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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY:
• History of Landscape & Garden Design
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• French Garden Design
• English Garden Design
• Japanese Garden Design
• Renaissance Garden Design
• Mughal Garden Design
• Contemporary Garden Design
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
“Art is a continuous process, however new circumstances may be it is virtually
impossible to create a work of art without antecedents.
The challenge of history is not whether it should be studied, but rather the
interpretation of what is constant and therefore alive today.
WHY SHOULD WE STUDY HISTORY:
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
interpretation of what is constant and therefore alive today.
All design therefore derives from impressions of the past, conscious or
subconscious and in the modern collective landscape form the historical
gardens.”
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTIMELINE: STYLES OF GARDEN DESIGN
Enclosed StylePre 1600
1650 1750 French Style
1600 1750 Forest Style
1725 1750 Augustan Style
1750 1790 Serpentine Style
1790 1900 Picturesque Style1600 1700
1600 1700
1600
1600
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
1800 1940 Landscape Style
1810 1910 Mixed/Eclectic Style
1830 1930 Italian Revival Style
1830 1930 Gardenesque Style
1880 1980 Arts & Crafts Style
1920 2000 Abstract Style
1980 2000 Post Modern Style1600 1700 1800 1900
1600 1700 1800
1600 1700 1800
1600 1700
1600 1700
1600 1700
1600 1700
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYGARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The history of gardening extendsacross at least 4,000 years of humancivilization.
Egyptian tomb paintings of the1500s BC are some of the earliest
physical evidence of ornamental
horticulture and landscape design;
they depict lotus ponds surroundedby symmetrical rows of acacias and
Egyptian Tomb Painting
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
by symmetrical rows of acacias andpalms.
Another ancient gardening tradition is
of Persia: Darius the Great was said to
have had a "paradise garden" andthe Hanging Gardens of Babylonwere renowned as a Wonder of the
World. Persian gardens were also
organized symmetrically, along acenter line known as an axis
Representation-Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Egyptian Tomb Painting
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
In Europe, gardening revived inLanguedoc and the Île-de-France in the
13th century.
Gardens at Versailles
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The formal Garden à la française,
exemplified by the Gardens of Versailles,
became the dominant style of garden in
Europe until the middle of the 18th century.
Ile de France
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYThe rediscovery of descriptions of antiqueRoman villas and gardens led to the
creation of a new form of garden, the
Italian Renaissance garden in the late 15th
and early 16th century.
Spanish Public Gardens
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The first public parks were built by the
Spanish Crown in the 16th century, inEurope and the Americas.
Gardens at Tivoli
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
It was replaced by the English landscape garden.
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The 19th century saw a welter of historical revivals and Romantic cottage-inspiredgardening.
English Gardens
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The purpose of the creation of the garden CHANGES OVER TIME
Embellished farms• Production
Early Park• Hunt and take long walks
• Walls and stands of trees
Modern Parks
Poetic• Egyptian and Greek mythology
• Art
• No movement
Romantic• Moving Water
• Shadows
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Modern ParksUrban outdoor Space
Urban Lung
Recreation space
Picturesque• Majesty
• Grandeur
• Expansive
• Shadows
• Attention to detail
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
THE CENTRAL CIVILIZATION • West Asia
• Persia
THE EASTERN CIVILIZATION• Japan (1300-1550 AD)
• China
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• China
• India (1526 – 1750 AD)
THE WESTERN CIVILIZATION• Italy – The Renaissance (1300-1550 AD)
• France (1650-1750 AD)
• England (1830-1930 AD)
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
JAPANESE GARDEN
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The art of gardening is believed to be an important part of Japanese culture for many
centuries.
The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of the
country.
INTRODUCTIONJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism were used in the creation of different garden styles in
order to bring a spiritual sense to the gardens and make them places where people
could spend their time in a peaceful way and meditate.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The line between garden and its
surrounding landscape is Not Distinct.
Gardens incorporate natural and artificial
elements and thus, fuse the elements of
nature and architecture.
GENERAL CHARACTERSJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
nature and architecture.
In the Japanese garden, the viewer should
consider nature as a picture frame into
which the garden, or the man- made
work of art, is inserted.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PHILOSOPHY
RELIGION - Shinto, Buddhism and Taoism have influenced the garden development in
Japan. Few of the Philosophies followed are as follows:
Nature is the ideal. Gardens must strive to achieve it.
You can idealize it, even symbolize it, but you must never create something that
nature itself cannot.
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
nature itself cannot.
Without nothing, you cannot have something. i.e. The “emptiness” of portions of the
garden, defines the elements around it. . This space of Emptiness, is called as ‘ma’. It is
the true Spirit of Yin And Yang.
Zen Ideology of “to have nothing is to have everything” is also widely used.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE - Balance
JAPANESE
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BALANCE, OR SUMI. i.e. Proportions and spaces creation are an essential Design
principle
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE - Formality
The play of Formality in the garden is symbolic based on the topographical variation
found in the Island.
• Hills (shin) is symbolized as Formal Garden
• Ponds (gyo) is symbolized as Intermediate
• Flat land (so) is symbolized as Informal Gardens
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Formal styles were most often found at
temples or palaces.
Daitokuji Temple, Kyoto
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The intermediate styles were appropriate for residences.
DESIGN PRINCIPLE - FormalityJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The informal style are now used mostly in
mountain retreats. The tea garden is always
in the informal style.
Intermediate Style - Residence
Informal Style – Tea Garden
Ritsurin Koen, Sanbonmatsu
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The concept of wabi and sabi:
Wabi can denote the Spirit of the Place, Event or Object.
Sabi defines time or the ideal image of Place, Event or Object.
For example: A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder
DESIGN PRINCIPLE – Concept of Time and Space - Wabi and SabiJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
For example: A rock can be old and covered with lichens, but if it is just a round boulder
it has no wabi. We must strive to find that balance
The concepts of MA AND WABI/SABI deal with Time and Space. If the garden is our
space, time is ably presented by the changing seasons.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE
– Concept of Time and Space
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Seasonal Changes through the Gardens of Ryonji Temple
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Concept of Time and Space
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Seasonal Changes
through the Gardens
of Ryonji Temple
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE –Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
The fence is a tool to enhance the concept of miegakure, or hide and reveal.
Many of the fence styles offer
only the merest of visual
screens, and will be
supplemented with a screen
planting, offering just the ghostly
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
While entering the house to view
the garden we may well
encounter sode-gaki, or sleeve
fences. This fence could screen a
specific view be it a garden or
another house.
hints of the garden behind.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
To view the garden as a
whole, one must enter
it and become one
with the garden.
That way one can truly
DESIGN PRINCIPLE – Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
appreciate a garden.
One must lose oneself
into the garden until the
essence of time and self
have no meaning
separately.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
The Miegakure in a philosophical intent, requires the garden to be discovered. Discovery
does not only mean the views and vista in the gardens, but also the hidden meaning of
the different elements in the gardens.
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Stroll Garden, Nitobe Japanese Garden, Vancouversun, Canada
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE –
Hide and Reveal - Miegakure
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Stroll Garden, Nitobe Japanese Garden, Vancouversun, Canada
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN PRINCIPLE – Borrowed Landscape - Shakkei
Borrowed scenery is the principle of "incorporating background landscape into the
composition of a garden" found in traditional East Asian garden design. The term
"borrowed scenery" is Chinese in origin. It is called as Shakkei in Japanese.
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Gardens located at the Zhishan Garden
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Garden at Tenryu-ji
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
• Natural: that should make the garden look as if it grew by itself
• Asymmetry: that creates the impression of it being natural
• Odd numbers: It supports the effect of the asymmetry
• Simplicity: that follows the idea of 'less is more'
• Triangle: that is the most common shape for compositions made of stones, plants,
BASIC RULES IN THE DESIGN OF JAPANESE GARDENSJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
etc.
• Contrast: that creates tension between elements
• Lines: that can create both tranquility and tension
• Curves: that softens the effect
• Openness: that indicates interaction between all elements
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYBASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
• STONE LANTERN represents four natural elements: earth, water, fire and wind
• WATER BASIN Stone water basins, (tsukubai) were originally placed in gardens for
visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony.
• FISH swimming in ponds, have a decorative and philosophical meaning
• GARDEN BRIDGE, called a moon bridge, whose purpose is to reflect artistic
feelings.
JAPANESE
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feelings.
• BAMBOO FENCES
• SEASONAL PLANTS
• MEANDERING PATHWAYS
• ROCKS AND SANDS
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSTONE LANTERN:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYWATER BASIN:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYGARDEN BRIDGE:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYBAMBOO FENCES:There are three types of fences:
• The short fence which extends from the house into the garden
• An inner fence and an outer fence.
• Short fences or sodegaki are screens that hide unwanted views or objects.
� They are about 6 or 7 feet high.
� Add color and texture to the garden.
�Materials used are bamboo, wood and twigs of bamboo or tree.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
�Materials used are bamboo, wood and twigs of bamboo or tree.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSEASONAL PLANTS:
Garden of the 10th to 12th centuries contained Cherry, Plum Trees, Pines and Willows.
Influence of the Zen sect and watercolor painting from Southern China transformed the gardens
to be colorful Japanese garden in the Middle Ages.
Flowers, flowering plants and shrubs were regarded as signs of frivolity and were replaced by
evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
evergreen trees that symbolized eternity.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPATHWAYS - TOBI-ISHI :BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Stepping- stones are found near the
veranda or entrance of the house or tea
room. The visitor of the house or room is
expected to place his shoes on the step-
stone before entering.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYROCKS AND SAND:
Stones are fundamental elements of Japanese gardens.
Stones used are not quarried by the hand of man, but of stones shaped by nature
only
Used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present.
They are placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular
shapes
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYROCKS AND SAND:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYFISH:BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSCENERY METHODS
The Japanese garden can include three possible methods for scenery:
The first is the reduced scale scenery method. The reduced scale method takes actual
natural elements and reproduces them on a smaller scale.
The second technique called symbolization and it involves generalization and
abstraction; this could be accomplished by using white sand to simulate the ocean.
BASIC ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
abstraction; this could be accomplished by using white sand to simulate the ocean.
Borrowed views is a technique that refers to artistic use of elements that imply scenes
other than those actually portrayed. An example of this would be a painting of a house in
the city with a seaside dock in the middle of the street to imply a seascape scene.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS
1.KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
2.TSUKIYAMA GARDENS - HILL GARDEN / STROLL GARDEN
3.CHANIWA GARDENS - TEA GARDENS
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS - KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
The rocks/gravel used
Also known as rock gardens and waterless stream gardens.
Influenced by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation
Found in the front or rear gardens at the residences.
There is no water present in these gardens. Raked gravel or sand simulates theessence of water
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
The rocks/gravel usedare chosen for theirinteresting naturalshapes.
Plants in this garden areof much less importance(and sometimesnonexistent)
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYKARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
Rocks and moss symbolize ponds,
islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains
in an abstract way.
Gardens were meant to be viewed from a
single, seated perspective.
Rocks in Karesansui are often associated
with Mountains such as Mt. Penglai or Mt.
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
with Mountains such as Mt. Penglai or Mt.
Lu. Karesansui.
Stones are usually off-white or greythough the occasional red or black stone
were added later.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
RYOAN – JI TEMPLE - KYOTO
KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS
Ryoanji, Peaceful Dragon Temple, founded in 1450s, is a built in a Buddhist temple.
The garden measures of 30M long X 10Mwide.
JAPANESE
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Entrance to the Temple
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYKARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS – Ryoanji Temple
4
32
5
JAPANESE
1
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
1
5
7
5
1. Sanded Ground
2. Moss
3. Stone
4. Earth Wall
5. Tile Pavement
6. Ornamental Gate
7. Verandah
Ground Floor Plan – Ryoanji Stone Garden
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYKARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS – Ryoanji Temple
Ryoan-ji (or The Temple of the Peaceful Dragon) is a Zen temple located in northwest
Kyoto, Japan. The temple is one of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The garden has 15 rocks that are placed
on a wide expanse of land covered with
white gravel.
The rocks are covered with moss, which
adds a green tinge to the whole landscape.
JAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
adds a green tinge to the whole landscape.
However, even though the rocks are 15,
you will only see 14 of them no matter what
angle you look at it, except at the topview.
The creator of this masterpiece
strategically placed all 15 rocks so that
people can only see 14 of them.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
This is related to Zen Buddhism. In Buddhism,
the number 15 signifies wholeness orcompleteness.
In the rock garden, if you can see all 15, it
means you have already attainedenlightenment.
The garden it is one of the most visited places
in Japan for its sheer brilliance and
KARESANSUI GARDENS - DRY GARDENS – Ryoanji TempleJAPANESE
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
in Japan for its sheer brilliance andsimplicity.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYJAPANESETYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS - TSUKIYAMA GARDENS - HILL / STROLL GARDEN
These gardens appeared in Japan during
the Edo Period, (1600-1854), at the villasof nobles or warlords
They strive to make a smaller gardenappear more spacious.
The gardens use Shakkei-BorrowedScenery and Meigkure-Hide & Reveal to
bring the near-by mountains as a part of the
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
bring the near-by mountains as a part of the
garden.
Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees,flowers, bridges, and winding paths are
used frequently in this style.
Often existing landscapes arereproduced on a smaller scale, or animaginary landscape is created.
Koishikawa Korakuen is a Japanese garden
in Tokyo, Miniature, of Mt. Lu in China
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTSUKIYAMA GARDENS - HILL / STROLL GARDEN – Shugaku-in Imperial Villa
JAPANESE
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Middle Garden
Lower GardenUpper Garden Pond & Waterfall
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYJAPANESETYPES OF JAPANESE GARDENS - CHANIWA GARDENS - TEA GARDENS
A. Kikugetsu Villa
B
D
E
G
H
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Plan of Tea Garden Ritsurin Koen
A. Kikugetsu Villa
B. Crescent Bridge
C. South Pond
D. South Park
E. Folkcraft House
F. Mt. Shiun
G. East Gate
H. North Park
A
C
D
F
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYCHANIWA GARDENS - TEA GARDENS – Tea Garden at Ritsurin Koen
Sand Garden near Kikugetsu Villa South Pond behind Kikugetsu Villa
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Crescent Bridge Bridge behind Kikugetsu Villa
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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Ninnaji Temple Garden Kyoto.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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MUGHAL GARDENS OF INDIA
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
MUGHAL EMPIRE : 1526 – 1750
EMPERORS : Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir,
Shah Jahan, Aurangazeb
The Persian influence is prominent in the
Architecture and Landscape.Design
Persian BackgroundPersian concept of garden includes:
INTRODUCTION
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Persian concept of garden includes:
• “ Paradise garden”• 4 water channels divides the garden into
4 quarters, Char-bagh structure
• Muslim Art – geometric, based on
calculations.
Indian background:• Hindu art – organic, rhythm of nature &
humanity; complex & diverse.
• Fusion - Indo Islamic themes
The basic quadripartite structure of
a Persian Garden with the Water
Feature in the Centre
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
The garden in Islamic Style of architecture is not just another feature it has a well-defined meaning and it symbolizes the spirituality.
According to the holy Koran, A GARDEN IS SYMBOLIC OF PARADISE.
Islam being a religion that was founded in the region of Arabia always gave value to the
vision of a lush green, well laid out, and watered garden and in due course came to
symbolize these gardens.
PHILOSPPHY:
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In Islam, it is believed that there are four rivers in paradise,
• Water,
• Milk,
• Wine, And
• Honey.
From this concept the Char Bagh Style of garden planning took root
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYEXPRESSION OF GARDEN
Pleasure Garden – Nishant, Kashmir
The Mughal Gardens in India were expressed
as either Pleasure Gardens & Tomb
Gardens.
The examples of these are found at Agra,
Delhi & Kashmir
Symbolism was expressed basically in the
relationship of circle, octagon and square.
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Tomb Garden – I’timad ud dulha, Agra
Pleasure Garden – Rashtrapati Bhavan,
Delhi
relationship of circle, octagon and square.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYSYMBOLISM IN GARDEN
• The Garden attempts to emulate Eden, with 4 Rivers and 4 Quadrants that represent The World.
• Intersection of channels symbolizes meeting of god
& man
• The conception of the Border Landscape was both
Original and on also on Grand Scale
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Original and on also on Grand Scale
Water Feature - Humayun’s Tomb
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYMUGHAL GARDENS IN INDIA
PLEASURE GARDENS
• Shalimar Bagh, Kashmir
• Nishat Bagh, Kashmir
TOMB GARDENS
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• Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi,
• Taj Mahal, Agra
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYCOMMON FEATURE OF MUGHAL GARDEN:
• Straight tile-lined channels of water
• Bubbling fountains
• Trees for shade and fruit
• A Pavilion or gazebo
• Strong emphasis on flowers in beds.
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
SITING & RELATIONSHIP:
• Great importance were given to Location of Site.
• Visual Impact influenced the spatial organization.
• According to the context, Gardens were planned as extroverted space drawing
in the surrounding landscape - Borrowed Landscape.
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• Geographic “Edge” were exploited & enhanced
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
FUNCTION:
• Private gardens of pleasure.
• Users: Emperor, his family & nobles.
• Function: Recreation, Pleasure & Social Gathering.
• Spatial Organization: No defined function for spaces – flexible.
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• Spatial Organization: No defined function for spaces – flexible.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION:
• Walled garden.
• Organized on a grid of rectilinear geometry.
• Dominant axial alignment.
• Visual axis links 2 natural elements – Lake & Mountain range.
S.R.M UNIVERSITY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• Visual axis links 2 natural elements – Lake & Mountain range.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
SCALE:
• Garden are in Human Scale.
• No Built Components dominates the garden – they are in subtle relationship and Harmonious Relationship.
• Change of level s gives containment.
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
WATER:
• Water used as strong Unifying Element,
• Water channel divides the garden into 4 major directions.
• Potential of water is understood & exploited in various forms - canals, water
falls, chutes, fountains, tanks/ ponds.
• Pavilion with throne set in the centre of a tank surrounded by spouting jets of
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• Pavilion with throne set in the centre of a tank surrounded by spouting jets of
water.
• Functionally the water is used to cool the surrounds
• “ Form & Quality of Water itself” is a profound concept..
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
• Chadhar - salb with intricate carving on which water ismade to run over, creating ripples - gives form to water.
• Chinni kana - small niches behind the falling water.Lamps were placed during evening.
• Pleasure to Senses were through:
• Sounds of varied quality,
DESIGN CRITERIA
WATER:
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• Sounds of varied quality,
• Sprays from fountains;
• Foam at foot of chadhar,
• Ripples & glitter of swift flowing water.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
VEGETATION:
•Vegetation used as a very Subtle Element.
•Function: Aesthetic & Utilitarian Purpose.
•Planting done as Clumps, Avenues, Edges, Beds, etc..
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYDESIGN CRITERIA
SYMBOLISM :
• Square: material things.
• Circle: eternity.
• Octagon: Evolved from circle.
• Vegetation: immortality & renewal of life.
• Water: symbol of life.
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• Water: symbol of life.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
Introduction :
From the Entrance gateway, a sprawling garden is viewed in front till the plinth of the Taj.
The Taj Garden covers most part of the Taj Complex.
Taj Complex occupies a Total Area of 580m by 300 m, the Taj Garden alone covers300 m by 300 m.
The guiding principle in creating thisgarden is of Symmetry
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
The char bagh, separated by the
watercourses originating from the A.
Central, raised pool, were divided into B.
16 flowerbeds,
There were 400 plants in each bed.
All the trees, either cypress (signifying
The channels were stocked with colorful
fish and the gardens with beautiful
birds. Royal guests were invited to the
tomb - so the stables and guesthouses
were also built.
The garden today is only peaceful region in
the entire complex and the best for framing
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A
BB
BB
death) and fruit trees (signifying life)
were planted to maintain symmetry.
the entire complex and the best for framing
photos of the tomb with foliage.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
The Taj Mahal Complex can be most
conveniently divided into 5 sections.
1. The 'Moonlight Garden'.
2. The Terrace Area , containing the
mausoleum, mosque and jawab .
3. The Char Bagh garden Gardens.
4. The Jilau Khana containing
accommodation for the tomb attendants
and two subsidiary tombs.
5. The Taj Ganji, was originally a bazaar
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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N
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
Moonlight Garden:
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
Taj Gardens:
TOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYTOMB GARDEN – TAJ MAHAL, Agra
Taj Gardens:
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPLEASURE GARDEN – SHALIMAR BAGH, Kashmir
Introduction :
• Shalimar Bagh was built in 1642 by Shah Jahan
• The garden occupies 12.4 Hectare( 31 Acres), 587M x 251M.
• The Garden has 3 Terraces, a central water canal.
• These gardens lacked high walls as found in the rest of the country.
• A central channel runs axially through the central of the garden from the
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• A central channel runs axially through the central of the garden from the
highest point to the lowest point.
• The central channel is called as the Shah Nahar which feeds the 3 terraced
gardens..
• There are 3 Terraced Garden, with Fountains and Chinar lined Vistas.
• The garden was linked to the Open Dal lake through a 1.6Km long and 11M
wide Channel.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPLEASURE GARDEN – SHALIMAR BAGH, Kashmir
Beginning at the Top Of The Garden, the
canal runs through each of the Baradaris
(pavilions) in the garden.
At each terrace, the canal flows into a
Larger Pool, highlighting its baradari.
Within the Shalimar Bagh, each of the
three terraces had a different function and
3
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level of privacy:
1. A Public Garden (First Terrace),
2. A Private Garden, also called the
Emperor's Garden (second
terrace) and
3. The Zenana (harem) garden, on
the third terrace 1
2
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPLEASURE GARDEN – SHALIMAR BAGH, Kashmir
The Shalimar Bagh is well known for
Chini Khanas, or arched niches,
behind garden waterfalls.
They are a unique feature in the
Bagh. These niches were lighted at
night with oil lamps, which gave a
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night with oil lamps, which gave a
fairy tale appearance to the water
falls.
However, now the niches hold pots
of flower pots that reflect their
colours behind the cascading water.
GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORYPLEASURE GARDEN – SHALIMAR BAGH, Kashmir
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
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GARDEN DESIGN IN HISTORY
“Success of Mughal garden is that it has transcended time boundary and fits well even in today's context and looks the same way as 400 years back”
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