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What are your views about: Benefit system Coalition government Tuition fees Pope’s visit to the UK Equal opportunities Starter Task In your reading or from your general awareness, what topics have been interesting this week??? What are the pictures about? What is your view on the issue?

Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

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Page 1: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities

Starter Task

In your reading or from your general awareness, what topics have been interesting this week???

What are the pictures about? What is your view on the

issue?

Page 2: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

CT Homework for 4/10/10Jaffa Cake argument analysis

Monday 27th September 2010

What are the Argument Elements, Indicator Words and

Assumptions?

Learning ObjectivesA01 – to identify REEACCH in

argumentsA02 – to evaluate assumptions

made in argumentsA03 – to utilise the indicator

words in own arguments

REEACCH

REASON

EVIDENCE

EXAMPLE

ASSUMPTION

CONCLUSION

COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT

HYPOTHETICAL REASONING

S P E R M

Social

Political

EconomicReligious

Moral

What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities

Page 3: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

REEACCH

REASON

EVIDENCE

EXAMPLE

ASSUMPTION

CONCLUSION

COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT

HYPOTHETICAL REASONING

Argument Elements for Paper 1

Page 4: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Argument element

Definition Indicator words

a case that shows this

because EvidenceHypothetical Reasoning

should

A claim/reason given in an

argument that would support an

opponent’s argument

(normally to then discredit it).

but Example if since

A specific instance which is

used to illustrate/support a claim/reason.

but

Factual statements or data that are

used to develop or support a

reason.

must supported by

A statement that aims to persuade

the reader to accept a

conclusion.

Conclusion for example on the other hand the fact that

A statement that the author wishes

the reader to accept based on

the reasoning given.

consequence for instance on the other hand then

An “if …then…” type of statement which looks at the consequence that

might occur if something were

the case

Counter-Argument

however proven by therefore

as Counter-Assertion however Reason

This is where an argument is given

that would support the opponent’s

argument with counter-reason(s)

and a counter-conclusion

Separate the boxes at the bottom into the 3 categories shown at the top.

Page 5: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Argument element

Definition Indicator words

ConclusionA statement that the author wishes the reader to accept based on the

reasoning given. should must therefore

ReasonA statement that aims to persuade the reader to accept a conclusion.

because since as

Counter-Assertion

A claim/reason given in an argument that would support an

opponent’s argument (normally to then discredit it).

on the other hand

however but

Counter-Argument

This is where an argument is given that would support the opponent’s argument with counter-reason(s)

and a counter-conclusion

on the other hand

however but

EvidenceFactual statements or data that are

used to develop or support a reason.

proven bysupported

by the fact that

ExampleA specific instance which is used to illustrate/support a claim/reason.

for instancefor

examplea case that shows this

Hypothetical

Reasoning

An “if …then…” type of statement which looks at the consequence

that might occur if something were the case

if then consequence

Check, mark,

correct!

Stretch and challengeWhat other argument indicator words can you think

of?

Page 6: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

1. Benefit system2. Coalition government3. Tuition fees4. Pope’s visit to the UK5. Equal opportunities

GeneratingReasons andArguments

Social

Political

EconomicReligious

Moral

What other topics would you like us to create arguments on? Try to use the SPERM categories to help you generate ideas and reasons.

Page 7: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

For each argument element, underline the argument indicator words.

Topic areaWorked Example

Jaffa Cakes

Conclusion Jaffa cakes are biscuits not cakes.

Reason This is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of the supermarket.

Evidence or example For instance, Sainsbury's puts them next to Custard Creams and Rich Tea biscuits.

ReasonAlso, you can dunk them into your tea easily, (whereas it would be really difficult to do

with an actual cake).

Hypothetical Reasoning

If they were cakes, they would be difficult to dunk.

Counter (Assertion or Argument)

However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the name.

Evidence or example for the counter

To evidence this, they point out the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa Biscuits.

Page 8: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Argument indicator words - underlined

Topic areaWorked Example

Jaffa Cakes

Conclusion Jaffa cakes are biscuits not cakes.

ReasonThis is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of the

supermarket.

Evidence or exampleFor instance, Sainsbury's puts them next to Custard Creams and Rich Tea

biscuits.

ReasonAlso, you can dunk them into your tea easily, (whereas it would be really

difficult to do with an actual cake).

Hypothetical Reasoning If they were cakes, they would be difficult to dunk.

Counter (Assertion or Argument) However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the name.

Evidence or example for the counter

To evidence this, they point out the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa Biscuits.

Page 9: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Now your turn – 3 argumentsHighlight the argument indicator words

Topic area Worked ExampleJaffa Cakes      

Conclusion

Jaffa cakes are biscuits not

cakes.      

Reason

This is because you will always find them in the biscuit aisle of

the supermarket.      

Evidence or

example

For instance, Sainsbury's puts

them next to Custard Creams

and Rich Tea biscuits.      

Reason

Also, you can dunk them into your tea easily,

(whereas it would be really difficult to do with an actual

cake).      

Hypothetical

Reasoning

If they were cakes, they

would be difficult to dunk.      

Counter (Assertion

or Argument

)

However, some people would say that you cannot argue with the

name.     

Evidence or

example for the counter

To evidence this, they point out

the name - they are called Jaffa Cakes, not Jaffa

Biscuits.      

1. Benefit system

2. Coalition government

3. Tuition fees

4. Pope’s visit to the UK

5. Equal opportunities

S P E R M

Page 10: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Assumptions

• An assumption is part of an argument that is NOT MENTIONED or STATED, but is needed in order for the argument to work – for it to make proper sense.

• An assumption is part of the structure of an argument. Assumptions are a missing step in the argument, a missing reason that the argument needs in order to support the conclusion.

• Always remember that assumptions are not stated in the passage.

Page 11: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Sarah had better watch out. There’s a lion behind her.

1. What is the conclusion?2. What is the reason?3. Think of as many assumptions as

possible.

Sarah is not a lion

The lion could harm her

The lion is dangerous

Sarah cannot defend herself

The lion is not a toy

The lion is significantly near.

The lion is alive

Page 12: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Assumptions

• Common mistake no. 1.• A very common mistake is finding statements that are

not in the passage, but not assumptions that are needed by the argument.

• Common mistake no. 2.• Quite often students form assumptions that seem not be

in the argument at first sight, but on closer inspection are in the argument and do not fit our criteria of being a missing part of the argument.

• Common mistake no. 3.• Statements that clarify understanding of terms or

definitions may well help an argument, but are not assumptions.

Page 13: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Assumptions Two common mistakes in phrasing assumptions are:• Making an assumption too strong• Making an assumption to vague or weak Strategies for checking assumptions - Thinking

about the ‘reverse’.• One very useful way of checking whether an

assumption is needed is to use the ‘reverse test’. This means thinking about the exact opposite of the assumption that you have formed and seeing what impact it has on the argument – asking yourself if the argument would work with the assumption reversed. If you have the right assumption, the exact reverse should mean that the argument does not work.

Page 14: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Separate the boxes at the bottom into the 3 categories shown at the top.

CONCLUSIONS REASONS ASSUMPTIONS

Exams are a source of stress.Assumes that cannabis has a significant effect on health.

That X Factor contestant is at the top of his profession.

Football is pointless.Assumes that stress is a bad

thing.

That X Factor contestant should encourage young

singers.

For something to avoid being pointless, it should make a

person's life better.

At GCSE, girls always out-perform the boys.

The burglars did not get into the property another way.

GCSE grades indicate intelligence.

Because K was standing next to S's body with a knife in

her hand.

The door must have been left open.

I should not be fined for speeding.

Because people at the top of their profession should do some good for those just

starting out.

The number of exams a young person has to take

should be reduced.

I was following the SATNAV's directions.

Because the burglars were found inside and the door

had not been broken.

The SATNAV told me to go at 30 mph.

It does not make people's lives any better.

Because women find men with deep voices attractive.

There are no other conditions women need to

find a man attractive.

It usually rains on that day.Boys must be less intelligent

than girls.You can 'dunk' a jaffa cake

into your cup of tea.

Jaffa cakes are not cakes, they are biscuits.

Cannabis should be reclassified as a Class A

drug.

You have a deep voice, so women will find you

attractive.

K is not a Crime Scene Investigator.

Class A drugs significantly affect a person’s physical

and mental health.

You should take your umbrella with you tomorrow.

K must have killed S.Dunk-ability shows that something is a biscuit.

You will be going outside.

Page 15: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Check, mark,

correct!

Stretch and challengeCan you think of another assumption for each?

CONCLUSIONS REASONS ASSUMPTIONS

That X Factor contestant should encourage young singers.

Because people at the top of their profession should do some good for those just starting out.

That X Factor contestant is at the top of his profession.

You have a deep voice, so women will find you attractive.

Because women find men with deep voices attractive.

There are no other conditions women need to find a man

attractive.

K must have killed S.Because K was standing next to

S's body with a knife in her hand.

K is not a Crime Scene Investigator.

Cannabis should be reclassified as a Class A drug.

Class A drugs significantly affect a person’s physical and

mental health.

Assumes that cannabis has a significant effect on health.

You should take your umbrella with you tomorrow.

It usually rains on that day. You will be going outside.

The door must have been left open.

Because the burglars were found inside and the door had

not been broken.

The burglars did not get into the property another way.

The number of exams a young person has to take should be

reduced.Exams are a source of stress.

Assumes that stress is a bad thing.

Boys must be less intelligent than girls.

At GCSE, girls always out-perform the boys.

GCSE grades indicate intelligence.

I should not be fined for speeding.

The SATNAV told me to go at 30 mph.

I was following the SATNAV's directions.

Football is pointless.It does not make people's lives

any better.

For something to avoid being pointless, it should make a

person's life better.

Jaffa cakes are not cakes, they are biscuits.

You can 'dunk' a jaffa cake into your cup of tea.

Dunk-ability shows that something is a biscuit.

Page 16: Argument Elements, Indicator Words, Assumptions Lesson

Learning OutcomesA01 – to identify REEACCH in

argumentsA02 – to evaluate assumptions

made in argumentsA03 – to utilise the indicator

words in own arguments

REEACCH

REASON

EVIDENCE

EXAMPLE

ASSUMPTION

CONCLUSION

COUNTER ASSERTION/ARGUMENT

HYPOTHETICAL REASONING

S P E R M

Social

Political

EconomicReligious

Moral

What are your views about:• Benefit system• Coalition government• Tuition fees• Pope’s visit to the UK• Equal opportunities