AR! ZONA WATER RESOURCE › sites › wrrc.arizona.edu › ... · wary of PB to ban its use in new construction. Glendale and Goodyear left PB out of their new 1994 plumbing codes,

Volume 3, No. 6

Water on LegislativeBack Burner\ÇTater issues likely will take a backseat to tax cuts, education reform,and challenges to unfunded federalmandates in the 1995 session of Ari-zona's 42nd legislature. Amongnatural resource topics, air qualityappears to be the top priority.

Some lawmakers speculated thatthe possibility of Democratic controlof the governor's office following theNovember election caused Republi-cans to vigorously pursue their legis-lative agendas last year. Also, sur-prise over the Republican takeover ofCongress has many re-evaluating theirstrategies regarding water quality anddrinking water standards. As a re-suit, there may be a dearth of majorwater legislation this year, as mostlegislators focus on other matters andtake a breather to evaluate environ-mental and natural resource programsenacted in the last two years.

A legislative summary of water-related bills is found in the Legisla-tion & Law section on page 6.

continued on page 12

C O N T E N T S

Water Vapors 3

News Briefs 4-5

Legislation & Law . . 6

Guest View 7

Publications 8

Transitions 9

Announcements 10, 12

Calendar 11

AR! ZONAWATER RESOURCE

November-December 1994

A Tucson plumber demonstrates some of the ways that incorrect installation ofpolybutylene pipes andjìxtures can lead to leaks. (Photo by Kael Alford, WRRC)

Leaks Plague Polybutylene Plumbing

controversy regarding the use of polybutylene pipe (PB) raises concernsabout its reliability and use. The problem is the pipes often sprout leaks, to thedismay of many Arizonans who have the pipes installed in their homes andnow face unwelcomed plumbing bills.

To many homeowners the onslaught of the problem is sudden and unex-pected. A plumber described the situation: "First you hear a bang, then there'sa sudden drop in water pressure. Water then starts coming from pipes youdidn't know existed, causing soggy floors or holes in ceilings that are destruc-tive and expensive to repair."

Sufficient numbers of homeowners have shared this unnerving experience toprovoke various lawsuits. Consumer complaints in Texas prompted the largestclass action in U.S. history against the manufacturers of PB. This actionresulted in a $750 million settlement.

In Arizona, two lawsuits are pending in Maricopa County Superior Courtto recover damages from PB manufacturers for Arizona homeowners with PBfailure. One of the cases is a class action suit similar to the one filed in Texas.

Average costs for PB-related home repairs are about $4,000, says CarlTriphahn of the Piping Industry Progress Education Trust, a contractor'sorganization in Phoenix. In some cases, homeowners are finding that home-owners insurance companies will either cancel their coverage when extensivedamage is caused by PB or refuse coverage to homes piped with PB.

continued on page 2

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

2 Arizona Water Resource November-December 1994

Po1ybutyleiu, continued from page 1

PB is a flexible, easy-to-cut gray plastic that is put togeth-er with simple crimp connectors. Introduced in the late1970s, PB has been used to pipe approximately six millionhomes in the U.S. While it is unclear how many homes inArizona have PB, an estimated 80,000 Arizonans have hadproblems with PB. Homeowners often cannot determinewhat type of plumbing they have by inspection, as stubs tosinks and toilets generally use poly-to-copper connectors.

Despite the decidedly bad news associated with PB use,manufacturers and other defenders of PB piping insist theproduct on the market today doesn't deserve its bad reputa-tion. Manufacturers of raw PB, including Shell Oil,Hoeschst Celanese Corp., and Dupont De Nemours, blamethe bulk of leaks and ruptures on improper installation.

another issue is whetherchlorine deteriorates PB...PB manufacturer spokesperson Carrie Chassin says, "The

main problem has been at the joints. Some plumbers justtook old brass fittings and used them for plastic - that's onepiece of the puzzle." Chassin says the makers of PB pipinghave corrected problems with leaks.

PB manufacturers sponsor the Plumbing Claims Group(PCB) to replace plumbing for homeowners with leaking PBpipes. Despite manufacturers' assurances that PB is reliable,PCG uses only C-PVC, an indoor version of polyvinylchlo-ride, a more rigid plastic piping with glued joints, in itsrepairs. Homeowners sign a binding agreement that releasesthe companies from further claims and requires repairs bedone by plumbers chosen by PCG.

A contractor familiar with PB problems says ninetypercent of all leaks are at joints in the piping. The contrac-tor figures that about thirty percent of the problems atleaking joints are due to installation errors. Leaks occurringinside a line are almost always in hot water lines, sometimesin areas with no stress.

PB manufacturers have addressed joint problems with anew type of manifold design, which eliminates the use of T-joints and other traditional fittings used with copper and C-PVC pipes. Also known as the "manablock" system, thenew design runs flexible inch PB pipes from one commonsource to each fixture. Pipes are joined with a copper tubesecured by two crimped copper bands to seal the connection.

Some contractors are not convinced that the copperbands are the solution to the problem. There have beencomplaints of leaking shutoff valves located at individualfixtures in the manifold system. Carl Triphahn says that thebiggest failures in the new manifold design is that the PBtubing itself has been splitting.

Tom Sagau, Tucson City Council member and a plumb-ing contractor, disagrees. He claims the problems in theimproved manifold system are the result of faulty fittingsfrom improper installation. The new copper fittings are an

improvement over the old PB joints, said Sagau, but "crimp-ers need constant calibration to make sure [copper bands] arenot too tight." If bands are crimped too snugly, excessivepressure on PB results and leaks are more likely to occur.

As debate continues about whether and to what extentfaulty installation contributes to PB failure, another PB issueis getting attention - whether chlorine added to water sup-plies deteriorates PB causing weakness or holes in the pipes.

PB manufacturers contracted H.D.R. Engineering Inc., aBellevue, Washington company, to study the effects of chlo-nne on PB joints. "There's been some evidence," says SteveReiber of H.D.R., "that the acetal polymers that have beenused to form some of the joint materials used with theplastic pipe, have a lack of resistance to some of the chlorinespecies common in distribution water systems.»

Reiber found that "some forms of oxidants [e.g., chlo-rine] are more adverse than others and cause exfoliation thatweakens the structure. Because [the joints] are under tension,it causes a leak." In other words, the pre-manifold PB joints,which were made from different plastics than the pipe itself,did deteriorate in the laboratory in the presence of chlorine.

Reiber says he has not looked at the susceptibility of thepipe to deterioration in the presence of chlorine. "To myknowledge, nobody has checked the pipe itself," he said.

Meanwhile, PB piping remains popular among manyhome builders because it offers savings of $200 to $600 perhome compared to C-PVC and copper piping. PB piping isalmost the exclusive material used in plumbing inexpensivetract houses and mobile homes. The piping itself is abouthalf the cost of copper, but somewhat more expensive thanC-PVC. Major cost savings come from lower installationcosts - PB can be installed quickly by semi-skilled labor.

Some plumbers were attracted to PB because customerscannot do their own repairs. The crimping tool required toseal joints is difficult to find in stores or rental shops.

Several Arizona municipalities have become sufficientlywary of PB to ban its use in new construction. Glendaleand Goodyear left PB out of their new 1994 plumbing codes,and Chandler has banned the piping.

"We have not used PB in our city system," said TomMundinger, a Tucson Water design supervisor, "becausethere were some settlements in California early on, and therehave been other types of pipes we've been happy with."Polybutylene however was approved for private use inTucson, and the City Council added it to the uniformplumbing code in 1991.

Caution seems to be the final word with regard to PBuse. "When the stuff first came Out in the 1970s, we hadour doubts about it,» said Wayne Bryant, a marketing repre-sentative for the Plumbers & Steamfitters Local 741 in Tuc-son. "It was a buyer beware type deal," Bryant says and hebelieves buyers still need to beware.

The following organizations can be contacted for moreinformation about the PB piping issue:

Piping Industry Progress Education Trust 602-966-0377Plumbing Claims Group 800-356-3496

Water Vaporsrwo readers wrote regarding stories

in our last two issue. The article,"Replenishment Projects Moving For-ward" states that "the NorthwestWater Alliance, with cooperation fromTucson Water, is looking at rechargein the Santa Cruz River..."

Sharon Megdal, a consultant forPima County, writes, "The article doesnot accurately report the situation.The project is not a Northwest WaterAlliance Project. And noting TucsonWater the way you do overstates itsrole while giving short shrift toothers."

The article is indeed misleading inthat respect. The parties which initiat-ed the cooperative effort are PimaCounty and the Metropolitan Domes-tic Water Improvement District.

John Korhonen, Manager of Envi-ronmental Restoration for HughesMissile, took exception to our article,"Tucson Water Delivers TCE-StrippedWater." The article states that TCEwas dumped down wells; Korhonenwrites that the "industrial wastes weredisposed of in trenches, unlined pitsand drainage channels during the peri-od from the early 1950s to the early1970s. These methods were acceptabledisposal practices during that timeperiod. Many industries across thecountry used such practices duringthose years."

While we do not necessarily agreewith the assertion that no TCE wasput down wells, he is correct thatthese were acceptable disposal practicesat the time. The article does notimply otherwise. Also, Korhonenwants it noted for the record thatHughes was not the only source ofTCE contamination, and that HughesMissile and the Air Force have beenconducting a separate cleanup effortfor the past decade.

Our article indicated that waterentering the treatment plant had up to5 parts per billion TCE, and that the

air-stripped water is delivered to some25,000 persons. These numbers werefrom on an erroneous summary of theproject; actual TCE levels are around22 parts per billion, with the waterdelivered to some 50,000 persons. Weregret the errors.

Water Cricis Redux PlannedFrank Walsh reportedly is working onan updated edition of his book, How toCreate a Water Crisis. Apparently, Mr.Walsh believes some recent eventssupport his thesis that western watershortages largely result from misman-agement, not aridity.

Water Projects, Quakes LinkedThe tragedy in Kobe, Japan illustratesthe vulnerability of human-built struc-tures to natural forces such as earth-quakes and volcanoes. There is in-creasing evidence, however, that hu-man activities, particularly large-scalewater projects, can trigger earthquakes.Most induced earthquakes have beenassociated with the filling of reservoirsin previously quiet geological areas, butwell injection also can trigger earthmovements. A swarm of quakes inColorado during the height of theCold War apparently was triggered byinjection of toxic waste from a defenseplant into the ground. Whethergroundwater overdraft can triggerground movements more violent thansubsidence is unclear; it also is difficult,if not impossible, to determine theadditional impacts, if any, of reservoirsbuilt in geologically active areas.

Beau Rivage UpdateAn alert A WR reader on a junket toVegas sent us more details and anartist's conception of the planned BeauRivage Resort. As we reported lastissue, the Beau Rivage is destined to be"the single most extravagant hotel"ever built on an artificial island in themiddle of an artificial lake in the mid-dle of a very real desert.

The lake is not merely incidentalto the planned casino - it will definethe resort experience. Visible fromevery room in the 46-story hotel, itwill feature coves, beaches, waterfallsand lush tropical plants.

A 1,500-seat "water theater" willfeature a show including precisionwater skiers, musically-scored pyro-technics, and an underwater monster,all presented four times daily. And fora truly nautical experience, you'll beable to pilot a paddleboat out to themiddle of the lake, where temperaturesare projected to be 10 to 20 degreescooler.

In an unrelated development,Nevada State Engineer Michael Turnip-seed recently approved an applicationto divert water from the Virgin Riverfor municipal and domestic purposesin Clark County. The water grantwas based in part on a finding that"Las Vegas has made diligent effortstoward water conservation."

As always, your letters, faxes ande-mail on previous stories, new storyideas and calendar events are welcome.

Arizona Water Resource is published 10 times per year by theUniversity of Arizona's Water Resources Research CenterA WR accepts news, announcements and other informationfrom all organizations concerned with water. Material must

be received by the 14th of the month to be published ìn the following month'sissue. Subscriptions are free upon request.

Arizona Water Resource StaffEditor: Joe GehReporters: Barbara Tellman

Mary WallaceCalendar; Kael AffordPublisher; Gary Woodard

WRRC Director: Hanna J. Cortner

Arrzona Water ResourceWater Resources Research CenterCollege of AgricultureThe University of Arizona350 North Campbell AvenueTucson, Arizona 85719602-7fl'-9591; FAX 602-792-8518Email: [email protected]

November-December 1994 Arizona Water Resource

News Briefs

AI-IS Fines WaterTesting Lab

The Arizona Department of HealthServices (AHS) has fined WestechLaboratories of Phoenix $282,900 forallegedly falsifying test results. Thelab, which tests water quality for Flag-staff, Peoria, Scottsdale, and otherArizona municipalities, private watercompanies and school districts, wasgranted a provisional license to contin-ue operating.

A spokesperson for AHS indicatedthat a two-month investigation re-vealed that contaminated samples sentto the lab were reported as safe, sug-gesting that Westech Labs either per-formed water quality tests improperly,or failed to perform them at all. Wes-tech acknowledges it has had somerecord keeping problems, but deniesthat any tests were falsified. Thecompany plans to appeal the fine at anadministrative hearing on March 1.

AHS stressed that while a greatdeal of testing would have to be re-done, there is no indication at thistime that the drinking water providedby any of Westech's customers isseriously contaminated.

Water Protection FundDeveloping Guidelines

The Arizona Water Protection FundCommission currently is developingguidelines for the Arizona Water Pro-tection Fund grants program. Thefund was established by the ArizonaLegislature in 1994 to support projectsthat will enhance riparian areas (seeAug.-Sept. 1994 A WR, p. 1). TheCommission administers a grants pro-gram of $4 million this year, $6 mil-lion next year, and $5 million in subse-quent years.

The statute establishing the Arizo-na Water Protection Fund requires the

solicitation of public comment regard-ing application guidelines. To fulfillthis requirement the commission isdistributing questionnaires to individu-als, groups, and agencies requestingspecific information concerning whichareas of the state should receive projectfunding, what riparian habitat andassociated natural resources should beprotected, and what kinds of projectswould be effective in protecting orrestoring these resources.

In addition to questionnaires,public comments on these topics willbe gathered at facilitated workshopstentatively scheduled for February andMarch. Written public comments alsomay be submitted directly to the com-mission for its consideration.

The commission will use informa-tion received from the public throughthe questionnaires, workshops, andwritten comments to develop draftapplication guidelines. Public hearingson the draft guidelines will be heldprior to finalization.

For more information concerningthe commission's activities and sched-ule contact Tricia McCraw of theArizona Department of WaterResources at 602-417-2460.

Tucson Sues CAP Treat-ment Plant Designer

The City of Tucson has filed suitagainst Carollo, Black & Veatch(CBV), a joint venture of engineeringfirms that designed and supervisedconstruction of Tucson Water's CAPtreatment plant. The lawsuit, filedNovember 8, alleges that "the plant, asdesigned and inspected by CBV, failsto comply with the intent of CBV'sagreement with (the City) in almostevery respect." The City further alleg-es that the contractors' negligenceresulted in "substantial defects in thedesign and construction of the Plant,"which has suffered from leaking con-crete walls and other problems.

The treatment plant was shutdown in October when flow throughthe CAP canal was temporarily haltedfor repair and replacement of siphons.It will remain shut down through 1995

pending the completion of studies todetermine the best use for Tucson'sCAP allocation. The City has main-tained that the water produced by theplant meets all federal and state stan-dards; however, corrosion and brownwater had already caused the City tosuspend deliveries of CAP water tomost of its service area.

The lawsuit, which states that CBVhas received over $16 million from theCity to design the plant and superviseits construction, does not specify dam-ages. Negotiations with Carollo, Black& Veatch reportedly are continuing,with the City filing the lawsuit tostave off the statute of limitations.

Committee GuidesWetlands Project

Tucson Water has appointed anAdvisory Committee to help develop aconstructed wetlands near its RogerRoad Wastewater Treatment Plant.Backwash water from the treatmentplant will be used to develop an experi-mental wetlands/recharge and wildlifehabitat.

The project is a result of an out-of-court agreement with the ArizonaDepartment of Environmental Quality,following alleged violations of statereporting and monitoring requirements(see June-July 1994 AWR, p. 6).

Committee members, which werechosen to represent organizations withinterest in wildlife, recreation andeducation, are: Martin Karpiscak, UAOffice of Arid Lands; Sarah Palmer,UA Life Sciences Department; ScottRichardson, Arizona Game and Fish;Jennifer Sprung, Pueblo High School;Lorna Taylor-Kreamer, Resource Cen-ter for Environmental Education;Barbara Teliman, UA Water ResourcesResearch Center; Anne Warner, Soci-ety of Landscape Architects; and Rich-ard Wise, the Larson Co.

Meetings to obtain public inputwill be scheduled in coming months.For additional information, contactRalph Marra of Tucson Water, 791-2689; to be added to the mailing listfor public participation, contact RillitoConsulting Group, 622-1933.


7-10 Group Faces Flowof Time and River

The Lower Colorado River BasinTechnical Committee (aka the 7-10Committee for its seven-state and 10-tribe membership) has agreed on anumber of principles and needs, butmay not be moving fast enough tostave off imposition of a federal solu-tion. The group was formed to workout an alternative to the U.S. Bureauof Reclamation's draft plan for inter-state leasing of Colorado River water(see June-July 1994 A U2R, p. 1).

The committee has functioned as aforum to discuss problems and possiblesolutions to managing the ColoradoRiver. Issues include interstate trans-fers, transfers including tribes, reservoirmanagement, maintaining southernCalifornia's supply of Colorado Riverwater, increasing supplies for southernNevada, and reducing the vulnerabilityof Arizona's allocation to drought.

Seven meetings have been heldsince October, and Progress ReportNo. 2 has been issued. Nevertheless,some members feel that time may berunning out. A BuRec official attend-ing its most recent meeting on January17 in Boulder City, Nevada, suggestedthat the federal government needs tosee significant results soon.

Reallocation an Exercisein Futility?

The Arizona Department of WaterResources' proposed reallocation of66,000 a-f of M&I CAP water leftmany potential users disappointed (seeOctober 1994 A WR, p. 1). But criti-cism voiced at a November 15th publicmeeting was restrained in part because,as Bill Chase of Phoenix said, "thiswater is virtually gone." The CentralArizona Project's proposed agreementwith Interior would give the unclaimedM&I water to the U.S. as part of asettlement of CAP O&M costs. Evenwithout that proposal it was speculatedthat Secretary Babbitt would take thewater to settle Indian claims.

Despite this, there was general

agreement that the reallocation processwas critical to establish the extent ofdemand and the value of the water. 51applicants requested a total of 354,306a-f. Based in part on those figures,ADWR estimates the value of thewater to be $1,080 per acre-foot. BethMiller of Mesa (which "won" 13,765 a-fin the reallocation) noted it was impor-tant to "send a message to Washing-ton" while a CAP spokesman assertedthat the process would "show thestrength of (CAP's) resolve."

The "losers" in ADWR's realloca-tion process were not silent, though.Ken Ritmer of Prescott Valley felt thatADWR was "ignoring rural areas,"while Bill Chase argued for marketmechanisms rather than ADWR's"command and control" allocation.Chase also noted that ADWR's deci-sion to favor early demand overlookedthe ability of users to put the water toimmediate use.

In the end, ADWR Chief RitaPearson wondered aloud whether thereallocation process would be put "onhold" while the CAP and the federalgovernment finalized an agreement.

CAP, Interior MoveCloser to Settlement

Interior Secretary Babbitt's responseto the Central Arizona Project's settle-ment proposal of November 3 appearsto narrow the gap between the twoparties over water allocation and debtobligations. Interior's counter-propos-al seeks more water for settling Arizo-na tribal water claims and shifts somerepayment obligations back to theCAP, while limiting CAP's capitalobligation to $2.047 billion.

The CAP had offered to allocatean additional 165,000 acre-feet of wa-ter, including 65,000 of M&I prioritywater, for federal purposes, which itclaimed has a value of $258 million.This would raise the total water re-served by the U.S. from 447,000 acre-feet to 612,000. Interior's position isthat because the "water will be usedwithin Arizona for the settlement ofoutstanding Indian water right claims,ultimately resolving the liability of

non-Indian interests within the State,"the "concession is nonfinancial." Theletter noted that the reallocation ofwater for federal purposes would re-lieve CAP of a portion of its capitaland OM&R repayment obligations.

The counter-proposal seeks finan-cial concessions from CAP that have apresent value of $56 million. Theseconcessions include federal use ofHoover power through the year 2020and payment of New Waddell interimcosts as originally billed by the Bureauof Reclamation. In addition, CAPwould forego all claims against theU.S. for siphon repairs and all otherconstruction deficiencies.

Non-financial concessions soughtby Interior include a first right ofrefusal to reallocate up to an additional100,000 acre-fèet of CAP water toresolve tribal claims, and the opportu-nity for tribes to participate fully inany interstate marketing agreementsreached with regard to Colorado Riverwater marketing.

Initiative Seeks to LimitCAP Treatment Options

.A.n initiative being circulated by aTucson group calling itself CitizensVoice to Restore and Replenish Quali-ty Water would ban direct chemicaltreatment and delivery of CentralArizona Project Water and groundwa-ter recovered from a TCE cleanupplant to Tucson Water customers.The measure, which would be placedon Tucson's November 1995 cityelection ballot, would force the City toeither recharge or use membrane filtra-tion on Colorado River water.

The proposed Water ConsumerProtection Act would limit the use ofColorado River water to sale, ex-change, substitution for groundwatercurrently used for mining or agricul-tural purposes, landscape irrigation, orrecharge. Direct municipal use wouldbe allowed only after treatment whichreduced salinity, hardness and dissolvedorganics to levels of groundwater fromthe City's Avra Valley well field.

Circulators must gather 11,000valid signatures by July 6.

November-December 1994 Arizona Water Resource 5

TIlTLegislation & Law

Kcy legislators, legislative aides, agencyrepresentatives and lobbyists were inter-viewed on possible water-related legisla-tion in the upcoming session. The fol-lowing summarizes their observations:

1995 ADWR Omnibus Water BillThe Arizona Department of WaterResources' annual bill contains numer-ous technical corrections to existingwater laws. Nothing considered con-troversial or substantive is ever includ-ed. This year's bill is no exception.

Water Rights AdjudicationStreamliningLegislation to expedite the process ofadjudicating 77,000 claims by 27,000parties to the waters of the LittleColorado and Gila Rivers is beingintroduced. A Joint Select Committeeon Arizona General Stream Adjudica-tions has recommended statutorychanges to hasten the settlement ofwater rights for the majority of claim-ants (see Aug.-Sept. AWR, p- 6).

The changes mainly would affectsmall or «de minimis" water users,which make up a majority of the totalclaimants, but involve a relatively smallfraction of the waters of these rivers.

Two bills have been introduced.HB 2250 is a basic version; HB 2276,the version currently being pushed,contains what one legislator describedas "bells and whistles" for mines, cattlegrowers, and the Salt River Project.

Other major amendments arepossible. There has been discussion ofallowing non-lawyers to representclaimants and doing away with thespecial master's position, both becausesome feel that the adjudication's mainpurpose has become to assure fullemployment for water lawyers.

Colorado River Water BankingA bill to establish an Arizona waterbank to allow marketing of Arizona'sunused Colorado River water alloca-

tion has been much-discussed (see June-July 1994 A WR, p. 1). Republicantake-over of Congress appears to havetemporarily slowed momentum.

Son of Proposition 300The governor and legislative leaders arediscussing some form of a privateproperty rights bill that could limitregulatory actions of the Departmentsof Water Resources and EnvironmentalQuality. Voters soundly defeatedProposition 300 in the Novemberelection, so any bill likely would devi-ate significantly from the proposition.There is some discussion of merelycodifying certain court decisions re-garding regulatory 'takings."

State Primacy over Clean Water ActArizona reportedly may attempt toclaim primacy over the federal govern-ment in enforcing the Clean WaterAct. Right now, the Clean Air Acthas a higher profile with legislators,but some lawmakers have noted thatthere are greater potential costs inmeeting proposed Clean Water andDrinking Water standards.

Water Company Costs Pass-throughThe Water Utilities Association ofArizona (WIJAA) is pushing HB 2137,which would force the Arizona Corpo-ration Commission (ACC) to allow asurcharge pass-through to recover costsover which private water companiesclaim they have no control, including:energy costs; wholesale water costs;phone and postage rates; costs of com-pliance with EPA drinking waterstandards; and taxes and assessments.While opposed by the ACC, the billreportedly is being supported by theCentral Arizona Water ConservationDistrict, the Arizona Department ofWater Resources, and the ArizonaDepartment of Environmental Quality.

Definition of Small Water ProviderA second WUAA-supported bill wouldredefine small water providers, overwhich the Arizona Department ofWater Resources has relatively limitedregulatory powers, to those using 2,500acre-feet of water per year or less. Thedefinitional limit was raised last year

from 100 acre-feet to 250; 2,500 acre-feet is enough supply for the municipalneeds of up to 20,000 persons. Such adefinition would cover nearly all cur-rently regulated municipal water pro-viders. The Arizona Department ofWater Resources is strongly opposed.

San Pedro Water Management BillThis bill would create a managemententity with less regulatory power thanan Active Management Area but morethan an Irrigation Non-expansion Areato protect the San Pedro River whileallowing economic growth. The pro-posal calls for a 9-member commissionappointed by the governor.

The legislative effort, being cham-pioned by Senator Arzberger of Will-cox, received a hostile reception at apublic hearing in Sierra Vista. Manylocal and individual well owners areresisting any regulation, in part becausethey fear greater regulation in thefuture. Arzberger reportedly is consid-ering letting local residents vote oncreating a management district with anelected commission.

Riparian Protection LegislationThe Riparian Area Advisory Commit-tee (RAAC), which was created by thelegislature last session, has issued areport to the Legislature making rec-ommendations to: set a state policy ofprotecting riparian areas; establish amechanism to promote local planningof prime riparian areas; establish acoordinating council of representativesof the departments of Water Resourc-es, Environmental Quality, and Gameand Fish to assist in these planningprocesses; and fund an economic analy-sis of additional RAAC recommenda-tions and reconstitute RAAC to makefinal recommendations in January 1996based on that analysis.

Other RAAC recommendationsrange from a new tax category forenvironmental preservation to power-ful tools for conjunctive water manage-ment where local plans call for suchtools. It is not clear whether anyonewill be pushing for the legislation.


Guest View

Pity the competent; bard-woi1ing technocrat; strujing to servesociety despite the inte,fennce of lawyers and politicians!

Such frustnztions have moved Hn',,an Bouwe, Chief Enginr of the US Water Conservation Lab zn Phoenix, to submitthe following Guest View on Arizona's ongoing struggle todistinguish surface water from nundwate,

Surface Water, Groundwater, and Subflow -The Legal Nexus & the Hydrologic Connection

T0 the technical person, the distinction of "subflow" as aspecial part of groundwater (June/July 1994 A WR, p. 6) ismind boggling to say the least. Groundwater is one continu-um that occurs in strata of different hydraulic conductivityunderlain by bedrock or other impermeable formation. In

climates, natural groundwater recharge from the landitself is very small (about one percent of precipitation, or onthe order of 1 mm/year).

The main source of groundwater then is seepage fromlosing streams (ephemeral or perennial) in valleys or onalluvial fans (mountain front recharge). So, essentially allgroundwater at one time was streamfiow and became sub-flow. This raises the question of where does subflow endand "normal" groundwater begin? Or must subflow belegally divided into upper, middle, and lower subflow? Andwhat about groundwater in buried valleys or ancestralstreambeds? Is that "old" subflow? The subflow conceptsmacks like the legal distinction between percolating waterand underground streams developed a number of years ago,which prompted Coogaa1 to state:

The law - a formal set of rules by whichsociety is ordered - seems to the physicalscientist a strangely confusing and confusedtool with which to define, even in a socialcontext, the parameters and limits of aphysical continuum. For example, on thebasis of attorneys' briefs bolstered even byexpert testimony, judges have legally de-fined "subterranean streams" and erectedcriteria for recognizing such streams thatsound more like the rhetoric of HumptyDumpty than a description of a body ofwater one could scoop up in a bucket, orupon which one could float a rubber raft.

The main issue in surface water and groundwater adjudi-cation is how groundwater pumping affects streamfiow. Re-gardless of what the legal profession makes of it, this is ahydrologic issue that can be resolved by hydrologic analysis.

In general, groundwater pumping will diminish stream-flow when groundwater levels are relatively high. Forgaining streams to which groundwater is tributary, ground-water pumping will reduce streamfiow by the proverbial cupof water for each cup pumped from the aquifer. For losingstreams with clean bottoms (no clogging deposits), increasedgroundwater pumping will cause a linear increase in seepagelosses from the stream because seepage flow will be primarilyhorizontal (if groundwater levels are fairly high) and con-trolled by the slope of the water table.

On the other hand, seepage losses will not significantlyincrease with increased pumping of groundwater ifgroundwater levels are so low that the seepage flow alreadyis mostly vertical and controlled by gravity. In addition, ifstream bottoms and banks are covered by a layer of finesediment or other clogging material (including bioflims andother products of biological activity) that control seepagelosses and produce downward unsaturated flow below thestream, seepage already is independent of depth to groundwa-ter (assuming the water table is at least three feet below thestream bottom). Further lowering of groundwater levelsthen will not produce higher seepage losses from the stream.

These concepts are general and must be refined forspecific situations. Hydraulic conductivity profiles andvertical as well as horizontal flow components need to beconsidered in determining effects of groundwater pumpingon streamfiow. Mathematical solutions based on horizontal-flow models like those by Jenkins2 can be used only whereunderground flows are predominantly horizontal (e.g., shal-low groundwater, thin aquifers, and streams that completelypenetrate to bedrock or other impermeable boundary).These are not "typical" Arizona conditions. Groundwatermodels offer the best hope to rationally assess the effect ofgroundwater pumping on streamfiow (Sobczak andMaddock3).

Surface water-groundwater relations and the effects ofgroundwater pumping on streamfiow are hydrologic issuesbest left to the hydrologist or engineer. As Coad4 wrote:

Engineers must take a leadership role. Weshouldn't look to legislators, litigators, andeconomists to tell us what to do. They'llgive us nontechnical solutions to technicalproblems. This will lead to chaos.

H.A. Coogan. Problems of groundwater rights in Ohio. AkronLaw Rev. 9(1): 34-115, 1975.

C.T. Jenkins. Techniques for computing rate and volume ofstream depletion by wells. Ground Water 6(2): 37-46, 1968.

R.V. Sobczak and T. Maddock ifi. Confusion where ground andsurface waters meet: Gua River General Adjudication, Arizona

and the search for subflow. HWR No. 94.030, Dept. of Hydrolo-gy and Water Resources, University of Arizona, Oct. 1994.

W. Coad. Ground Water Market Trends, Newsletter of the Asso-

ciation of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers. Oct.-Nov.

1994, 5(11), p. 9.

November-December 1994 Arizona Water Resource


Publications

Water Resources Administration in the United States:Policy, Practice & Emerging IssuesMartin Reuss, editor. The essays in this book are based onselected papers presented at the National Forum on WaterManagement Policy held in Washington, DC, from June 28to July 1, 1992, and organized by the American Water Re-sources Association. The essays, many revised and updated,offer the perspectives and expertise of leaders in the develop-ment and implementation of water policy. Representativescome from local, state, and federal institutions. The bookcosts $32; $40 for AWRA non-members. To order write:American Water Resources Association, 5410 GrosvenorLane, Suite 220, Bethesda, MD 20814-2192; phone: 301-493-8600; fax: 301493-5844.

The High Country News Water ReaderA comprehensive text available for classroom use. Chaptersare HCN water articles and include such topics as: historyand background; hydro-electric dams and the salmon crisis;Native American water issues; jurisdictional disputes; andinnovations in water allocation and management. WaterReaders are $27 for the first copy and $22 for each additionalstudent copy, with discounts available for large classes. Formore information call: 800-905-1155 or write: Water Readers,HCN, P.O. Box 1090, Paonia, CO 81428.

Sustainable Ecological Systems: Implementing anEcological Approach to Land ManagementThis conference, sponsored by the School of Forestry atNorthern Arizona University, brought together scientistsand managers from federal, state and local agencies, alongwith private-sector interests, to examine key concepts ofsustainable ecological systems, and their application. A plena-ry session established the philosophical and historical con-texts for ecosystem management. Limited copies of theconference transcript are available from the U.S. ForestService, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526.Copies also available at U.S.F.S. offices and public documentlibraries.

Irrigation of Ineligible Lands, Bureau of ReclamationThis July 1994, U.S. Department of the Interior audit statesthat farmers taking more water than they were entitled tobetween 1984 and 1992 cheated American taxpayers out of asmuch as $46 million. The farmers depleted rivers by takingwater to irrigate 154,000 acres, mostly in Washington andOregon. The audit report No. 94-I-930 is available from theAssistant Inspector General for Administration, Office ofInspector General, U.S. Department of the Interior, Wash-ington, D.C. 20240.

CAP Water Salinity Impacts on Water Resourcesof the Tucson BasinThis October 1994 report prepared by the Pima Associationof Governments evaluates the potential impacts of CentralArizona Project water total dissolved solids (luS) levels onwater resources in the Tucson basin. The report containsprojections of TDS levels in Tucson's potable water andwastewater supplies, and evaluates potential impacts of theTDS levels on wastewater treatment facilities, wastewaterreuse, and artificial recharge projects.

The report concludes that elevated TDS levels in CAPwater will not significantly impact wastewater treatmentfacilities or recharge projects. Wastewater derived fromCAP water will be suitable for irrigating most crops andlandscape plants. Some plants, however, will not toleratethe higher salinities, and special management practices maybe needed for others.

PAG Water Quality Documents: Summariesand Information IndexPublished annually by the Pima Association of Govern-ments, this descriptive index covers all reports produced byor for PAG that contain water-quality, hydrogeologic, andland-use information useful for environmental assessments.The November 1994 edition contains an outline and briefsummary for each of the 46 reports listed. The informationalso is contained in a DBASE ifi Plus database system, locat-ed in PAG's Water Quality section. For information onreceiving a copy, or access to the database, contact GregHess at 602-792-1093.

The following three items are from the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency's National Center for Environmental Publi-cations and Information. To order, contact: National Center forEnvironmental Publications and Information, 11029 KenwoodRd., Bldg. 5, Cincinnati, OH 45242; fax. 513-891-6685.

Designing a Water Conservation ProgramAn annotated bibliography of source materials. (tJSEPAdocument 832-B-93-003)

Combined Sewer Overflows in Your CommunityA full-color fold out poster showing the effects of combinedsewer overflows. (tJSEPA document 832-F-93-003)

A State and Local Guide to EnvironmentalProgram Funding AlternativesThis pamphlet provides an overview of traditional fundingmechanisms and introduces innovative alternatives to tradi-tional government funding. The focus is on nonpoint sourcepollution, but funding sources and mechanisms can be ap.plied to environmental programs in general. (IJSEPA docu-ment 841-K-94-001)

TransitionsT.c. Richmond has resigned as Chief Legal Counsel forthe Arizona Department of Water Resources effective Janu-ary 13. She and her family will be returning to Washingtonstate, reportedly in May "before it hits loo" in Tucson.

Director Rita Pearson has appointed Michael J. Pearceas new Chief Legal Counsel. Pearce is a graduate of theUniversity of Michigan and the University of Arizona Col-lege of Law and was a partner in the Phoenix firm of Car-son, Messinger, Elliott, Laughlin & Ragan before joiningADWR's legal division five years ago.

Governor Symington has appointed the initial GroundWater Users Advisory Council for the newly created SantaCruz Active Management Area. The five members are:John Ellinwood, attorney, of Tubac; Ron Morriss, PimaCounty Supervisor; Bill Oliver, project manager for RioRico Properties; Duke Petty, Nogales alderman; and SherrySass of Tubac, co-founder of the Friends of the Santa CruzRiver.

The GUAC is charged with advising Placido Dos Santos,director of the Santa Cruz AMA, on groundwater manage-ment policies and issues.

Kathy Jacobs, Director of the Tucson Active ManagementArea, Arizona Department of Water Resources, has beennamed to a special National Research Council committee tostudy approaches to assessing the future economic value ofgroundwater and the economic impacts of polluting aquifers.The special 12-member committee, formed under the NRC'sWater Science and Technology Board, will conduct a two-year study funded by the National Water Research Instituteand the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Larry Linser, Deputy Director of Engineering and Adjudica-tion for ADWR, announced he will retire in March toassume the position of vice president and manager of thePhoenix office for Bookman Edmonston Engineering. Theposition recently was vacated by Sid Wilson (see below).

Linser joined ADWR in 1973 after working for theCalifornia Department of Water Resources for 14 years. Noreplacement has been named, and there is some speculationthat the position may be redefined or eliminated.

Sid Wilson has been named general manager of the CentralArizona Project. Wilson succeeds Tom Clark, who retiredin December.

Prior to his appointment, Wilson served for four yearsas vice president of Bookman Edmonston Engineering'sPhoenix office. Prior to that, he worked for more than 20years for the Salt River Project, most recently as associategeneral manager of the Water Group.

Four newcomers and one incumbent were elected to repre-sent Maricopa County on the 15-member Central ArizonaProject board of directors. Winners include: William P.Mahoney, Jr., former U.S. ambassador to Ghana; GeorgeCampbell, former Maricopa County supervisor; RebekahFriend, a student at Ottawa University; William Perry, acotton farmer; and George Renner, former Glendale mayor.

Directors whose terms expire at the end of 1994 andwho did not seek reelection are Thomas N. Fannin, MarvinAndrews, and Webb Todd.

Five CAP board members are elected every two years, tosix-year terms. Members from Pima and Pinal counties willbe elected in 1996.

Grady Gammage, Jr. was elected to a two-year term aspresident of the CAP board. Also elected were vice presi-dent Marybeth Carlile and secretary George Renner.

Voters elected three new members to the MetropolitanDomestic Water Improvement District board in November.Martha Cramer is a captain in the Pima County Sheriff'sdepartment; James Doyle is Assistant Superintendent, PimaCounty Wastewater; and Barbara Johnson is a civil engineerand technical support manager for Pima County Develop-ment Services.

Susan R. Bolton has been assigned acting judge for the GilaRiver adjudication, replacing Stanley Z. Goodfarb. TheArizona Supreme Court assigned Judge Bolton after solicit-ing recommendations from adjudication parties.

American Rivers has closed its Phoenix office, which hadbeen run by Gail Peters. The not-for-profit organizationopened a Tucson office last summer. That office, managedby Dale Pontius, will remain open.

Arizona Water Resource is financed in part bysponsoring agencies, including:

Arizona Department of Environmental Quality

Arizona i) ment of Water Resources

Arizona Hydrological Society

Arizona Municipal Water Users Association

Central Arizona Water Conservation District

Salt River Project

Tucson Water

USGS Water Resources Division

'Water Utilities Association of Arizona

Their contributions help make continued publica-tion of this newsletter possible


Announcements

AWWA Sponsoring Safe DrinkingWater Teleconference

The American Water Works Association is sponsoring anational satellite teleconference March 9 on "Safe DrinkingWater: Critical Choices for Utilities and Public Officials."Four downlink sites in Arizona are being hosted by theArizona Water and Pollution Control Association at: Phoe-nix Fire Training Academy, 2430 S. 22nd, Phoenix, AZ85009; Tucson Fire Academy, 797 E. Ajo Way, Tucson, AZ85713; Yavapai College, 1100 E. Sheldon, Bldg. 3, Prescott,AZ 86307; and Yuma Fire Department Classroom, 298 4thSt., Yuma AZ 85364. The $25 conference registration feeincludes refreshments and a participant manual. The confer-ence is aimed at water utility owners and managers andpublic officials. For more information or to register byphone, call Heide Burback, AWWA Training ProgramCoordinator, 800-559-2885. The registration deadline isFebruary 23.

Tucson AMA Seeks ConservationAssistance Project Proposals

The Department of Water Resources, Tucson Active Man-agement Area, is accepting applications for funding forconservation assistance projects which will benefit the AMA.The Department will consider applications for funding in thefollowing categories: information and education, agriculture,municipal and industrial. Funding available for 1995 isestimated at $150,000. Applications must be received byApril 28. For further information on the Program, to re-quest a 1995 grant application packet, or for assistance inpreparing an application, contact Christina Kuranz at 602-628-6758.

Attention Elementary School Teachers

The International Office of Water Education in Logan,Utah sponsors an annual Water Education Poster Contestopen to all K-6 students in various western states includingArizona. The theme of this year's competition is "ThePower of Water." First, second, and third place winners willbe selected from each state, with two then chosen to havetheir work featured in the 1995-96 Water Education Calen-dar. For more information and entry forms contact: LinStevens, Water Resources Research Center, The Universityof Arizona, 350 N. Campbell Ave. Tucson, AZ 85721; 602-792-9591.

Arizona-Nevada Academy of ScienceHydrology Section to Meet

The Annual Meeting of the Arizona-Nevada Academy ofScience will be held on Saturday, April 22, 1995 on thecampus of Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ,starting at 8:00 a.m. The Hydrology Section has issued a callfor papers to be presented at the meeting. The Section isespecially interested in encouraging the publication of newprofessionals in the broad area of hydrology and waterresources and plans this year to devote a portion of the day-long event to papers submitted by university students andthose who have completed their formal studies within thelast five years.

Abstracts must be received by either session co-chair byFebruary 17 to be accepted and published in the Proceedingsof the Academy. Abstracts submitted after February 17 butbefore April 10 will not be published by the paper but willbe considered for inclusion in the program. For furtherinformation, contact either Dr. Charles C. Avery at 602-523-6632, fax 523-1080, or Dr. Malchus B. Baker at 602-556-2001.

Graduate Student Sought forVirgin River Study

The Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance seeks a master'slevel student or recent graduate interested in doing sixmonths of focussed study on the Virgin River in southwest-ern Utah and northwestern Arizona. Applicants shouldhave an understanding of hydrology/water resources andresource economics. The project involves research andanalysis for determining $/acre-foot costs of conservation, re-allocation, and new dam construction in the WashingtonCounty Water Conservancy District.

The successful applicant must reside in southwesternUtah (Cedar City or St. George) and will be paid about$1,000 per month. A well-qualified student seeking a thesistopic or a recent graduate looking to get a foot in the envi-ronmental movement may find this offer attractive. Sendresume and letter of interest to Southern Utah WildernessAlliance, 1471 S. 1100 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84105. Forfurther information, contact Ken Rait at the above addressor at 801-486-3161, fax 801-4864233.

Change of Address and a NewAcronym Too

IJ.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Phoenix office has moved to2321 W. Royal Palm Rd. #103, Phoenix, AZ 85021. Phone:602-640-2720. fax: 602-640-2730.

The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has changed its nameto Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS).


RECURRING

Arizona Hydrological Society (Phoenix). Feb 14, 7:30 a.m.Salt River Project cafeteria, Phoenix. Contact: Rich Petrus602-966-2337.

Arizona Hydrological Society (Tucson). 2nd Tuesday ofthe month, 7:30 p.m. WRRC, 350 N. Campbell Ave., Tuc-son. Contact: Laurie Wirt 602-670-6231.

Arizona Water & Pollution Control Association. Monthlyluncheon series. Topic: An Overview of the Water Re-sources Research Center. Feb 21, 11:45 a.m. Reservationdeadline: Feb 17. Ramada Downtown, 475 N. Granada,Tucson. Contact: Brad Jurkovac 602-791-2544.

Arizona Water Protection Fund Commission. Feb. 16,10:00 a.m, Nogales. Contact: Trish McCraw 602-417-2400.

Arizona Water Resources Advisory Board. Feb. 10, 10:00a.m. ADWR, 500 N. 3rd St., Phoenix. Contact: BeverlyBeddow 602-417-2440.

Central Arizona Water Conservation District. ist Thurs-day of the month, 12:30 p.m. CAP Board Room, 23636 N.7th St., Phoenix. Contact: Donna Micetic 602-870-2333.

City of Tucson Citizens Advisory Committee. ist Tuesdayof the month, 7:00 a.m. 310 W. Alameda, Tucson. Contact:Karen Alf 602-791-2666.

Maricopa Association of Governments / Water QualityAdvisory Committee. Next meeting to be announced.Contact: llene Miller 602-254-6308.

Maricopa County Flood Control Advisory Board. 4thWednesday of the month, 2:00 p.m. 2801 W. Durango.Phoenix. Contact: 602-506-1601.

Phoenix AMA, GUAC. Feb. 2, 9:30 a.m. 500 N. 3rdStreet, 3rd floor, Phoenix. Contact: Mark Frank 602-417-2465.

Pima Association of Governments / Water Quality Sub-committee. 3rd Thursday of the month, 9:30 a.m. 177 N.Church St., Suite 405, Tucson. Contact: Gail Kushner602-792-1093.

Pima County Flood Control District Advisory Commit-tee. 3rd Wed. of the month. Feb. 15, 7:30-9:30 a.m. 201North Stone Street, Tucson. Contact: Carla Danforth 602-740-6350.

< Calend4r of Events>JPinal AMA, GUAC. Feb. 16, 1:30 p.m. 1000 E. Racine,Casa Grande. Contact: Dennis Kimberlin 602-836-4857.

Prescott AMA, GUAC. Feb. 13, 10:00 a.m. 2200 E. Hills-dale, Prescott. Contact: Phil Foster 602-778-7202.

Santa Cruz AMA, GUAC. Feb. 2, 9:00 a.m. 857 W. BellRd., Ste. 3, Nogales. Contact: Placido Dos Santos 602-761-1814.

Tucson AMA, GUAC. Feb. 17, 9:00 a.m. 400 W. CongressSte. 518, Tucson. Contact: Kathy Jacobs 602-628-6758.

Verde Watershed Association. Feb. 6, 7:00 p.m., ClarkdaleMemorial, ladies lounge. Contact: Tom Bonomo, VWANewsletter Editor, do Verde R.D., P.O. Box 670, CampVerde, 602-567-4121.

Yavapai County Flood Control District Board of Direc-tors 2nd Monday of the month in Prescott, 255 E. GurleySt.; 4th Monday in Cottonwood, 575 E. Mingus. Contact:YCFCD, 255 East Gurley, Prescott, 602-771-3196.

UPCOMING

Feb. 16-18, Environmental and Natural Resources LawConference. Three half-day seminars at the Radisson ResortScottsdale, 7171 N. Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ. Allprograms run from 8:30 a.m. to noon. $80 per seminar formembers, $100 for others. Contact State Bar of Arizona,111 W. Monroe, Ste. 1800, Phoenix, AZ 85003-1742, 602-340-7322 (Phoenix) or 602-271-4930 (Tucson).

February 21, Performing Phase I Environmental Inspec-tions. Sponsored by the Environmental Assessment Associa-tion. The Hilton Tucson East, Tucson Arizona. $195 formembers, $225 non-members. Contact BAA, 8383 E. EvansRd., Scottsdale, AZ 85260, 602-483-8100; fax 602-998-8022.

March 2-5, 3rd Annual Celebration of Desert Cultures.Hosted by the International Sonoran Desert Alliance. Cab-orca, Sonora. Conference will cover cultural preservation,sustainable development, and conservation along the U.S.-Mexico border. Contact Arizona Historical Society 602-628-5695 or Wendy Laird, Sonoran Institute 602-290-0828.

March 9, Safe Drinking Water: Critical Choices for Utili-ties and Public Officials. National satellite teleconferencehosted by the Arizona Water and Pollution Control Associa-tion: Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott, and Yuma. $25 fee includesrefreshments and manual. Contact Heide Burback, AWWATraining Program Coordinator, 800-559-2885.



Announcements; continued from page 10

Calls for Papers, Abstracts

'The Association of State Dam Safety Officials is calling forabstracts for its 12th annual conference. Single-spaced ab-stracts and biographical sketches of all authors should besubmitted by March 1, 1995. ASDSO also seeks nomina-tions for its Regional Merit Award given to individuals,companies, organizations, municipalities, or other entitiesworking in the dam safety field that have made outstandingcontributions to dam safety on a regional level. Nominationsshould be postmarked by June 15, 1995.

For more information contact: Association of DamSafety Officials, 450 Old East Vine Street, 2nd Floor, Lexing-ton, KY 40507; phone: 606-247-5140 or fax: 606-323-1958.

The "Interdisciplinary Conference on Animal Waste andthe Land-Water Interface," July 16-19, announces an exten-sion of its deadline for poster abstracts. Abstracts will beaccepted and reviewed for approval in the order receiveduntil February 15, 1995, or until all poster slots are filled.Abstracts must not exceed 750 words and should include theauthors' names, affiliations, addresses, phone numbers, andfax numbers, along with a title. Abstracts can be submittedby mail or fax to Arkansas Water Resources Center, Univer-sity of Arkansas, 113 Ozark Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701;Phone: 501-575-4403; Fax 501-575-3846.

ARiZONA WATERRESOURCE

Ti-tE UNIVERSITY OF

ARIZONATUCSON ARIZONA

The University of ArizonaWater Resources Research CenterTucson, Arizona 85721

Address Correction Requested

R«yckd paper $ Recyclable paperY.,

Rural Water Company Seeks Manager

I)oney Park Water, a rural water cooperative in north-cen-tral Arizona, near Flagstaff, is seeking a general manager tosupervise personnel and operations of the cooperative. DPWhas a certificated area of 44 square miles and serves approxi-mately 2,000 customers. Requirements are Water Treat-ment/Distribution Operator Certification of at least Level 3from the Arizona Department of Environmental Qualityand a degree in engineering and/or business administration,or equivalent. Deadline for applying is February 28. Quali-fled applicants should send resume or letter of inquiry to:GM Selection Committee, Doney Park Water, 7161 N.Highway 89, Flagstaff, AZ 86004.

CSU Seeks Earth Resources Head

The Department of Earth Resources, College of NaturalResources, Colorado State University is seeking applicationsand nominations for a department head. Applicants shouldhave a Ph.D., an acknowledged national and internationalreputation in research, and qualifications sufficient for tenureat the rank of professor in the Department of Earth Re-sources. Nominations and applications, including curriculumvitae, statement of academic philosophy, and names of fivereferences, should be submitted by February 28, 1995, to:Dr. Charles Grier, Search Committee Chair, 102 Natural Re-sources, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523.

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