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Explain the structure of the lymphatic system

A. LYMPH – 1. Straw-colored, similar to plasma2. Interstitial fluid-in spaces

between cells3. Composed of H2O lymphocytes,

O2, digested nutrients, etc., but no red cells or protein (too large)

B. LYMPH VESSELS – 1. Closely parallel veins2. Located in almost all tissues

and organs that have blood vessels

3. Thoracic duct – largest lymph vessel

Structure cont.C. LYMPH NODES –.1.Tiny, oval shaped size of a pinhead to

size of almond2. Located in neckD. TONSILS-1.Get smaller as person gets older2. Located in the throat3. Adenoids tonsils on upper part of throat.E. SPLEEN –1.Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue2. The largest organ that is located in

the Upper left abdominal cavity just below diaphragm.

F. Thymus gland – 1. Upper anterior chest above the heart.

Analyze the function of the lymphatic system. Lymph – fluid that goes

between capillary blood and tissues.

1. Carries digested food, O2, and hormones to cells

2. Carries wastes back to the capillaries for excretion

3. Since lymphatic system has not pump, skeletal muscle action squeezes lymph along

4. Lymph in tissues is interstitial fluid.

Lymph VesselsLymph vessels- transport excess tissue fluid back into circulatory system1.Valves prevent backward flow2.Lymph flows in only one direction-from body organs to heart3. Closely parallel veins4.Tissue lymph enter small lymph vessels which drain into larger lymph vessels (lymphatics) into two main lymphatics –the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Lymph Nodes

1. Produce lymphocytes

2. Filter out harmful bacteria

3. If substance can’t be destroyed, node become inflamed.

Tonsils

1. Lymph tissue that produces lymphocytes.

2. They get smaller as a person gets older

Spleen

1. Produce lymphocytes and monocytes

2. Filters blood3. Blood reservoir- Stores

large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood, to release RBC’s

4. Recycles-destroys old or fragile RBC’s

Thymus

1. Produces lymphocytes

2. Thymus is also considered an endocrine gland

Immunity- the body’s ability to resist disease.

NATURAL IMMUNITY – at birth, inherited and permanent. Includes:

Unbroken skin Mucus and tears Blood phagocytes Local inflammation

PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

From injecting antibodies, only lasts a few weeks

Body’s reaction to invaders.

NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY – result of having had and recovered from a disease. For example, a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies.

ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY comes from being vaccinated

IMMUNIZATIONAntigen injected into a person to

stimulate production of antibodies

Lasts longer

Disorders of the Lymphatic SystemTONSILLITIS 1. In childhood, they may

become infected, enlarged,2. cause difficulty swallowing3. Tonsillectomy in extreme

casesLymphadenitis generalized

enlargement of the lymph nodes (adenitis)

1. Enlargement of the lymph glands

2. Occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection.

HODGKIN’S DISEASE 1. Cancer of the lymph

nodes,2. Painless swelling of lymph

nodes is early symptom.3. Rx – chemotherapy and

radiationINFECTIOUS

MONONUCLEOSIS1. Caused by virus2. Frequently in young adults

and children3. Spread by oral contact

(kissing)4. Symptoms – enlarged lymph

nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue, leukocytes

5. Rx- bedrest

Hypersensitivity

1. Abnormal response to a drug or allergen.

2. Antibodies made in response to foreign material ALLERGEN irritate certain body cells

3. Allergen - is an antigen that causes allergic responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)

Anaphylaxis

1. Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction

2. Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine

3. Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting

4. Rx – adrenaline5. Those who have

hypersensitivity to bee stings should wear a medic alert bracelet

HIV/AIDS 1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

2. Caused by HIV3. Three responses to HIV

infection:a. AIDS – full disorderb. ARC – AIDS – related complexc. Asymptomatic infection

4. Screening tests for HIV available.

5. AIDS victim subject to opportunistic infections (cancer, infections) that a healthy person would fight off but AIDS victim has compromised immune response.

6. Incubation period – 1 month to 12 years.

7. RX and prevention- advances being made.

8. ARC – AIDS- related complex – HIV but not AIDS – less severe symptoms.

9. Transmissiona. Sex with someone HIV positiveb. Sharing needles with infected drug users.c. At birth from infected mother

10. Cannot be spread by casual contact, coughing, sneezing, shaking hands and sharing eating utensils.

11. Prevention – avoid risky behaviors and observe standard precautions.

Guidelines to be used in patient care setting

Must be used when there is contact with blood, any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes and non-intact skin.

Handwashing – the single most effective way to prevent infection.

Wash hands after touching body fluids, even if gloves are worn.

Wash hands immediately after removing gloves, between patient contacts.

Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap Wash for a minimum of 10 seconds Personal protective equipment Gloves – worn when touching blood,

body fluids, etc. Mask, eye protection, face shield and

gown – during patient care activities that may generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc.

Patient care equipment and linens

Handle with care,

Don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean or discard appropriately.

Occupations Health and Bloodborne Pathogens Beware of needles! Never recap used needles. Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in

sharps container. Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or

other ventilation devices as alternative to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

A patient who contaminates the environment should be in a private room or relatively isolated area.

The AIDS Patient Sometimes treated as outcasts Healthcare worker should be supportive Use of gloves for normal patient contact is

not necessary

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