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ARENA 2005 DESY-ARENA 2005 DESY-ZeuthenZeuthen
Conference Summary19 May 2005
John LearnedUniversity of Hawaii
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General Comments
• Heroic times for radio and acoustic, a renaissance… will grand discoveries follow?
• Adventurous field: dangerous for careers perhaps, but opportunities, and a great training ground for students.
• Build on successes of optical Cherenkov in IMB, Kam, SuperK -> SN1987A & muon neutrino oscillations.
• Long campaign of Baikal, DUMAND-US, AMANDA, NESTOR, ANTARES, and NEMO ->ICECUBE… (+KM3?) Soon to bear fruit.
• We had all better wish ICECUBE great success!• Amazingly all highest energy Nu limits from radio and acoust!!• Limits easier than discoveries… knowing what you saw is vital.• But no UHE discoveries yet, though… no Xterr nus.. Danger;
lessons of HE and VHE Gamma Ray Astron.• Seek bread and butter results, ties to particle physics, creative
funding.• International cooperation vital and natural.
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Several Random Comments on History
adding to earlier remarks here and at RADHEP
• M. A. Markov & Frederick Reines – great stimulators of neutrino physics (and nucleon decay….), roles perhaps underappreciated.
• Mistakes often forgotten… early acoust overestimate, other acoustic mechanisms with large output… progress is a crooked path. Amusing how wrong results can initiate later successes.
• Some positive surprises: water and ice transparency >> thought in 1980’s.
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Requirements for UHE Rare Particle Detection
• Need natural targets, natural radiation mechanisms, detection at large impact parameter
• Aevent ~ (Λtransverse)2 = (Λatten/θ)2
• MethodsParticle SamplingParticle Sampling
Fluorescence/ScintillationFluorescence/Scintillation
Optical CherenkovOptical Cherenkov
Radio CherenkovRadio Cherenkov
Radio Geo-SynchrotronRadio Geo-Synchrotron
Thermo-Acoustic RadiationThermo-Acoustic Radiation
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Project Summary
• So many projects and talks at this meeting, cannot cover all in short summary…. Apologies.
• See many wonderful talks on ARENA web.
• Many starting, a few physics results…
• See following table…
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Methods & Projects for UHE Particle DetectionMedium/Medium/
MechanismMechanismAtmosAtmos Water, Water,
Ocean/LakeOcean/LakeDeep IceDeep Ice Salt DomesSalt Domes Lunar Lunar
RegolithRegolithBulk Earth/Bulk Earth/
MoonMoon
Particle Particle SamplingSampling
EAS EAS Arrays… Arrays… AUGERAUGER
IMB, Kam, IMB, Kam, SKSK
xx xx ???? CWI, KGF,…CWI, KGF,…
Fluor/ScintFluor/Scint Fly’s Eye, Fly’s Eye, HiRes, TA,HiRes, TA, ASHRA,ASHRA, EUSOEUSO
xx xx x?x? xx xx
Opt CherenkovOpt Cherenkov Mt. Mt. Hopkins,…,Hopkins,…,
HESS, HESS, ASHRA, ASHRA, MAGICMAGIC, …, …
Baikal,Baikal, DUMAND, DUMAND, NESTOR, NESTOR, ANTARES, ANTARES, NEMONEMO
AMANDA,AMANDA, ICECUBEICECUBE
???? xx xx
Radio Radio CherenkovCherenkov
?? xx RICE,RICE, Forte,Forte, ANITAANITA
SALSA-RSALSA-R GLUE, GLUE, Kalyazin,Kalyazin, WesterbrkWesterbrk
LORDLORD
xx
Radio Geo-Radio Geo-SynchSynch
LOPES, LOPES, CODALEMACODALEMA
AUGER+AUGER+
xx xx xx xx xx
Acoustic Acoustic RadiationRadiation
xx SADCOSADCO,, SAUND, SAUND, ACORNE, ACORNE, NEMO, NEMO, BaikalBaikal
ICECUBE-AICECUBE-A SALSA-ASALSA-A xx (Seismic)(Seismic)
????
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Physics Simulations
• Great progress in all areas (GEANT4 + Corsika)… but much to do for solids both acoustic and radio.
• Highest energies still not well handled. Computing time. LPM. (Dedenko made nice hybrid).
• Time domain in radio needed.• Need studies of HEP potential… crossections,
flavor separation, composition….• Have lab demos for radio, need work on acoust.• HE Physicists need to learn to deal with analogue
signals… interesting new options in signal processing
• (Engineers need to learn about non-CW signals).
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Detector Technology
• Much progress in radio antennas, work ongoing… still some black magic.
• Ongoing problem due to our special need for impulse response devices.
• Piezoelectric technology well developed by military & oil industry… commercial devices available. Use it.
• Interesting options with fiber optics (Trono).
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On Site Simulators & Calibrators
• Pingers (bulbs) and transmitters (sparkers) easy, but shower simulation is not.
• Sadly, no physics benchmark.• Shower simulators under development for
acoust (zapper, laser).• Need ideas for ice/salt radio (accel in
hole ?). • Cross calibrate in radio EAS applications.
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Media Properties
• Need work in all areas…• Radio in ice ~ good, lots of variation in
salt measurements, but probably OK.• Acoust well known in water, but ice
mostly theory.• More work needed in accounting for
variable index of refraction, in simulations.
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Radio Atten in Salt- lots of spread
Chiba
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Acoustic absorption in ocean
Pure water absorbs due to its viscosity.
In sea water, a pressure wave shifts chemical equilibrium
between a molecule and ions, taking energy from wave:
B(OH)3 = B3+ + 3 OH-
(relaxation freq. ≈ 1 kHz)
MgSO4 = Mg2+ + SO42-
(relaxation freq. ≈ 100 kHz)
water+ B(OH)3
+ MgSO4
water +MgSO4
water
abs
orp
tivity
[dB
/km
]
Frequency [Hz] Price
Ulrich
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Summary of Acoustic predictions for ice and NaCl
scatt abs
104 Hz 3x104 Hz 104 Hz 3x104
Hz
Ice (D=0.2 cm) 1650 km 20 km 8-12 km 8-12 km
NaCl (D=0.75 cm) 120 km 1.4 km 3x104 km 3300 km
1. Clay, liquid inclusions, and anhydrite in salt domes dominate
scattering and absorption.
2. Scattering in salt domes is worse than in South Pole ice because
grain size is larger (geometric rather than Rayleigh).
3. In ideal salt, absorptivity would be far lower than in ice; in real salt it
will be worsened by heterogeneities.
4. Must measureMust measure scatt and abs in South Pole ice and salt domesPrice
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Predicted depth (temperature)-dependent ice acoustic absorption at
~10 kHz
In simulation, integrate over
absorption from source to receiver
See P.B. Price’s talk: absorption frequency-independent but
temperature (depth)-dependent
Vandenbroucke
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Ocean Acoustic Arrays Can Compete
not optimized yet
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Acoustic Detection Needs
• Need acoustic noise levels in ocean versus depth, direction.
• Realistic ocean propagation modelling.• Survey of promising locations in ocean (deep,
calm, salty, warm surface, possibility to work below reciprocal depth).
• Acoustic absorption and scattering in ice and salt, measured in situ.
• Study of shear wave production in salt and ice.• Investigate use of surplus telephone (fiber)
cables for a mid-ocean array.
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LOPES@KASCADE-GrandeHeino Falcke
KASCADE: ~250 electron & muon scintillator detector hutsLOPES10: 10 radio antennas KASCADE Grande: expansion of KASCADE (red dots)
… KASCADE
KASCADE Grande
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LOPES Summary & Conclusions
Heino Falke
• LOPES works, the geosynchrotron effect is real
• Radio is a faithful tracer of air showers• Radio gives very good energy
information and arrival directions.• Inclined showers: Excellent prospects for
composition studies and neutrino hunting
• Next steps: Argentina, Moon
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Westerbork Proposed Experimentnext 5 slides from Jose Bacelar
Use Westerbork radio observatoryAdvantages:
• 117-175 MHz band• 25 m diameter dishes• 5 degree field of view• 12-14 coincident receivers• 100 hour observation time• 40 M samples/sec (PuMa2)• Polarization information
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Results of calculations for cosmic rays:
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Results of calculations for neutrinos:
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Published limitsRice,GLUE,FORTE
Calc. limits GLUE
Predicted limits45 days ANITA
Calc. limits100 hours Westerbork
Theoretical predictionsActive galactic nucleiAstro.Phys.3(96)295
GZK induced fluxPhys.Rev.D64(04)93010
Topological defectsAstroPhys. J. 479(97)547
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Strong refraction in firnAcoustic: upward Radio: downward [D. Besson]
Signals always bend toward minimum propagation speed, but:Sound abhors vacuum [c =0]
Radio adores vacuum [c = 3e8 m/s]
Vandenbroucke
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Ice Optical, radio, acoustic independent effective volumes
Preliminary!
Vandenbroucke
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Conclusion
• Wonderful level of activity in AR detection.• New ideas, ranging from deep ice and salt,
to earth and sky.• Exciting rapid progress in radio EAS• Much work to do in studying media,
technology, array design, simulations.• Some projects close to having crucial results
(ANITA, ICECUBE, AUGER).• Many thanksthanks to hosts, and looking forward
to next meeting.
• Advert: (MeV) Geonu meeting in Hawaii 14-16 Dec 2005.
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ARENA 2006Newcastle UK
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Location
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EHE CR NusAndreas Ringwald – DESY
• Insert slides limits and spectrum • SM Crossection uncertainties ~x2• New physics x 100 E>EeV?• Strongly interacting nus… depth of
interaction?• Necessity of seeing something soon
or we are in trouble….
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GZK NeutrinosDave Seckel
• Show overall spectrum and limits• ESS benchmark, but could be 10x
lower, or 10x higher depending upon evolution, spectrum,…
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Compare MethodsJulia Becker
• Show plots energy and depth• What geomoetric volume for
ICECUBE?
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Radio Attenuation in Salt and IceChiba
• L = 538 +/- 171 m in pure salt, cavity method 1GHz, 1000+/- 640 m at 300 MHz
• Hockley 275+/- 234 m peculiar spread, 156+/-112m at 300MHz??
Show atten vs freq plotQuestions of water absorption and polycrystaline form
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Acoustic Waves in Ice and SaltBuford Price
• Absorption and scattering both look good for ice and salt (10 km scale, but salt 1km?)
• Salt needs dome with small (<1cm) grains
• Need in situ measurements• Temperature and pressure
dependence?
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Acoustics in SaltEisenblatter and Manthei
• Crack monitoring around cavities… 10KHz
• Peak attenuation around 0.28db/10m in German repository (500m deep).
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Radio Signals in Test Beams at SLAC Dawn Williams & Ped Miocinovic
• 2000 – sand, 2002 – salt• photon beam simulated 1015 – 1019
eV• Amplitude and polarization agrees
with theory over large range.• Measurements of spectrum, phase
and deconvolved time domain consistent.
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UHE SimulationsL. G. Dedenko
• Hybrid calculations producing results• 400 m at 1020 eV due to LPM• Show cascade length vs energy
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Coherent Radio Emission in Solid Media
Jaime Alvarez-Muniz• ZHS, GEANT4 agree in various media• Simple scaling model for various
media
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Structure Function of Charge Excess in Rock Salt
Y. Watanabe
• Model of EM shower with parameters for both longitudinal and lateral densities.
• Uses GEANT4 up to few PeV.
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Radio from CR ShowersHuege & Falcke
• Geomagnetic effect predominates• Scales roughly with energy over
large range• Frequencies < 50 MHz, dists < 1km• Not strong variation with azimuth
around track• Show plots
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EAS Radio Simulations with EGSnrc
A. Konstantinov• See diffraction from Cherenkov• Cherenkov and Geosynchrotron…
latter dominates by x10• Cherenkov becomes dominant >100
MHz
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Radio Signal Pulse ShapesDavid Seckel
• Scaled to universal shapes for long and trans
• Uses gamma functions for shower model
• How to handle flcutuations, phases,…
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Acoustic Signal ProcessingSean Danaher
• Nice review of various signal analysis techniques…. See talk.
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Experience from SAUNDJason Vandenbroucke
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Analysis of ITEP Baikal Acoustic Data
D. Zaborov• Doing reconstruction of possible
sources of EAS generated pulses• No correlated events with EAS
counters• Threshold maybe 1021 eV?
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Acoustic Detectors in AntaresC. Neumann
• Developing piezo devices• Deployed recording device• Have some noise spectra, but
peculiar• Crazy plan to use sensors on glass
housing
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Piezoceramics StudiesK. Salomon
• Calculated and measured characteristics of hydrophones
• FE calculations …
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Fiber laser hydrophone measurements
C. Trono• Doped fiber laser gives distributed
response• Many sensors on one string with one
pump laser• Sensitivity to levels of hydrophones
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Hydrophone Calibration with a Proton Beam
Giulia de Bonis
• Using commercial hydrophones (Benthos, ITC, ..)
• 100 MeV beam at ITEP into water tank
• See nice acoustic signal, linearity over x10
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GlaciophonesSebastian Boser
• Made various tests and designs for ice use
• Use ring transmitter
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High Frequency Acoustic Noise in Baikal
N. Budnev
• No convincing coincidences between counter array and hydrophones, but some peculiar impulsive noise
• Some lovely bipolar pulses need further exploration
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Acoustic Studies at ITEPV. Lyashuk
• Tests with proton beam, exploring 4 deg point…
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Acoustic Signals with Proton and Laser BeamsK. Graf
• Interesting investigation of temp depend with laser and with proton beam
• See peculiar business with zero crossing differences between protons and laser.
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SAUND I ResultsJustin Vandenbroucke
• Report of first data paper….
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NEMO Acoustic Test FacilityG. Riccobene
• Running on line from 2km deep test site
• 4 hydrophones operating• Many recordings of surface noises
from dolphins and whales, ships
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Acoustic Detection in ValenciaM. Ardid
• Just getting started with lots of acoustical expertize not only in neutrino business
• Designing and characterizing hydrophones
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Results from Kalyazin Radiotelescope
Rustam Dagkesamanskiy• Now have results with 55m telescope
and set limits similar to GLUE with 60hr of data
• Slightly less stringent limit due to more conservative assumptions
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Westerbork Observatory to Observe Lunar Nus
J. Bacelar
• Suggests using 100MHz• Get penetration to 250m, angle to 75
deg• 5 orders of mag greater acceptance
for CRs, down to 1E22 eV• Neutrinos up by ~1E4• 14 telescopes, 5 deg FOV• Show slide of spectral response
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RICE StatusDave Besson
• Revised (down) volume (show fig)• Paper out soon on limits on low scale
gravity under assumptions of GZK flux (various).
• No coinc for GRBs…
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Status of ANITA, MCsPed Miocinovic &Amy Connolly
• Fly 2006-7• Rays reflected from bottom may
contribute new signals over larger solid angle
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Radio Detection of CRsHeino Falcke
• Running LOPES since Jan 2004 with KASKADE, >1017 eV
• Radio flashes correl to <1 deg with EAS
• Nature paper reporting first clean detections
• Sho figures
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LOPESAndreas Horneffer & Andreas Haungs
• 40-80 MHz, 10 -> 30 antennas• Corr well with N_mu but not so well
N_e
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CODALEMA ResultsRichard Dallier
• 7000 m2, 50 PeV threshold• 7 log periodic antennas, 24-82 MHz• Demonstrated stand alone capability
with impact parameter detection, angles, energy
• Program to import antennas to Auger
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