - Richmond Falls April 7, Lee sends message to Grant April 9, 1865April 9, 1865 Lee Surrenders

at Appomattox Courthouse April 14,1865April 14,1865 - Fords Theatre

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln assassinatedassassinated John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth Copperhead Conspiracy

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

The AssassinThe AssassinThe AssassinThe Assassin

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

The AssassinationThe AssassinationThe AssassinationThe Assassination

WANTED~WANTED~~!!~!!

WANTED~WANTED~~!!~!!

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!

Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!

The ExecutionThe ExecutionThe ExecutionThe Execution

Civil War DEATHSCivil War DEATHSComparison to Other Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Civil War DEATHSCivil War DEATHSComparison to Other Comparison to Other

WarsWars

LINCOLN’S PLANHE BELIEVED THAT:

1) The rebellion was the work of individual southerners (BIG Money politics)

2) The President should decide reconstruction

3) Reconstruction should be “lenient”, “Bind the Country together & create a Lasting Peace”

Purpose – to bring Southern Purpose – to bring Southern states back into the Unionstates back into the Union

Purpose – to bring Southern Purpose – to bring Southern states back into the Unionstates back into the Union

UNITED STATES in UNITED STATES in CRISISCRISIS

•Military Casualties

•Physical/Economic Crisis

•Constitutional Crisis

•Political Crisis

•Social Crisis

•Psychological Crisis

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

“What conditions should be placed upon the southern states before permitting them to return to the Union and assume their former rights?”

“Which branch of the Gov’t should determine what conditions the south should follow(President/Congress)?”

“What political, economic & social rights should be granted to blacks, & how do you enforce these rights?”

Effects of the Civil War and Effects of the Civil War and RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

What Goals should the government What Goals should the government set to Reconstruct the South?set to Reconstruct the South?

Effects of the War are devastating in the South - Resources, Money, and Opportunity are almost non-existent

In what ways can the South rebuild it’s devastated economy?

How can Northern resources help the South to rebuild after the war?

What can the government do to assist African Americans in the South?

2 Plans for Reconstruction (1) = President’s Plan (LINCOLN /

JOHNSON) RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION create lasting peace by bringing the South back create lasting peace by bringing the South back into the “Union” as quick as possibleinto the “Union” as quick as possible

(2) = Congress Plan (Wade-Davis Bill) RADICAL RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION the South is the South is “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as Congress desiresCongress desires

Lincoln’s Plan for ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction– RECONSTRUCTION– Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan

Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens

– Radical Reaction WADE-DAVIS BILL

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan– Johnson continues

Lincoln’s Plan– Presidential Reconstruction

Comes to a Standstill FREEDMEN’s BUREAU

– Civil Rights Act of 1866 BLACK CODES

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction– Moderates & Radicals Join Forces

14th Amendment– 1866 Congressional Elections– Reconstruction Act of 1867– Johnson Impeached

IMPEACH– Ulysses S. Grant Elected

15th Amendment

Section 2Section 2RECONSTRUCTING RECONSTRUCTING

SOCIETY SOCIETY Conditions in the Postwar SouthConditions in the Postwar South

– Physical and Economic Conditions– Public Works Programs

FREEDMEN’s BUREAU Politics in the Postwar SouthPolitics in the Postwar South

– Scalawags and Carpetbaggers SCALAWAGS CARPETBAGGERS

– African Americans as Voters– Political Differences

Former Slaves Face Many ChallengesFormer Slaves Face Many Challenges– New-Won Freedoms– Reunification of Families– Education– Churches and Volunteer Groups– Politics and African Americans

HIRAM REVELS– Laws against Segregation

Changes in the Southern EconomyChanges in the Southern Economy– “40 Acres and a Mule”– Restoration of Plantations– Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

SHARE CROPPING TENANT FARMING

– Cotton No Longer KING

Section 3:Section 3:COLLAPSE of COLLAPSE of

RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION Opposition to ReconstructionOpposition to Reconstruction

– KU KLUX KLAN– Economic Pressure– Legislative Response– Shifts in Political Power

Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts RepublicansScandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans Ulysses S. Grant Administration

– Fraud & Bribery CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL

– Republican Unity Shattered– Continued Scandal

WHISKEY RING Economic TurmoilEconomic Turmoil

– Panic of 1873– Currency Dispute

Judicial & Popular Support FadesJudicial & Popular Support Fades– Supreme Court Decisions– Northern Support Fades

REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)– Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877

– Home Rule in the South Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction

– Success / Failure

The War’s AftermathThe War’s Aftermath Physical Toll

DESTROYEDDESTROYED

– 2/3 southern shipping

– 9,000 miles RR lines

– 1/3 of ALL livestock

– Billions of $$$$$$$$$$ of farms, buildings, machinery, bridges, roads, factories, and cities DESTROYED

Human Toll– NORTH 364,000

– SOUTH 260,000 1 out of 3 killed or wounded

– SOUTH civilians attacked ( orphans & widows – war atrocities )

Southern Hardships

– (1) Black Southerners (3 mill freed) New Lives- poor region, few jobs ruined economy, inflation

(2) Plantation Owners $3 billion lost property Captured & Abandoned Property Act huge postwar debts, worthless Confederate money ($)

Sherman’s “March March to the Seato the Sea” will capture lands along the coast

What do we do with What do we do with the captured lands?the captured lands?

On January 12, 1865, in the midst of his "March to the Sea""March to the Sea" during the Civil War, General William T. Sherman and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton met with 20 Black community leaders of Savannah, Georgia to discuss the Emancipation proclamation and the freedom of previously enslaved individuals.

Based on their input, General Sherman's Special Field Order #15 on January 16, 1865 was to set aside the Sea Islands and a 30 mile Inland tract of land, starting along the Southern Coast of Charleston and extending down to the St. Johns River, Florida, for the exclusive settlement of Blacks. Each family would receive 40 acres of land, and an army mule to work the land, thus "Forty Acres and a Mule." General Rufus Saxton was assigned by Sherman to implement the order.

Sherman’s Field Order 15 Primary Source

– ““40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule”” for the Coastal Areas Lands under Sherman’s Union control

Who will keep the land?– 55thth Amendment Amendment protections - property

(Due Process of LawDue Process of Law) argument

– CAN’T take property without Due Process

– Property Owners v. Freed Slaves?

MUST HAVE MINIMUMMUST HAVE MINIMUM COVER PAGECOVER PAGE

(Name of Newspaper - SLOGAN to capture interest - Picture)

EDITORIAL ARTICLESEDITORIAL ARTICLES (2) Opinion concerning an Historical Event

HISTORICAL ARTICLESHISTORICAL ARTICLES (2) YOU ARE THERE – What do you SEE, FEEL, HEAR?

OBITUARIESOBITUARIES (2) Someone that Everyone will recognize

PICTURESPICTURES(6) incorporate into your: Cover Page – Editorials – Articles - Obituaries

Remember:Remember:

DON’T LET FACTS DON’T LET FACTS GET IN THE WAY OF GET IN THE WAY OF

A A GOOD STORYGOOD STORY!

Lincoln’s Plan for ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction– RECONSTRUCTION– Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan

Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens

– Radical Reaction WADE-DAVIS BILL

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s Plan– Johnson continues

Lincoln’s Plan– Presidential Reconstruction

Comes to a Standstill FREEDMEN’s BUREAU

– Civil Rights Act of 1866 BLACK CODES

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction– Moderates & Radicals Join Forces

14th Amendment– 1866 Congressional Elections– Reconstruction Act of 1867– Johnson Impeached

IMPEACH– Ulysses S. Grant Elected

15th Amendment

Section 2Section 2RECONSTRUCTING RECONSTRUCTING

SOCIETY SOCIETY Conditions in the Postwar SouthConditions in the Postwar South

– Physical and Economic Conditions– Public Works Programs

FREEDMEN’s BUREAU Politics in the Postwar SouthPolitics in the Postwar South

– Scalawags and Carpetbaggers SCALAWAGS CARPETBAGGERS

– African Americans as Voters– Political Differences

Former Slaves Face Many ChallengesFormer Slaves Face Many Challenges– New-Won Freedoms– Reunification of Families– Education– Churches and Volunteer Groups– Politics and African Americans

HIRAM REVELS– Laws against Segregation

Changes in the Southern EconomyChanges in the Southern Economy– “40 Acres and a Mule”– Restoration of Plantations– Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

SHARE CROPPING TENANT FARMING

– Cotton No Longer KING

Section 3:Section 3:COLLAPSE of COLLAPSE of

RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION Opposition to ReconstructionOpposition to Reconstruction

– KU KLUX KLAN– Economic Pressure– Legislative Response– Shifts in Political Power

Scandals & Money Crisis Hurts RepublicansScandals & Money Crisis Hurts Republicans Ulysses S. Grant Administration

– Fraud & Bribery CREDIT MOBLIER SCANDAL

– Republican Unity Shattered– Continued Scandal

WHISKEY RING Economic TurmoilEconomic Turmoil

– Panic of 1873– Currency Dispute

Judicial & Popular Support FadesJudicial & Popular Support Fades– Supreme Court Decisions– Northern Support Fades

REDEMPTION (S. Democrats)– Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877

– Home Rule in the South Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction

– Success / Failure

2 Plans for Reconstruction (1) = President’s Plan (LINCOLN /

JOHNSON) RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION create lasting peace by bringing the South back create lasting peace by bringing the South back into the “Union” as quick as possibleinto the “Union” as quick as possible

(2) = Congress Plan (Wade-Davis Bill) RADICAL RADICAL RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION the South is the South is “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as “Conquered Territory”, to be reformed as Congress desiresCongress desires

After the WAR – Plans to RebuildCongressional Congressional

PlanPlan Thaddeus Stevens

– Wade / Davis Bill– Reconstruction Acts

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION

REVENGEREVENGE

Presidents PlanPresidents Plan Lincoln / Johnson

– 10 % Plan

RECONSTRUCTION (Create Lasting Peace)

PEACEPEACE (Lenient)

Yale University Lecture

(1) All Southerners (except High ranking Confederate officials), should be pardoned after taking a loyalty oath

When 10% of the voters in the state took the oath the state could form a legal government. ( Lincoln’s 10% Plan )

Andrew Johnson implements Lincoln’s plans, by 1866 most states re-established.

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan (Loyalty Oath)

Intended to make the South’s return to the Union as quick & easy as possible

Pardon all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the US

When 10% of 1860 voters took the oath states could elect Representatives & Senators to Congress

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an oath of allegiance to the US

Radical Republicans sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congr.Henry

W. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Lincoln used a pocket veto to

kill the bill after Congress adjourned.

The assassination of Lincoln left President Johnson to

deal with Reconstruction.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketPocketVetoVeto

PocketPocketVetoVeto

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

13th Amendment13th Amendment

Abolished slavery and Abolished slavery and involuntary servitudeinvoluntary servitude

Congress shall have power to power to enforceenforce this article by appropriate legislationappropriate legislation.

Ratified in December, 1865.Yale University LectureReconstruction:Reconstruction: “A NEW REVOLUTION and NEW DEFINITION of the UNITED

STATES”

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

The Freedmen’s Bureau Officially called the Bureau of Freedmen,

Refugees and Abandoned Lands Issued emergency food rations,

clothes and shelter for the homeless victims of the war (whites and blackswhites and blacks)

Tasked with an extensive education program for the freed slaves

Served as an early employment agency for African Americans

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

13th - Abolished Slavery13th - Abolished Slavery Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau - Food &

Clothing, Hospitals, Schools– Red CrossRed Cross (Clara Barton)

Black CodesBlack Codes - Recognized some rights but not ALL (Restricted some of the Rights of Freed Blacks in the South)

Civil Rights Act of 1866Civil Rights Act of 1866 – provided Citizenship for former slaves and abolished the Black Codes

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

Radical Reconstruction(CONGRESS)

1865 - Congress (Radical Republicans) refused to recognize the “new” southern governments, and condemned Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan.

1866 election (Republican control) Held the “Majority” in Congress ( 2/3 )

– Can OVERIDE any Presidential Veto

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes

1st in U. S. history!!

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories

were subject to military military supervisionsupervision.

Required new state constitutions, including Black suffrageBlack suffrage and ratification of the 1313thth and 1414thth Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military military toto enroll eligible black votersenroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

14th Amendment14th Amendment

Defines CITIZENSHIP

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against Neo-Confederate Insure against Neo-Confederate political power (NO Confederates political power (NO Confederates hold office)hold office)

* What is a Confederate?What is a Confederate?

* Ratified in July, 1868.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

Command of the Army Act

Tenure of Office Act

Military Reconstruction Act

Military Reconstruction Act

After the WAR

Congressional PlanCongressional Plan Thaddeus Stevens

– Wade / Davis Bill– Reconstruction Acts

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION

REVENGEREVENGE Who, What, When

Presidents PlanPresidents Plan Lincoln / Johnson 10 % Plan

– States

RECONSTRUCTION

PEACEPEACE (Lenient) Who, What, When

The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act

Edwin Stanton

The Senate The Senate MUST APPROVEMUST APPROVE any any presidential presidential dismissal of a dismissal of a cabinet official or cabinet official or general of the army.general of the army.

Designed to protect Radical members within Executive government.

Question of the constitutionality of this law from the start.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February,

1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. CHARGES

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of

126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3 vote).

President Johnson Impeached Tenure of Office Act (1867)

-To Control the Executive Branch– Charged with “High Crimes & Misdemeanors”

led by Radical Republicans.– Failed by 1 vote to get a 2/3 majority necessary for

the conviction. POWER of PRES. DECLINESPOWER of PRES. DECLINES

Election of 1868 - Ulysses S. Grant – elected President in 1868

( Radical Republicans endorse candidate )

Reconstruction ACTS placed the South under Federal Troops control. ( 5 districts )

Reconstruction Acts - Martial Law 14th - Defines Citizenship Rights 15th - Guarantees Voting Rights Civil Rights Act- Protects Rights of

Freed Slaves in the South

14th14th Amendment Amendment

( Citizenship Rights ) - disqualified ANY Confederate leaders from ever holding office in State Governments. what is a confederate? ( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )

Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts (1866) - weaken the “Black Codes” - Use Federal Troops to control the South

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Act(1866) - Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools

Radical Reconstruction Acts Civil Rights ActsCivil Rights Acts (1866)

- weaken the “Black Codes” - Use Federal Troops to control the South

Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau Act(1866) - Provide food, clothing, jobs, schools

14th14th Amendment Amendment ( Citizenship Rights ) - disqualified ANY Confederate leaders from ever holding office in State Governments. ( ONLY Tenn. would ratify the 14th )

1st Reconstruction Act1st Reconstruction Act - Divided the South into 5 military districts ( Military Law )

Conditions in the South Physical Destruction

– 2/3 southern shipping– 9,000 miles RR lines– 1/3 of ALL livestock– Billions of $$$$$$$$$$ of farms, buildings, machinery, bridges, roads

factories, and cities DESTROYED

Economic Destruction– $3 billion lost property Captured & Abandoned Property Act

huge postwar debts & taxes, worthless Confederate money ($)

– NO jobs, resources, opportunities

Human Death Toll– NORTH 364,000– SOUTH 260,000 1 out of 3 killed or wounded– SOUTH civilians attacked ( orphans & widows )

War Atrocities

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

StateWhite Citizens

Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

Miss 353,000 436,000

Louis 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Colored Rule

in the South?

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

African American POLITICS– Most 1st were

FREE BORNFREE BORN– By 1867 former slaves

are IN as well Hiram Revels

– 11stst African American SENATOR African American SENATOR By 1866 most states END BLACK

CODES Morehouse CollegeMorehouse College Established

in Atlanta in 1867 (Augusta Institute)– Ministry– Education

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Many

Northerners moved South after the war.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

To AID the South

To GET RICH off the weakened South

CARPETBAGGERSCARPETBAGGERS - Northerners who went South after the War + Help Freed Blacks in the South - Gain Fortunes through “taking advantage” of the “worn torn South” - will control Southern Governments

SCALAWAGSSCALAWAGS - Southerners who cooperated with Carpetbaggers & the newly formed Governments.

Political Corruption in New GovernmentsPolitical Corruption in New Governments Secret societies fight to control

the south vs -carpetbaggers, scalawags, former slaves

KU KLUX KLAN

“Invisible Empire of the South”

“Invisible Empire of the South”Enforcement

Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act].

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

How to Rebuild the Economy of the South?

Southern Farmers (white and black) have the SKILLS to be successful, but:– lack $$$$$$ money for crops– Lack Tools and Equipment – Lack Land to produce crops

Land Owners lack skilled labor to work the land

SharecroppingSharecropping

Changes in Farming Small farmers lack $ to buy land

Owners need for labor sources to work land During Reconstruction former slaves and many

small white farmers became trapped in a new system of economic exploitation known as sharecroppingsharecropping.

In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop and give half the crop to their landlord.

SHARECROPPINGSHARECROPPING - farmed land ( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 )

High interests rates charged for goods bought on credit transformed sharecropping into a system of economic dependency and poverty.

TENANT FARMINGTENANT FARMING - rent land to farm ( You chose what to plant )

Changes in Farming Small farmers lack $ to buy land

– SHARECROPPINGSHARECROPPING - farmed land

( received % of harvest - 1/3 to 1/2 ) TENANT FARMINGTENANT FARMING - rent land to

farm ( You chose what to plant )– SHARE Tenant

Keep 2/3 of profits

– Cash Tenant Keep ALL profits

Tenant Farming Crop Lien System

Tenant Farming Crop Lien SystemFurnishing

MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60%60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncreditcredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lienlien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to

½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in

exchange for ¼

to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

As farm TenancyTenancy grew, a tenancy laddertenancy ladder evolved. From the bottom rung, the hapless sharecropper could climb to share tenant if he could accumulate enough of his own equipment and money.

Share tenants kept two-thirds or three-fourths of the crop, depending on how much they could furnish.

If a share tenant progressed to a point of needing nothing but the land, he could become a cash tenant by paying a fixed rental. Cash tenants kept all of the proceeds from the crop.

Cash tenants could then eventually buy their own land Unfortunately, tens of thousands of farmers fell down

the tenancy ladder rather than moving up it – because of crop failures and other issues.

What began as a device to get former slaves back to work became a pernicious system that entrapped white as well as black farmers.

In the decades after Reconstruction tenancy and sharecropping became the way of life in the Cotton Belt.

After 1900 the number of white tenant farmers grew alarmingly. By 1935 nearly half of white farmers (50 percent) and (77 percent) of black farmers in the country were landless.

Long-Term Lasting Effects on the South *Emphasis on cash crops (not food) creates a -Cycle of DebtCycle of Debt one

generation after another generation

Reconstructions End by 1877Reconstructions End by 1877 Growing “IndifferenceIndifference” by the North

– Other issues gain public attention

Political ScandalsScandals hit the “North” - corruptioncorruption in Grant’s Administration

1873 “Economic DepressionEconomic Depression”– Money Debate / Southern Economic ANCHOR

Regional DIFFERENCES Define DebateRegional DIFFERENCES Define Debate– Northern NATIVISM issues v.

Southern Reconstruction issues 1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election Disputed

- Rutherford B. Hayes (Pres) DEAL Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

-Federal Troops withdrawn from the SOUTH

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growthgrowth and corruptioncorruption in both the National and State Governments

* Credit Credit MobilierMobilier Scandal.

* Whiskey RingWhiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Credit Moblier Scandal

Construction co. working for the Union-Pacific RR (transcontinental RR) skimmed off large Profits $$$$$$$$

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Whiskey RingWhiskey Ring

IRS and other officials accepted BRIBES from whiskey distillers to avoid paying taxes on their profits.

238 people will be indicted - including Grants private secretary

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals Indian Ring Indian Ring and others

Officials took bribes from merchants wanting to keep trading concessions in Indian Territories.

Blatant Corruption in Grant’s Administration

The Tweed Ring in NYC

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?Who Stole the People’s Money?

The Depression Panic of 1873The Depression Panic of 1873 Raises the

MONEY DEBATE

CHEAP Money based

on Paper GREEN GREEN BACKSBACKS South & the

Western Frontier

Debtors (owe money)

STRONG money

based on GOLDGOLD Backed Money

Creditors (paid $$$)

The Depression Panic of 1873The Depression Panic of 1873 InflationaryInflationary

Monetary PolicyMonetary Policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.(Debtors)

creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act.

Promised to put us Promised to put us back on the back on the GOLD GOLD STANDARDSTANDARD

1876 Greenback PartyGreenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Northern Support SlowsNorthern Support Slows “Grantism” & corruption.

Panic of 1873 [6-year Depression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacksgreenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bondswar bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

Reconstructions End by 1877 Growing “IndifferenceIndifference” by the North Political ScandalsScandals hit the “North”

- corruptioncorruption in Grant’s Administration 1873 “Economic Depression” Regional DIFFERENCES Define Regional DIFFERENCES Define

DebateDebate 1876 Presidential Election1876 Presidential Election Disputed

- Rutherford B. Hayes (Pres) DEAL Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877

-Federal Troops withdrawn from the SOUTH

NORTHSOUTH

“Regional Political Fights?”

“Regional Political Fights?”

SOUTHSOUTHReconstructionResentment over

growing Republican Political power and Freed Slaves fighting for: -Jobs -Voting Power -Political Power

NORTHNORTHNATIVISM Politics

Anger over Competition from

growing Immigration into the North East

fighting for: -Jobs

-Voting Power -

Political Power

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

A Political Crisis:

Election leads to the “Compromise” of 1877”

A Political Crisis:

Election leads to the “Compromise” of 1877”

Republican

Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat

Samuel Tilden

Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails•Tilden – won popular vote but Not enough Electoral College votes

•Commission decides the President -Democrats have taken over control of South and the House of Representatives

•Southern Democrats accepts HAYES (Rep) if the Federal Gov’t will WITHDRAW TROOPS

The twelve years following

the Civil War carried vast consequences for the nation. They helped set the Pattern for future

race relations and defined the federal government’s role in promoting Social or Racial Equality.

Peace v. Revenge PLANS

Reconstruction

Criticism of ReconstructionCriticism of Reconstruction South placed under “Military Rule”

(rights were abused) “Carpetbag Government’s”

were marked with massive corruption & graft.

South was heavily taxed, many lost homes and businesses.

Reconstruction FAILS to give EQUALITY

Defense of Reconstruction “Carpetbag Governments”

guaranteed civil liberties to ‘freed blacks’ (enforced by federal troops)

Began to rebuild the war torn South - Constructing buildings, roads, RR’s - Universal public education

Governments were no more corrupt that other state governments in the country.

Most Confederates pardoned in 7 yrs., none were executed or tried for treason, they did NOT have to pay war reparations.

CIVIL RIGHTS SuccessesCIVIL RIGHTS Successes Reconstruction

– 13th Amendment– Freedman’s Bureau

Radical Reconstruction– 14th Amendment– 15th Amendment– Civil Rights Act

Fight Black Codes Fight Ku Klux Klan

– Rebuild South

from 1877 - 1887 Blacks were: - voting , elected to office , police

Turn of the Century– Pattern of “Segregation Begins”

Jim Crow Laws 1896 “Plessy v. Ferguson”

– Separate But Equal was NOT Unconstitutional

Court Cases Proving pattern of Separate but NOT EQUAL

Political Restrictions: (voting) - Literacy Tests (prove could read) - Poll Taxes (voting fee) - Grandfather Clause

UNCONSTITUTIONAL

1896 “Plessy v. Ferguson” ( Seperate But Equal ) Segregation

1954 Brown v. Board of Education1954 Brown v. Board of Education