ARCHIPELAGIC RESOURCES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION : A CASE STUDY

OF INDONESIAN FISHERIES

Etty R. Agoes Indonesian Center for the Law of the Sea (ICLOS),

Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. 2011

Total Waters, Coastline and Number of Islands 1. Territorial Waters

a. b. c.

Territorial Sea EEZ Archipelagic Waters

284,210.90 sq km 2,981,211.00 sq km 2.300.000.00 sq km

Bakosurtanal, 2006 Bakosurtanal, 2006 rough estimation

2. Length of Coastlines 104,000.00 km Bakosurtanal, 2006

3. Total No. of Islands 17,504 Ministry for Interior, 2008

a. b. c. d.

Islands with names Unnamed islands Verified Islands Registered with the UN

7,870 9,634

13,466 4,981

4. Coastal Regency 326 Ministry for Interior, 2010

NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES BORDERING

INDONESIA’S MARITIME TERRITORY AND

JURISDICTION

1. Malaysia 2. Singapore 3. Thailand 4. India 5. Vietnam 6. Philippine 7. Australia 8. Timor Leste 9. Papua New Guinea 10. Palau

copyright :eragoes 020510

AGREED BOUNDARIES

Territorial Sea Indonesia-Malaysia

Indonesia-Singapore

Continental Shelf/ Sea-bed

Indonesia-Malaysia Indonesia -Thailand Indonesia -India Indonesia -Australia Indonesia -PNG Indonesia -Vietnam

Exclusive Economic Zone

Indonesia -Australia

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u 600 species of scleractinian

corals

u 2,500 species of mollusks

u 1,512 species of crustaceans

u 850 species of sponges

u 745 species of echinoderms

u 2,334 species of fish

u 1,300 species coral reef fish

u 30 species of marine mammals

u 38 species of reptiles

Indonesia’s Marine Biodiversity

Source : MOMAF

MAJOR COMMODITIES PRODUCTION

Species 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

TOTAL 4,512,191 4,734,280 4,701,933 4.812,235 5,058,260*

Fishes 4.059,690 4,232,722 4,221,635 4,327,259 na

1. Tuna

2. Skipjack

3. Eastern Little

Tuna

4. Others

159,404

277,388

328,562

3,294,336

191,558

301,531

395,635

3,343,998

194,173

296,769

417,939

3,312,754

203,269

338,034

398,449

3,387,507

na

na

na

na

Crustaceans 279,140 316,587 304,872 302,601 na

1. Shrimp

2. Others

227,164 51,976

258,976 57,611

236,922 67,950

236,870 65,731

na na

Others 173,361 184,971 175,426 182,375 na

in tons

* Estimate value

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010

BALANCE OF TRADE-FISH COMMODITY

Items Year Average Increase (%)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2006-2010 2009-2010

SURPLUS 1,937,751 2,116,170 2,432,024 2,165,941 2,318,946 5.06 8.05

Export

Value

2,103,471

2,258,920

2,699,683

2,466,202

2,664,770

6.58

8.05

Import

value

165,720

142,750

267,659

300,261

345,824

25.25

15.17

Unit: US $ 1,000

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010

MAJOR PROBLEMS IN FISHERIES • multi-species and multi-gear

stock assessment & statistics

• vast area of maritime waters

difficulty in control of national maritime

territory and EEZ (limited capacity of MCS

and financial constraints)

• large number of fishers

IUU Fishing both by local and foreign

fishermen

• conflicting mandates among institutions

law enforcement

• inadequate professional capacity

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS

1. St of Mallaca and Andaman Sea

2. Indian Ocean (Western part of Sumatra

3. Indian Ocean (southern part of Java, southeast Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), Sawu Sea and western part of Timor Sea)

4. Kariata Strait, Natuna Sea and part of South China Sea

5. Java Sea

6. Makassar Sea, Bone Bay, Flores Sea and Bali Sea

7.. Tolo Bay and Banda Sea

8. Tomini Bay. Maluku Sea, Halmahera Sea, Seram Sea and Barau Bay

9. Sulawesi Sea and Northern part of Halmahera island

10. Cenderawasih Bau and Pacific Ocean

11. Aru Sea, Arafura Sea and Eastern part of Timor Sea.

PRODUCTION BY FISH MANAGEMENT AREAS FMA Year Average Increase (%)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2005-2008 2007-2008

Total 4,498,499 4,512,191 4,734,280 4,701,933 2.20 - 0.68

1 328,226 337,289 386,404 384,276 5.59 - 0.55

2 390,303 424,675 497,216 510,215 9.50 2.61

3 435,498 417,539 437,998 399,796 - 2.65 - 8.72

4 509,667 484,871 519,605 581,037 4.75 13.79

5 782,513 788,866 778,227 809,003 1.14 3.95

6 489,396 554,735 569,262 594,946 6.83 4.51

7 486,019 512,831 455,145 416,752 - 4.72 - 8.44

8 330,707 325,557 396,570 404,480 7.42 1.99

9 156,847 160,429 175,329 179,900 4.73 2.61

10 112,228 96,284 117,181 122,993 4.15 4.96

11 387,095 409,115 410,343 298,535 - 7.09 -27.25

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010

LAWS & REGULATIONS RELATING TO FISHERIES

Type Year Total

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010*

TOTAL 157 141 176 205 109 788

1. Act/Law

2. Govt Regulation in lieu of Law

3. Govt Regulation

4. Presidential Regulation

5. Presidential Decision

6. Presidential Instruction

7. Ministerial Regulation

8. Ministerial Decision

• Regulating

• Determining

9. Ministerial Instruction

10. Inter Ministerial Regulation

11. Inter Ministerial Decision

1

1

1

1

-

-

21

46

81

1

-

1

1

-

1

3

5

-

21

7

101

-

2

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

29

3

141

-

2

-

2

-

1

-

1

-

30

18

149

1

3

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

17

-

89

-

1

-

4

1

7

4

6

-

118

74

561

2

8

3

*Up to September 2010

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Marine and Fisheries in Figures, 2010

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS

• Within national territory and jurisdiction :

• Indonesian territorial waters;

• Indonesian EEZ; and

• rivers, lakes, dams, wetlands and other

ponds within the territory of Indonesia

• outside these fisheries management

areas, shall be carried out in conformity

with national laws and regulation,

requirements, and/or generally accepted

international standards

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Art. 6 Law No. 31 0f 2004

to achieve the optimum and sustainable

benefit, while guaranteeing the sustainability

of fisheries resources.

should take into account adat law (custom) and indigenous knowledge, including

community participation

FISHERIES INFORMATION

& STATISTICAL DATA

SYSTEM

Establishment of :

• fishery data and

information center

• fishery information

network

ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW

AGENCIES

• National Commission for Fish Stock Assessment;

• Council for the Assessment of National Fisheries Development;

• Fisheries Tribunal

MANAGEMENT MEASURES Regulation of Fishing Zones by Vessel Size

(Decree of Min. of Agriculture No. 392 of 1999):

- Belt 1 (coastline - 6 nm) : household, subsistence and traditional fishermen

- Belt 2 (6-12 nm) : limited to vessels with engine ≤ 60 GT

- Belt 3 : > 12 nm : open to any size of vessels

Technical regulations : - prohibition of use/total ban of detrimental gears

(i.e. - Presidential Decree No. 39/1980 re. trawl;

- Art. 7 Law No. 31 of 2004)

- mesh size limit (Ministerial Decree No. 23 of 1975)

-prohibition of use of harmful chemicals Art. 8

Input Regulations

- Determination of TAC: every three year Art.7

REGULATIONS ON MCS

Vessel monitoring system :

Decree No. 24 of 2003 regulates the establishment of a

monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) system on fishing vessels Art. 7 para (1) Law No. 31 of 2004

Observer Program : Art. 14 para. (2) Govt. Reg. No. 15 of 1984

Catch documentation scheme

(CDS) :

Decree No. 3 of 2002 requires logbook on fish catch and

fish transport

Decision of DG Capture Fisheries No. Kep. 10/DJPT/2010

on validation of CDS for southern bluefin and bigeye tunas

Inspection of vessels at ports

and at sea

Art. 43 Law No. 31 of 2004

REGULATION AS FLAG STATE success in the elimination of IUU fishing depend on the regulations on vessels :

Art. 36 :

shall have prior registration as Indonesian fishing vessels;

shall be equipped with proof of ownership; identity of the owner; and certificate of measurement;

also be equipped with deletion certificate from the ships register published in the country of origin

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REGULATIONS FOR LICENSING

Fishing license (SIPI) and License

for fish transporting vessel (SIKPI)

shall only be granted to vessel

owner whose name is written in the

certificate of ownership & in the

Fisheries business license (SIUP)

every fishing vessel shall be

equipped with transmitter as part of

vessel monitoring system

every fishing vessel shall be

equipped with vessel marking,

seaworthiness, and logbook Copyright : eragoes

LICENSE TO FISH

1. establishment of a register of vessels

licensed to fish within its territory and jurisdiction;

Law No. 21 on Shipping and Art. 40 Law No. 31 of 2004 on Fisheries

2. mandatory installment of VMS MOMAF Decree No. 24 of 2003

3. mandatory observer program Art. 14 para. (2) Govt. Reg. No. 15 of 1984

4. not giving license to vessels known

to have been engaged in IUU fishing

(flag State’s commitment through bilateral agreement)

Ch. V Law No. 31 of 2004

5. require transshipment to be carried

out at designated ports, to enable inspection

Art. 41 Law No. 31 of 2

BORDER FLASHPOINTS & FISHERIES

• Absent any agreed boundaries in certain areas :

• Difficulties in law enforcement;

• Economic needs of fishermen some of them are traditional;

• Conflicting national interests override legal rules